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January 30, 2026

From Colonial rebels to Minneapolis protesters, technology has long powered American social movements

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Ray Brescia, Associate Dean for Research and Intellectual Life, Albany Law School

Technology doesn’t create social movements, but it can supercharge them. Arthur Maiorella/Anadolu via Getty Images

Tens of millions of Americans have now seen video of the killings of Renee Good and Alex Pretti at the hands of federal agents in Minneapolis. The activities organized in response have not been initiated by outside agitators or left-wing zealots, but, rather, by everyday Americans protesting the tactics of federal agents in that city.

These community members are communicating over encrypted messaging apps such as Signal and using their cellphones to record Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Border Patrol officers. Some have been using apps such as ICEBlock to help monitor ICE activities. They are using 3D printers to mass-produce whistles for community members to blow to alert each other when federal agents are in the area.

While the technology in some of these instances is new, this pattern – grassroots activists using the latest technology literally at their fingertips – is older than the republic itself. As a legal scholar who has studied American social movements and their relationship to technology, I see that what regular Americans in Minneapolis are doing is part of a very American tradition: building on trusted interpersonal relationships by harnessing the most recent technology to supercharge their organizing.

a smartphone displaying a map — The app ICEBlock helps communities share information about the presence of federal officers in their areas. The Apple and Google app stores removed the app in October 2025 at the Trump administration’s request.
Justin Sullivan/Getty Images

From Colonial era to the Civil Rights Movement

As the first stirrings of the American revolutionary spirit emerged in the 1770s, leaders formed the committees of correspondence to coordinate among the Colonies and in 1774 formed the Continental Congress. They harnessed the power of the printing press to promote tracts such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. One of the first acts of the new Congress was to create what it called the Constitutional Post, a mail system from the Maine territories to Georgia that enabled the colonists to communicate safely, out of reach of loyalist postmasters.

And the date Americans will be celebrating in 2026 as the 250th anniversary of the United States, July 4, commemorates when the drafters of the Declaration of Independence sent the final document to John Dunlap, rebel printer. In other words, what we celebrate as the birth of our nation is when the founders pressed “send.”

In the 1830s, as the battle over slavery in the new nation began to emerge, a new type of printing press, one powered by steam, helped supercharge the abolitionist movement. It could print antislavery broadsides much more rapidly and cheaply than manual presses.

The introduction of the telegraph in 1848 helped launch the women’s rights movement, spreading word of its convention in Seneca Falls, New York, while similar meetings had not quite caught the public’s imagination.

Fast-forward over 100 years in U.S. history to the Civil Rights Movement. Leaders of that movement embraced and harnessed the power of a new technology – television – and worked to create opportunities for broadcast media to beam images of authorities attacking young people in Birmingham, Alabama, and marchers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge outside Selma, Alabama, into living rooms across the United States. The images galvanized support for legislation such as the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.

Social movements today

Today, new technologies and capabilities such as the smartphone and social media are making it easier for activists – and even those who have never seen themselves as activists – to get involved and help their neighbors. But it’s important not to mistake the method of communication for a movement. Indeed, without people behind the smartphones or as members of a group chat, there is no movement.

And what is happening in Minneapolis and in places across the country is still people organizing. Mutual aid networks are sprouting up nearly everywhere that immigration enforcement agents are amassed to carry out the Trump administration’s deportation policies, helped but not supplanted by technology. These technologies are important tools to support and catalyze the on-the-ground work.

Minnesotans have been using 3D printers to mass-produce whistles for alerting each other to the presence of federal agents.

It’s also important for advocates and would-be advocates to know the limits of such technologies and the risks that they can pose. These tools can sap a movement of energy, such as when someone posts a meme or “likes” a message on a social media platform and thinks they have done their part to support a grassroots effort.

There are also risks with any of these digital technologies, something the founders realized when they created their independent postal system. That is, use of these tools can also facilitate surveillance, expose networks to disruption and make people vulnerable to doxing or worse: charges that they are aiding and abetting criminal behavior.

Technology and trust

Most importantly, while technological tools might facilitate communication, they are no substitute for trust, the type of trust that can be forged only in face-to-face encounters. And that’s another thing that activists across American history have known since before the nation’s founding.

Until the late 1960s, groups participating in the work of democracy have often formed themselves into what political scientist Theda Skocpol calls “translocal networks”: collectives organized into local chapters connected to state, regional and even national networks.

It was in those local chapters where Americans practiced what French aristocrat Alexis de Tocqueville described in his visit to the United States in the 1830s as uniquely American: the “infinite art” of association and organizing. Americans used this practice to solve all manner of local problems. The local manifestations of those groups would often then engage in larger campaigns, whether to promote women’s rights in the 19th century or civil rights in the 20th.

Today’s technologies are reigniting the kind of grassroots activism that is deeply rooted in trust and solidarity, one block, one text message, one video at a time. It is also a profoundly American method of protest, infused with and catalyzed – but not replaced – by the technology such movements embrace.

Ray Brescia does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. From Colonial rebels to Minneapolis protesters, technology has long powered American social movements – https://theconversation.com/from-colonial-rebels-to-minneapolis-protesters-technology-has-long-powered-american-social-movements-274490

January 30, 2026

Can pre-workout supplements benefit your workouts?

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Justin Roberts, Professor of Nutritional Physiology, Anglia Ruskin University

Pre-workout supplements may modestly boost energy, strength, focus and stamina. Asier Romero/ Shutterstock

Finding the energy to exercise in the morning or after a long day is a common problem. This might explain why pre-workout supplements have become so popular. These supplements can bring you more focus and energy for your training sessions – making it possible to get to the gym, no matter how tired you are.

Pre-workout supplements usually contain multiple ingredients – each of which have different effects on the body.

The primary ingredient in most pre-workouts are stimulants such as caffeine or guarana (a plant which contains caffeine). Stimulants help increase focus and alertness. Caffeine may also make workouts feel easier.

Research shows even a single dose of pre-workout supplement containing caffeine before exercising can lead to small improvements in the number of repetitions a person can do, their power and the amount of weight they can lift during a session.

However, these benefits may solely be due to the caffeine itself. When pre-workout supplements are directly compared against the same dose of caffeine on its own, the supplements generally don’t outperform caffeine. Sometimes, caffeine even works as well or better in improving performance.

Taking between 3-6mg of caffeine per kg (around 225-450 mg for a 75kg person, the equivalent of 2-4 cups of strong coffee) can increase strength by around 7%. It can also enhance endurance by around 15%. This might not sound like much, but over time this can lead to significant training gains.

Alongside caffeine, pre-workout supplements contain other ingredients that reportedly help reduce fatigue and boost fitness gains. For instance, many pre-workouts contain beta-alanine – an amino acid usually found in meat which can counteract muscle tiredness.

One challenge of training is that we produce the chemical lactic acid. This can lead to fatigue and impact training quality, particularly if the training is hard.

This is where beta-alanine comes in. Beta-alanine increases muscle levels of carnosine, a molecule that buffers against lactic acid. This helps delay the fatigue we often experience lifting weights or doing intense training.

However, unlike caffeine, beta‑alanine doesn’t work from a single dose. It must be taken daily for around 2–4 weeks to have any effect.

Creatine is another nutrient added to pre-workout formulas to maximise training gains. Creatine works by restoring short-term energy. This helps us recover faster between sets, making it possible to do more work when training.

Creatine also works better if taken regularly for around four weeks. Taking a single dose of a pre-workout containing creatine probably won’t benefit training quality – though some research does suggest it may help reduce fatigue and boost brain power after a poor night’s sleep.

Alongside creatine, many blends include amino acids such as leucine and taurine. Leucine supports muscle gains, while taurine may help reduce muscle soreness. Both work alongside creatine to support training benefits.

A young woman in gym clothes holds a supplement shaker bottle in her hands. — Pre-workout supplements may help improve fitness.
Miljan Zivkovic/ Shutterstock

Other amino acids sometimes found in pre-workout formulations include citrulline and arginine. These nutrients increase nitric oxide, a molecule which increases blood flow and oxygen to muscles – helping them function more efficiently.

This effect may improve endurance ability or temporarily make muscles look bigger when doing resistance training, which many people look for. However, not all evidence supports this.

Some pre-workouts formulas also claim to contain ingredients that can help with weight loss or fat burning – such as green tea or carnitine.

These nutrients may enhance the body’s ability to burn fat for energy during and after exercise – although not all studies agree on this. It’s also not clear whether these nutrients actually lead to greater, long-term weight loss as a result.

More recently, supplements have begun including natural nootropics. These plant-based compounds support brain chemicals involved in concentration or energy required by the brain, which is why nootropics may help improve focus, alertness, mood and motivation.

Nootropics such as theanine can improve alertness and athletic performance. Others nootropics, such as ashwagandha or rhodiola rosea, may enhance endurance and the ability to deal with physical and mental stress.

The verdict

Looking at the evidence, pre-workout supplements can modestly boost energy, strength, focus and stamina when used alongside a training program. However, as it may take several weeks for specific ingredients to have an effect, such supplements may need to be taken consistently.

If you’re going to take a pre-workout supplement, it’s best to take it around 30-60 minutes before your workout so it can take effect. Preferably, choose products that are batch‑tested to ensure quality.

Since the main ingredient in pre-workouts tends to be caffeine, those who train later in the day might want to use formulas with a lower caffeine content (or none at all) to avoid sleep issues and anxiety.

Excessive caffeine intake can also lead to gut issues for some, so always check the label to see what the doses are.

Most pre-workout formulas are generally considered safe for most people to use over a period of a few weeks.

However, those with heart issues should avoid formulas containing high levels of stimulants – particularly products containing p‑synephrine (bitter orange). This plant derivative has been linked with heart issues – especially when combined with caffeine.

Researchers also currently don’t know the effects of pre-workout supplements during pregnancy, so it might be best to avoid them – particularly if the caffeine content is high.

Some people may also experience side-effects from taking pre-workout supplements – most commonly tingling or itchiness which occurs around 30 minutes of taking a pre-workout. This is usually caused by higher intake of beta-alanine which affects sensory receptors in the skin.

These effects are harmless, and usually subside within an hour. Taking a smaller dose or using a timed-release formulation can minimise effects.

Overall, although the benefits of pre-workouts may be small, if the supplement helps you train more consistently, this will ultimately benefit your training results.

Professor Justin Roberts is employed by Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge and Danone Research & Innovation, and has previously received external research funding unrelated to this article.

Fernando Naclerio is employed by the University of Greenwich (UK) and is a consultant for Crown Sport Nutrition, Spain.

Joseph Lillis does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Can pre-workout supplements benefit your workouts? – https://theconversation.com/can-pre-workout-supplements-benefit-your-workouts-273496

January 30, 2026

Regulating sexual content online has always been a challenge – how we got here

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Helen Margetts, Professor of Society and the Internet, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, University of Oxford

When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web, he articulated his dream for the internet to unlock creativity and collaboration on a global scale. But he also wondered “whether it will be a technical dream or a legal nightmare”. History has answered that question with a troubling “both”.

The 2003 Broadway musical Avenue Q brilliantly captured this duality. A puppet singing about the internet cheerfully begins the chorus “the internet is really, really good …” only to be cut off by another puppet who adds “… for porn!” The song illustrates an enduring truth: every new technological network has, ultimately, been used for legal, criminal and should-be-criminal sexual activity.

In the 1980s, even the French government-backed pre-internet network Minitel was taken over by what one publisher described as a “plague” – a “new genre of difficult-to-detect, mostly sexually linked crimes”. This included murders, kidnaps and the “leasing” of children for sexual purposes.

The internet, social media and now large language models are “really, really good” in many ways – but they all suffer from the same plague. And policymakers have generally been extremely slow to react.

The UK’s Online Safety Act was seven years in the making. The protracted parliamentary debate exposed real tensions on how to protect fundamental rights of free speech and privacy. The act received royal assent in 2023, but is still not fully implemented.

In 2021-22, the children’s commissioner for England led a government review into online sexual harassment and abuse. She found that pornography exposure among young people was widespread and normalised.

Action was slow to follow. Three years after the commissioner’s report, the UK became the first country in the world to introduce laws criminalising tools used to create AI-generated child sexual abuse material as part of the crime and policing bill. But a year on, the bill is still being debated in parliament.

cropped photo of three young people from the neck down, sitting on a concrete step and looking at computers and tablets — The Online Safety Act was several years in the making.
Inside Creative House/Shutterstock

It takes something really horrible for policymakers to take swift action. As the extent to which xAI chatbot Grok was being used to create non-consensual nudified and sexualised images of identifiable women and children from photographs became clear, it transpired that the provisions in the UK’s Data (Use and Access) Act 2025, which criminalises creating such images, had not been activated. Only after widespread outcry did the government bring these provisions into force.

When it comes to the issue of children and sexual images, AI has supercharged every known harm. The Internet Watch Foundation warned that AI was becoming a “child sexual abuse machine”, generating horrific imagery.

The UK public are increasingly in favour of AI regulation. In a 2024 survey of public attitudes to AI, 72% of the British public said that “laws and regulations” would make them more comfortable with AI, up 10 percentage points from 2022. They are particularly concerned about AI deepfakes. But bigger debates about what regulation of the internet means have stymied action.

The free speech question

Some politicians and tech leaders conflate the issue of regulating nonconsensual sexual content with the issue of free speech.

Grok’s abilities to create sexualised images of identifiable adults and children became evident at the end of last year, reportedly after Elon Musk, founder of xAI, ordered staff to loosen the guardrails on Grok because he was “unhappy about over-censoring”. His view is that only content that breaks the law should be removed and any other content moderation is down to the “woke mind virus”. When the controversy erupted, he claimed that critics “just want to suppress free speech”.

Linking regulation to attacks on a “free” internet has a long history that plays on the heartstrings of early internet enthusiasts. According to Tim Berners-Lee’s account, in 1996 when John Patrick, a member of the world wide web consortium, suggested there might be a problem with kids seeing indecent material on the web, “Everyone in the room turned towards him with raised eyebrows: ‘John, the web is open. This is free speech. What do you want us to do, censor it?’”

But the argument that child sexual abuse imagery is on a par with “woke” political criticism is patently absurd. Child sexual abuse material is evidence of a crime, not a form of meaningful expression. Political criticism, even when highly objectionable, involves adults exercising their capacity to form and express opinions.

Placing guardrails on Grok to stop it producing illegal content is not widespread censorship of the internet. Free speech has proven to be a convenient angle for US resistance to technology regulation. The US has persistently intervened in EU and UK AI safety debates.

The need for action

X has now announced that it would no longer allow Grok to “undress” photos of real people in jurisdictions where this is illegal. Musk has said that “Anyone using Grok to make illegal content will suffer the same consequences as if they upload illegal content.”

Yet reports have continued of the technology being used to produce on-demand sexualised photos. This time, Ofcom seems emboldened and is continuing its investigations, as is the European Commission.

This is a technical challenge as well as a regulatory one. Regulators will need the firepower of the best AI minds and tools to ensure that Grok and other AI tools comply with the law. If not, then fines or bans will be the only option. It will be a game of catch-up, like every technology spiral before, but it will have to be played.

Meanwhile, users will need to decide whether to use the offending models or obey Grok’s pre-backlash exhortation: “If you can’t handle innovation, maybe log off” – and vote with our feet. That’s a collective action problem – a problem even older than the sexual takeover of computer networks.

Helen Margetts has received funding for AI-related research from UK Research and Innovation, and currently receives funding from the Department of Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) and the Dieter Schwarz Foundation.

Cosmina Liana Dorobantu has received funding for AI related research from UK Research and Innovation.

– ref. Regulating sexual content online has always been a challenge – how we got here – https://theconversation.com/regulating-sexual-content-online-has-always-been-a-challenge-how-we-got-here-274149

January 30, 2026

New limits on global trade of sharks won’t be enough to save them from overfishing – new research

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Hollie Booth, Senior Research Fellow, Conservation Science, University of Oxford; Bangor University

More than one-third of sharks and rays are now threatened with extinction, making them among the most imperilled vertebrates on Earth. Why? Overfishing, both as targeted catches for their valuable fins, meat, gills and liver oil, and as bycatch in nets and lines set for other fish.

In late 2025, governments took sweeping action for sharks and rays. At a global conference on wildlife trade in Uzbekistan more than 70 shark and ray species received new or stronger international trade limits.

Whale shark, oceanic whitetip shark, wedgefish, devil rays and gulper sharks were among those subject to stricter regulations. This is a major political milestone for shark conservation.

But here’s the uncomfortable truth: as I outline in my new research paper published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, trade regulation alone won’t save sharks.

Cites, the convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora, is the main global agreement regulating international wildlife trade, seeking to ensure the survival of the 41,000 species covered by the convention.

Countries can only export most of the more than 1,000 shark and ray species covered by Cites regulations if they demonstrate trade is sustainable. A handful of highly threatened species (including sawfishes, manta and devil rays, whale shark, oceanic whitetip shark) are afforded the highest protection, where international trade is permitted only under exceptional circumstances.

In theory, these regulations can reduce fishing pressure. In practice, the pathway from paperwork to population recovery is far from guaranteed.

Promise and pitfalls

International trade is only one driver of shark overfishing. Shark and ray fishing mortality is also a byproduct of wild-caught fish. And, in many small-scale fisheries, sharks and rays are valuable secondary catch – meaning they are not the main target catch, but they still have value to fishers because they are sold in domestic markets or eaten locally.

These local drivers sustain fishing mortality, which means lots of sharks and rays get killed regardless of what happens to international trade.

Some shark fishing isn’t even driven by demand. In many coastal communities, production is supply driven: shaped mainly by the need to generate income and survive.

In Indonesia, when I’ve asked fishers what they’d do if shark prices fell, some say they’ll fish harder, not less, to maintain their income. In such contexts, Cites listings alone are unlikely to reduce fishing pressure unless trade regulations drive efforts to address local causes of overfishing.

Cites is also implemented through each country’s own policies and domestic management measures. Those can range from exemplary – with meaningful, well-implemented trade management that helps wild populations recover (such as the saiga antelope in Kazakhstan) to performative – where regulations exist on paper but are never implemented in practice (this includes, arguably, protection for some sharks, based on recent global trade analyses).

Even trade restrictions implemented with good intentions can backfire. For example, when supply is restricted but demand stays strong, prices rise – potentially incentivising more fishing and black markets.

This dynamic has played out with pangolins and ivory and cannot be ignored for sharks and rays, especially due to the “the snob effect” – when demand for a product increases as it becomes rarer or more expensive. When people consume shark products to display their status, scarcity can make them more attractive – meaning that restrictions on shark fishing might accidentally drive up demand rather than reduce it.

There’s also displacement to consider. When Indonesia protected manta rays, some fishers shifted to catching other unprotected ray species instead. Restrictions in one part of the market can redistribute pressure rather than reduce it.

From paperwork to positive outcomes

Three broad scenarios now lie ahead for sharks and rays.

In the best case, Cites catalyses integrated reforms across trade chains and the entire seafood sector. Supply countries establish sustainable catch limits to manage bycatch and targeted fisheries in small-scale and commercial contexts. Limits are implemented through effective compliance management including fair support for small-scale fishers already on the margins.

On the demand side, targeted demand management for shark products and other seafood with embedded negative impacts weakens the market signals that makes overfishing profitable in the first place. Overfishing halts and populations begin to recover. Evidence from mammals suggests this pathway is possible – but only if Cites triggers a range of global-to-local management measures.

In a business-as-usual scenario, the new listings deliver little. Countries adopt policies on paper while fishing continues unabated. Trade continues legally, in domestic markets or through new international bureaucracies, or moves illegally, through black markets and laundering. Current evidence on global shark trade flows suggests this is the direction of travel, though these new listings may shift the needle.

In the worst case, well-intended restrictions backfire. Prices spike, black markets expand, and fishers – squeezed economically – fish harder and riskier. Policy inadvertently accelerates decline.

Which future unfolds depends on what happens next. New Cites listings represent an opportunity for transformative change. But only if they are seen as a means to an end – one which catalyses broader reforms, from fisheries through to consumption, focused on limiting fishing mortality – rather than a standalone measure.

If the goal is a more sustainable future for both people and nature, then success must be measured in both the abundance and diversity of species and the wellbeing of people, not in the number of new policies. New trade regulations got the headlines. The harder, messier work of making them count starts now.

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Hollie Booth is the Co-Founder and Director of Yayasan Kebersamaan Untuk Lautan, a marine conservation non-profit in Indonesia.

– ref. New limits on global trade of sharks won’t be enough to save them from overfishing – new research – https://theconversation.com/new-limits-on-global-trade-of-sharks-wont-be-enough-to-save-them-from-overfishing-new-research-273256

January 30, 2026

How reproductive violence is being used in conflicts to deny people’s future

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Aldo Zammit Borda, Reader, City St George’s, University of London

A recent investigation by the Guardian newspaper and humanitarian NGO Insecurity Insight has exposed how childbirth and reproduction is being weaponised in conflicts worldwide. The evidence is alarming.

In Ethiopia’s Tigray conflict, soldiers reportedly inserted metal objects into women’s wombs. They told victims: “You will never be able to give birth.” In Russian detention facilities, Ukrainian men tell of being subjected to electric shock torture targeting their reproductive organs. Captors declared: “We’re going to sterilise you now.”

During its assault on Gaza, the Israeli military destroyed the territory’s largest fertility clinic in October 2023. The strike eliminated about 4,000 embryos and 1,000 sperm samples. The attack was cited by a UN investigation as a possible example of genocidal intent.

These are examples of reproductive violence. And they are not isolated atrocities. The International Criminal Court (ICC) has defined this as violence that “violates reproductive autonomy and/or it is directed at people on account of their actual or potential reproductive capacity, or perceptions thereof”.

Reproductive violence targets people’s capacity to have children. It is used as a tool of persecution, demographic control and collective punishment.

Serious atrocities such as murder, torture and rape make headlines and should be prosecuted as war crimes, as they often are. But systematic attacks on reproductive capacity remain, as scholars have noted, “in the shadows” of international law.

At the individual level, reproductive violence strikes at something deeply personal: the wish to have children and build a family. When a woman is forcibly sterilised, as has been reported about Uyghur women, the harm goes beyond physical injury. It takes away the possibility of motherhood.

When a man’s reproductive organs are targeted, as has reportedly happened to Ukrainian detainees, it is an assault on identity and future fatherhood. The knowledge that the loss could be permanent compounds the trauma.

At the collective level, reproductive violence enables the slow destruction of a group’s future. Mass killing provokes immediate international outrage. But destroying a fertility clinic or sterilising a population achieves the same outcome over time, with less visible evidence.

As one Uyghur survivor of China’s re-education camps put it: the strategy is “not to kill us in cold blood, but to make us slowly disappear. So slowly that no one would notice”.

Reproductive violence also offers perpetrators plausible deniability. Forced sterilisation can be framed as family planning as China insisted in the case of Uyghur women. Destroyed maternity wards may be explained as collateral damage, as the Israeli government has in the cases of hospitals destroyed in Gaza.

But deniability is not the only reason it is used. Reproductive violence is also devastatingly efficient. When Israeli forces destroyed Gaza’s largest fertility clinic, the United Nations commission of inquiry concluded that “the Israeli security forces knew of the function of the clinic and intended to target it”. One attack, thousands of potential children lost.

A hidden category of harm

While recognition of reproductive violence is growing, it remains poorly understood and rarely prosecuted. Several factors explain this gap.

First, reproduction has historically been classified as belonging to the “private sphere,” outside the proper concern of international law. Forced pregnancies, forced contraception and miscarriages are considered too intimate for public discourse. This creates what international legal scholar Fionnuala Ní Aoláin has called a “zone of silence”.

Second, reproductive violence has traditionally been absorbed into sexual violence. This approach has overshadowed reproductive violence as a distinct category. Rape and other sexual crimes have rightly gained attention. But it has also rendered reproductive violence invisible as a distinct category, with its own victims and its own harms.

As Ní Aoláin observed: “While rape in armed conflict makes headlines, obstetric violence against women and girls generally does not.”

Third, much reproductive violence operates indirectly and may appear almost routine. A woman who miscarries because a maternity ward was bombed has suffered reproductive violence. But there is no direct perpetrator with blood on their hands. The deaths are statistical, diffuse, and emerge over time.

Making the invisible visible

Addressing reproductive violence requires first understanding it. A key obstacle has been conceptual: existing definitions fail to unpack its different harms. While forced pregnancy, castration and forced abortion are all reproductive violence, they affect victims in very different ways.

Research I have published in the International Journal of Transitional Justice develops a new typology. It categorises reproductive violence by its consequences for victims.

Birth-compelling harms force unwanted pregnancies. Birth-preventing harms deprive victims of reproductive capacity. Birth-endangering or terminating harms endanger wanted pregnancies or destroy health infrastructure.

This typology matters for three reasons. It makes visible the distinct harms each category inflicts. It helps investigators spot seemingly isolated acts as part of a concerted plan. And it strengthens the case for accountability under international law.

Recognition is slowly emerging. Today, more organisations treat reproductive violence as a distinct form of gender-based violence. But recognition requires deeper understanding of why reproductive violence occurs and its effects on victims. For too long, the law has treated this violence as incidental to mass atrocities rather than central to their execution.

Perpetrators have always known otherwise: control over whether a people can have children is control over whether that people will exist at all.

Aldo Zammit Borda receives funding from Economic and Social Research Council. He served as Head of Research and Investigation for the informal Uyghur Tribunal (https://uyghurtribunal.com/), and Head of Research for the Yazidi Justice Committee (https://www.yazidijustice.com/). The views herein are those of the author alone and do not necessarily reflect those of any other person or organization.

– ref. How reproductive violence is being used in conflicts to deny people’s future – https://theconversation.com/how-reproductive-violence-is-being-used-in-conflicts-to-deny-peoples-future-273910

January 30, 2026

Gorton and Denton byelection: Labour won comfortably in 2024 but Reform could benefit from a split vote on the left

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Louise Thompson, Senior Lecturer in Politics, University of Manchester

A byelection has been set for February 26 in the Manchester constituency of Gorton and Denton. This will be a big test for Keir Starmer’s Labour party and a temperature check on the state of multi-party politics in the North. Although Labour won the seat comfortably in 2024, some early polls are already suggesting Reform could win.

Byelections are awkward beasts and don’t necessarily follow the usual rules. What makes things harder in this case is that Gorton and Denton is a new constituency. It was formed by boundary changes in 2024 from parts of three different Manchester constituencies (Gorton, Denton & Reddish and Manchester Withington).

When we try to understand what might happen in a byelection, we rely on the constituency’s past election results as a marker, which is obviously limited to just one election in this case. Gorton and Denton is also “a bit of a Frankenstein’s monster”, as my colleague Rob Ford has written.

It has an elongated shape and combines areas with huge socio-demographic differences. Its Tameside wards are predominantly white, with a sizeable working class while its Manchester wards have a much higher student and Muslim population.

Labour has everything to lose

Ordinarily, this would be a constituency which Labour should easily win. Manchester is a Labour heartland through and through. Its other five constituencies are all held by Labour MPs, it boasts all but a handful of seats on the City Council and Andy Burnham trounced his opponents in the city’s last mayoral elections with a 68,000 majority.

But byelections are difficult for governments and Keir Starmer’s track record so far is not good. Labour lost a byelection in the Cheshire constituency of Runcorn and Helsby in May 2025 to Reform’s Sarah Pochin. Pochin won on a narrow margin of just six votes but had managed to overturn a majority of over 14,000. That makes Labour’s majority of 13,000 in Gorton and Denton look less than secure.

The real danger here is that Labour finds itself in the squeezed middle. It risks losing voters to Reform on the right and the Greens on the left. This is what happened in the Caerphilly Senedd byelection in November, which saw Labour pushed back into third place behind Reform and winners Plaid Cymru.

Reform has everything to prove

Nigel Farage’s party has the momentum at the moment. Polls suggest they are outperforming Labour nationally right now and the recent high-profile defections of Robert Jenrick and Suella Braverman have increased the size of their parliamentary group to 8 MPs.

The Reform candidate in Gorton and Denton, former university academic and GB News presenter Matthew Goodwin, may be the most recognisable candidate to voters, but his political views may not go down well throughout the constituency.

His views on the white working class being left behind may resonate in some of Manchester’s Tameside wards, but his extreme views on immigration and what it means to be British will not play well in others, something the Greens in particular are trying to capitalise on.

Pitching the byelection as a “referendum” on Starmer’s leadership is a sensible strategy by Goodwin, especially as a recent YouGov poll showed that 76% of voters in the North think the prime minister is doing a bad job. Reform may struggle to bring together enough voters ready to sign up to all the party stands for, but may be able to borrow the votes from those who nevertheless want Labour out and would benefit from a split on the left.

Victory in Gorton and Denton would not only mean that Reform will equal the SNP in party group size in the Commons, it will be a further pull for disgruntled or panicking Conservative (or Labour) MPs, ahead of the May 7 deadline Farage has imposed on MPs thinking about defecting to his party. But there is a sizeable chunk of voters across the UK who say they would never vote for Reform, and who could vote tactically for Labour just to keep Reform out.

Green performance could be key

The Greens did not perform brilliantly in Gorton and Denton at the 2024 elections, but nationally the party received 7% of the vote and they hold over 800 seats on local councils. Since the election, they have elected a new leader, Zack Polanski, who has been instrumental in raising the Green voice in the media.

Their candidate is Hannah Spencer, a councillor in the region who stood for mayor in 2024 and finished in fifth place, behind Reform.

Polanski is confident that only the Greens can beat Reform in Gorton and Denton. And while that’s a bold claim, his supporters will be buoyed by the seat they took from Reform in a Derbyshire local byelection last year.

And even if they don’t win, a solid Green performance could be very bad news for Starmer.

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Louise Thompson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Gorton and Denton byelection: Labour won comfortably in 2024 but Reform could benefit from a split vote on the left – https://theconversation.com/gorton-and-denton-byelection-labour-won-comfortably-in-2024-but-reform-could-benefit-from-a-split-vote-on-the-left-274672

January 30, 2026

PIB du Sénégal : comment le nouveau calcul redessine les marges de manœuvre de l’État

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Souleymane Gueye, Professor of Economics and Statistics, City College of San Francisco

Aucune économie ne peut être correctement gérée sans données économiques fiables. Cette idée, qui traverse toute l’histoire de la pensée économique – d’Adam Smith à Simon Kuznets, le père de la comptabilité nationale moderne – est au cœur du débat sur sur le “rebasing” du Produit intérieur brut (PIB) sénégalais.

Le Sénégal, comme beaucoup d’économies africaines, a décidé en 2023 de réviser la base de calcul de son PIB. Derrière cet exercice technique se joue un enjeu central : disposer d’indicateurs crédibles pour évaluer les politiques publiques et la performance économique du pays, de même que la soutenabilité de la dette. Les comptes nationaux du Sénégal ont ainsi changé d’année de base au mois de novembre 2025.

La révision de la base du PIB — ou rebasing — est un outil stratégique pour corriger les distorsions dans la mesure de l’activité économique. Au Sénégal, cette opération intervient dans un contexte de tensions macroéconomiques, de découverte de passifs cachés et de négociations difficiles avec le Fonds monétaire international (FMI).

Ce rebasing intervient dans un contexte de marges de manœuvre budgétaires limitées et où le FMI maintient une posture prudente, voire dilatoire, face aux demandes d’ajustement alignées sur l’agenda national de transformation économique, appelé “Sénégal 2050”. Cette situation révèle un dilemme structurel : concilier discipline macroéconomique, souveraineté dans le choix des politiques économiques et impératif de croissance économique durable et inclusive.

En tant qu’économiste spécialisé dans les statistiques et politiques macroéconomiques, je propose ici une analyse des enjeux macroéconomiques et financiers liés au rebasing au Sénégal. J’examine également la manière dont cette opération statistique pourrait contribuer à renforcer la crédibilité des réformes et éclairer les arbitrages stratégiques nécessaires pour une transformation durable de l’économie sénégalaise.

Qu’est-ce que le rebasing ?

Le rebasing consiste à actualiser l’année de référence utilisée pour calculer le PIB et donner aux utilisateurs des données économiques fiables, c’est-à-dire :

• Actualiser les prix relatifs;

• Réviser les pondérations sectorielles;

• Intégrer de nouvelles sources de données;

• Ajuster les méthodes statistiques;

• Identifier et mesurer les nouveaux secteurs d’activité.

Pour la nouvelle base de 2021, l’Agence nationale de la statistique et de la démographie (ANSD) a mobilisé des enquêtes essentielles : secteur informel, orpaillage, extraction de sable et de sel, transport, marges commerciales, flux transfrontaliers non enregistrés, institutions sans but lucratif, recensement de l’élevage, etc.

Pourquoi le rebasing était nécessaire pour le Sénégal

Dans un pays comme le Sénégal, cette mise à jour régulière du PIB est indispensable pour plusieurs raisons structurelles :

1. Une économie en mutation rapide

En effet, l’économie sénégalaise ne ressemble plus à celle d’il y a dix ou quinze ans. Le poids des télécoms, du numérique, des services financiers dématérialisés (paiements mobiles, fintechs), du commerce tertiarisé (processus de fournir des services à la population dominée par le petit commerce au détail), du développement pharmaceutique, des chaînes de distribution et des industries culturelles est devenu considérable.

Or, tant que l’année de base reste ancienne, ces secteurs sont sous-estimés ou ignorés.

2. Une meilleure prise en compte du secteur informel

Le Sénégal, comme la plupart des économies africaines, possède un secteur informel large et diversifié. Les techniques statistiques modernes permettent une meilleure prise en compte de cette partie de l’activité économique longtemps mal mesurée.

3. Une meilleure prise en compte des investissements

Les changements dans l’investissement public (infrastructures, énergie, transport), l’investissement privé dans les activités pétrolières et gazières, dans les chaînes de valeur privée n’étaient pas correctement reflétés par l’ancienne base (2014)

4. Une démographie jeune et dynamique

Le récent recensement de la population (2023) révèle une croissance démographique très dynamique caractérisée par une population jeune – âge médian moins de 19 ans – et urbaine. Comptant parmi les pays les plus jeunes au monde avec près de 75 % de la population âgée de moins de 35 ans, le Sénégal peut exploiter judicieusement ce dividende démographique. En effet, les jeunes de 15 a 34 ans représentent 59 % de la population en âge de travailler mais la majorité d’entre eux (63 %) sont sans emploi.

5. Des enjeux de crédibilité internationale

Une économie sous-évaluée statistiquement peut sous-évaluer sa richesse réelle et surestimer artificiellement ses ratios d’endettement, entraînant une mauvaise perception des investisseurs étrangers sur sa trajectoire économique.

Un rebasing plus précoce aurait permis d’intégrer ces changements dès leur apparition sur la scène économique. De plus, il aurait favorisé un renforcement de la planification économique en permettant une meilleure identification des moteurs de la croissance de l’économie sénégalaise et un alignement plus rigoureux entre politiques économiques et structures productives.

Ce retard de presque dix ans a eu des conséquences importantes sur les ratios macro-économiques du pays qui ont affecté la cohérence des politiques publiques, des prévisions macro-économiques et de la communication avec les partenaires financiers.

Ce qui change après le rebasing

Le rebasing a plusieurs effets mécaniques et importants sur les indicateurs macro-économiques et les critères de convergence de l’Union économique et monétaire ouest africaine (Uemoa).

1. Un PIB plus élevé

Pour le Sénégal, la nouvelle base intègre mieux les services modernes, l’économie numérique et l’informel. Elle actualise les méthodes de collecte de données, et corrige les prix relatifs et les structures de production pour obtenir un PIB plus fiable.

Avec le rebasing, le PIB passe de 15,261 milliards de FCFA à 17,316 milliards de FCFA (27,5 millions à 31,2 millions de dollars US), soit une hausse de 14 %. Cette revalorisation s’explique par une meilleure couverture statistique et l’intégration de nouvelles enquêtes. Le rebasing a aussi eu des implications majeures sur la soutenabilité de la dette publique sénégalaise. .

Dans un contexte marqué par la découverte d’une dette cachée et par l’accroissement des besoins de financement, la soutenabilité de la dette constitue un enjeu central. Ainsi un rebasing du PIB entraîne généralement une baisse mécanique du ratio dette/PIB, une amélioration des indicateurs de convergence et une atténuation des pressions pour une consolidation budgétaire immédiate du fait de l’élargissement des marges de manœuvre fiscales. Pour le Sénégal, le solde budgétaire global rapporté au PIB est passé de -13,3 % à -11,8 % en 2021.

• Le taux de pression fiscale s’établit en 2021 à 15,9 % contre 18,0 % dans l’ancienne base (2014).

• Le taux d’endettement public est ressorti en 2021 à 80,0 % contre 90,8 % du PIB avec l’ancienne base.

• Le solde extérieur courant rapporté au PIB s’est situé en 2021 à -10,7 % contre -12,1 % avec l’ancienne base.

Toutefois, cette amélioration ne modifie pas les flux réels de dette qui demeurent inchangés malgré l’ajustement des indicateurs. Ces indicateurs peuvent contribuer à la restauration de la crédibilité macro-économique, à l’amélioration des conditions de financement sur les marchés, et enfin au renforcement de la position du Sénégal dans les discussions bilatérales et multilatérales.

2. Une reclassification sectorielle plus fidèle

Le poids du secteur tertiaire en 2021 a ainsi enregistré une augmentation, passant de 50,5 % à 53,4 %.

Le poids des activités du primaire a été relativement stable (15,6 % avec l’ancienne base à 15,4 % avec la nouvelle base). En revanche, celui du secteur secondaire s’est replié, passant de 23,9 % à 22,6 %.

La part des dépenses de consommation finale dans le PIB est passée de 81,7 % à 84,7 % alors que celle de l’investissement est passée de 38,4 % à 32,8 % à la suite du rebasing. En revanche, le poids des exportations nettes de biens et services s’établit à -17,5 % dans la nouvelle base contre -20,1 % dans l’ancienne.

Ainsi les services modernes deviennent plus importants, le secteur primaire, notamment l’agriculture, diminue en proportion et le secteur industriel régresse. Cette nouvelle structure sectorielle permet des politiques publiques plus ciblées, une meilleure compréhension de la productivité et des chaînes de valeur et aussi une réactualisation ou une amélioration du Plan de redressement économique et social (PRES), voire une meilleure planification de l’Agenda national de développement économique, de la Vision 2050 et des stratégies sectorielles.

Ce qui ne change pas

En revanche, le rebasing ne crée pas de richesse mais permet de mieux la mesurer dès l’instant où la capacité productive réelle du pays ne change pas avec cette opération. Il ne réduit pas non plus la dette publique réelle car seul le dénominateur du ratio dette publique augmente. Par contre, il peut refléter une bonne soutenabilité de la dette, même si les échéances restent inchangées. Il peut aussi alléger la pression sur la trésorerie de l’État.

Les problèmes budgétaires tels que la rigidité des dépenses publiques, les tensions sur la masse salariale, les subventions à l’énergie, la faible pression fiscale, les retards de paiement ou les arriérés ne disparaissent pas ni ne sont résolus. De même les défis structurels de l’économie sénégalaise – une productivité très faible, une dépendance alimentaire, une vulnérabilité aux chocs externes, une dualité entre secteur moderne et secteur informel et une faible industrialisation – demeurent sans solution. Bien que le rebasing améliore la perception extérieure, il ne garantit ni croissance future ni investissements nouveaux.

Dès lors, des réformes structurelles, la création d’un meilleur climat des affaires, un État stratège plus efficace, et une mobilisation fiscale renforcée doivent être mises en place pour l’achèvement des objectifs économiques du pays.

Ce qu’il faut retenir

Le rebasing n’est pas une simple opération statistique : dans le contexte actuel du Sénégal, il s’agit d’un levier stratégique pour restaurer la crédibilité macroéconomique, clarifier l’état réel des finances publiques et rééquilibrer les relations avec les partenaires internationaux.

Il offre au gouvernement une opportunité de consolider son agenda de transformation structurelle de l’économie, à condition de l’accompagner d’une gouvernance renforcée, d’une transparence accrue et d’un cadre de réformes cohérent.

Dans un environnement mondial incertain et face à des attentes sociales grandissantes, la capacité du Sénégal à articuler discipline macroéconomique, innovation institutionnelle et ambition de développement sera déterminante. Le rebasing constitue une étape majeure vers cette recomposition nécessaire.

Souleymane Gueye receives funding from the Fulbright Foundation. He has been affiliated with the American Economic Association since 2010

– ref. PIB du Sénégal : comment le nouveau calcul redessine les marges de manœuvre de l’État – https://theconversation.com/pib-du-senegal-comment-le-nouveau-calcul-redessine-les-marges-de-manoeuvre-de-letat-272828

January 30, 2026

« Ce que tu veux, c’est ce que tu es » : « Gourou » ou la violence invisible de la positivité toxique

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Isabelle Barth, Secrétaire général, The Conversation France, Université de Strasbourg

Le comportement du personnage interprété par Pierre Niney dans _Gourou_ reflète-t-il avec exactitude la réalité du coaching ? Ou est-il caricatural ? WY Productions/Ninety Films/Studiocanal/M6 Films/Photographe Jérôme Prébois

Dans Gourou, le nouveau film de Yann Gozlan, Pierre Niney interprète un coach en développement personnel qui pousse les limites trop loin. Si les excès du bien-être méritent d’être critiqués, le coaching, sous certaines conditions, reste un outil qui peut être utile… à condition de ne pas lui demander ce qu’il ne peut pas faire. La croyance en une toute-puissance (de soi, du coach ou du coaching), voilà le danger !

« Ce que tu veux, c’est ce que tu es ! » Dans le film Gourou, ce mantra répété jusqu’à l’épuisement par le public à l’initiative du « gourou » (incarné par Pierre Niney) n’est pas un simple slogan de motivation, c’est le symptôme d’une idéologie dans laquelle nous baignons dans nos sociétés occidentales (c’est un prérequis indispensable de se situer dans ce cadre culturel) : celle qui prétend que la volonté suffit à tout, que le bonheur est un choix individuel, que la souffrance relève d’un défaut personnel.

Le film en fait une ritournelle hypnotique, révélant la face sombre de cette croyance devenue hégémonique : car la réalité est qu’elle culpabilise, elle isole, elle invalide.

Le gourou : une figure moderne de l’emprise

Traditionnellement, le terme « gourou » désigne un maître spirituel (à l’origine dans la religion brahmanique). Mais les sciences sociales ont montré son évolution vers une figure plus ambiguë : celle d’un individu charismatique qui exerce une influence disproportionnée sur un groupe en promettant transformation, sens et salut personnel. Les travaux de Janet Jacobs et de Benjamin Zablocki sur les dynamiques sectaires montrent que le gourou moderne n’a plus besoin de religion : il lui suffit d’un récit séduisant et performatif pour réunir autour de lui une communauté soudée qui croit en sa promesse de réussite totale.

Dans le film Gourou, cette figure est incarnée par un maître du développement personnel qui exige une adhésion sans faille à son credo. Il ne guide pas : il prescrit. Il ne propose pas : il impose. Et surtout, il réduit toute souffrance à un manque de volonté. C’est là que le film touche juste : il montre comment l’emprise peut se construire non par la contrainte, mais par la promesse de bonheur.

Les exemples contemporains abondent. Dans les entreprises, on peut trouver des ateliers de « gestion émotionnelle » proposés à des salariés soumis à des cadences intenables. Sur LinkedIn, des cadres racontent leur burn out comme une « aventure inspirante ». Sur Instagram, des influenceurs affirment que « la maladie est un message de l’Univers ». Dans tous ces cas, la souffrance est requalifiée en défaut de mindset, et la porte de sortie est de rebondir, mais nous ne sommes pas des balles en caoutchouc !

C’est cette dénonciation de la « positivité toxique » qui est, à mon sens, l’angle le plus intéressant et interpellateur du film.

La positivité toxique : une norme sociale qui invalide

La positivité toxique n’est pas une invention de scénariste. La psychologue Barbara Held parle dès 2002 de « tyranny of the positive attitude », une tyrannie douce qui exige d’afficher un optimisme constant. Dès 2002, Whitney Goodman a popularisé le terme toxic positivity pour désigner cette injonction à nier les émotions négatives. Quant à Sara Ahmed, elle montre dans The Promise of Happiness (2010) que le bonheur est devenu une norme morale : ceux qui ne s’y conforment pas sont perçus comme des perturbateurs.

Cette idéologie produit un mécanisme central : l’invalidation émotionnelle. Les psychologues parlent d’emotional invalidation pour désigner cette dynamique où l’on explique à quelqu’un que ce qu’il ressent n’est « pas utile », « pas constructif », ou « pas la bonne manière de voir les choses ». Dans Gourou, cette invalidation est systémique : toute émotion « basse » est immédiatement interprétée comme un manque de volonté ou un défaut de caractère. La tristesse devient une erreur, la colère une faute morale, la fatigue un manque d’ambition.

Cette invalidation fragilise les individus, les coupe de leur propre expérience, et les rend dépendants d’un discours qui prétend les sauver tout en les dépossédant de leur réalité. Le film illustre bien une dérive, mais s’adosse aux polémiques autour du coaching qui font les choux gras des médias.

Ne pas jeter le coaching… avec l’eau du bain !

Le coaching occupe aujourd’hui une place ambivalente. Le lien entre positivité toxique et coaching est souvent fait. Pour certains chercheurs (on peut citer les travaux de Roland Gori ou ceux d’Eva Illouz et Edgar Cabanas dans leur livre Happycratie, 2018) le coaching contemporain, loin de se limiter à un accompagnement professionnel, s’est transformé en industrie du développement personnel. Pour ces critiques, le coaching promeut une vision individualiste du bonheur : chacun serait responsable de son état émotionnel, indépendamment des conditions sociales, économiques ou politiques.

Le coaching reposerait alors sur une logique d’auto-optimisation permanente : devenir la meilleure version de soi-même, corriger ses « blocages », éliminer ses « pensées limitantes ». Cette rhétorique, en apparence émancipatrice, produit un effet pervers : elle transforme les difficultés structurelles en problèmes psychologiques individuels.

L’individu responsable de tous les maux ? Vraiment ?

Dans Gourou, le maître-coach incarne cette dérive. Il ne questionne jamais les causes des souffrances ; il accuse les individus de ne pas « vouloir assez ». Il ne libère pas ; il enferme dans une spirale où chaque faille devient une preuve d’insuffisance personnelle.

Mais réduire toute la profession à ces dérives serait injuste. Le coaching, lorsqu’il est exercé avec éthique, offre un espace d’écoute, de clarification et de progression réelle. De nombreux travaux, notamment en psychologie du travail, montrent qu’un accompagnement bien mené peut renforcer l’autonomie, soutenir la prise de décision et aider à traverser des transitions complexes. Le problème n’est donc pas le coaching en soi, mais son instrumentalisation par une idéologie du « tout dépend de toi ». Gourou pointe ces excès, et enfonce la porte déjà bien entrouverte de la valeur d’un métier qui, pratiqué avec rigueur, peut réellement aider.

Ce que « Gourou » dit de notre société

Le film révèle une violence invisible, enveloppée de bienveillance, mais profondément normative. Une violence qui dit : « Tu n’as pas le droit d’être triste. » Une violence qui exige que chacun soit son propre coach, son propre thérapeute, mais aussi son propre bourreau en s’imposant des défis sans avoir forcément les ressources pour les relever. Une violence qui simplifie le monde pour éviter de regarder en face ce qui ne va pas.

Il est temps de rappeler une évidence : la tristesse n’est pas un échec, la colère n’est pas un défaut, le doute n’est pas une faiblesse. Ce sont des émotions humaines, légitimes, nécessaires. Gourou invite à refuser la dictature du sourire et à retrouver le droit fondamental d’être humain, donc… imparfait.

Isabelle Barth ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. « Ce que tu veux, c’est ce que tu es » : « Gourou » ou la violence invisible de la positivité toxique – https://theconversation.com/ce-que-tu-veux-cest-ce-que-tu-es-gourou-ou-la-violence-invisible-de-la-positivite-toxique-274660

January 30, 2026

French (Dry) January : les consommateurs de vins sans alcool consomment de l’alcool

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Rossella Sorio, Professeure Associée, Département Marketing ICN BS, ICN Business School

Le French January invite à reconnaître la pluralité des pratiques entre boire avec modération, boire autrement ou ne pas boire. BearFotos/Shutterstock

Après le Dry January, place au French January : boire avec modération, boire autrement ou ne pas boire. Une étude sur les vins sans alcool ou à faible teneur en alcool (vins « nolo », pour no-low) analyse cette nouvelle tendance française invitant à dépasser un choix binaire entre consommation et abstinence. Explication avec le témoignage de consommateurs.

Notre analyse de près de 150 entretiens montre que les consommateurs de vins « nolo », ou no-low, en France ne sont ni majoritairement des abstinents stricts ni des individus contraints par des impératifs médicaux ou physiologiques. Le plus souvent, ces consommateurs réguliers d’alcool sont attachés au vin comme pratique sociale et culturelle, mais restent désireux de mieux maîtriser leur consommation et d’en moduler l’intensité et les occasions.

Nos résultats suggèrent que la sobriété s’inscrit moins dans une logique d’abstinence normative que dans des formes de régulation des pratiques et de gouvernement de soi. C’est dans cette tension, entre contrôle de soi et refus de l’abstinence normative, que s’inscrit aujourd’hui le débat entre Dry January et French January.

Cette régulation prend très concrètement la forme d’une alternance des produits selon les contextes. Un consommateur français dans notre étude de 2019 disait « Ce n’est pas pour arrêter de boire du vin, c’est pour mieux gérer selon les moments ». Un autre consommateur français dans notre étude de 2024 soulignait le caractère situationnel de ce choix : « Je bois du vin classique quand le moment s’y prête, et du sans alcool quand je dois conduire ou rester concentré ». Une autre personne interviewée ajoute « continuer à boire pour le plaisir, sans se sentir limité, et sans renoncer complètement au vin ».

Décryptage de ce paradoxe French (Dry) January.

Juste milieu entre le trop et le zéro

Le Dry January, lancé au Royaume-Uni en 2013, repose sur une logique claire : une abstinence totale pendant un mois, afin de favoriser une prise de conscience individuelle et de générer des bénéfices mesurables pour la santé. En France, cette initiative, portée depuis 2020 principalement par des associations de prévention, s’inscrit dans un contexte particulier, celui d’un pays où l’alcool, et en particulier le vin, occupe une place centrale dans les pratiques sociales et culturelles.

Face à cette logique de rupture temporaire, le French January s’est imposé comme une contre-proposition culturelle, défendue par la filière vitivinicole et largement relayé dans la presse. Cette orientation est explicitement formulée dans le manifeste du French January qui invite à « savourer plutôt que s’interdire », à reconnaître la pluralité des pratiques – boire avec modération, boire autrement ou ne pas boire – et à rechercher « un juste milieu entre le trop et le zéro ».

Le French January reformule les enjeux de santé publique dans un cadre narratif différent, en revendiquant une sobriété choisie et non imposée, appelée à s’inscrire dans la durée plutôt que dans la seule parenthèse du mois de janvier.

Limites du « tout ou rien »

Cette coexistence de deux initiatives révèle une polarisation très française du débat. D’un côté, une sobriété conçut comme abstinence temporaire, de l’autre, une sobriété pensée comme régulation des pratiques. Cette polarisation est souvent caricaturée en opposition entre « hygiénistes » et « épicuriens », alors même que les données scientifiques rappellent une réalité incontestable : toute consommation d’alcool comporte un risque.

Selon l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), l’alcool est responsable de millions de décès chaque année, et il n’existe pas de seuil de consommation totalement sans risque. Mickaël Naassila, chercheur et président de la Société française d’alcoologie, insiste sur une bascule culturelle réelle : recul des croyances dans un alcool « protecteur », acceptation croissante de la non-consommation, notamment chez les jeunes, et meilleure connaissance des risques.

Cette bascule reste incomplète et entravée par des blocages politiques et institutionnels. Contrairement au tabac, il n’existe pas en France de véritable « plan alcool ». Les campagnes de prévention sont souvent limitées à la lutte contre les excès ou les dépendances, au détriment de la prévention primaire. Dans ce contexte, le Dry January joue un rôle important : il rend visible la non-consommation, légitime le refus de boire et permet à certains individus de développer des compétences psychosociales pour réguler leurs pratiques.

Les limites du « tout ou rien » sont également documentées. Des travaux récents suggèrent que l’abstinence temporaire peut produire des effets de compensation après janvier, et qu’elle touche principalement des consommateurs occasionnels, sans nécessairement atteindre les publics les plus vulnérables.

Ces constats ne disqualifient pas le Dry January ils rappellent simplement qu’un changement durable des comportements ne peut reposer sur un seul dispositif normatif.

Vins « nolo », l’angle mort du débat

C’est précisément ici que les recherches en marketing, en comportement du consommateur et en sociologie des marchés peuvent enrichir le débat. La transition vers une consommation d’alcool plus responsable ne dépend pas uniquement des messages de santé publique, mais aussi de la manière dont les produits et les pratiques sont catégorisés, légitimés et émotionnellement valorisés.

Les vins sans alcool ou à faible teneur en alcool (vins « nolo ») constituent un révélateur particulièrement intéressant. Souvent présentés comme des alternatives responsables, ils se situent pourtant dans une zone de tension. D’un côté, ils répondent à une demande croissante de réduction de la consommation ; de l’autre, ils souffrent d’un déficit de légitimité, notamment lorsqu’ils sont associés à une logique de privation ou de contrainte temporaire.

Cette alternance est d’autant plus importante que, pour une majorité de consommateurs interrogés, les vins « nolo » ne sont pas conçus comme des substituts du vin, mais comme des options complémentaires. Nos enquêtes de 2019 et 2024 insistent sur le fait qu’ils continuent à consommer du vin avec alcool pour certaines occasions, tout en recourant au vin sans alcool pour rester pleinement dans le moment social, sans se sentir mis à l’écart. Cette alternance est d’abord liée aux occasions de sociabilité :

« Boire du vin, c’est surtout un moment pour être ensemble, pour partager un repas », explique un consommateur français.

Dans ce contexte, le vin sans alcool est mobilisé non pas comme un substitut, mais comme un ajustement, comme exprimé par un autre consommateur français :

« Ce n’est pas un vin de repas pour moi, plutôt quelque chose pour l’apéritif ou quand on veut rester sobre », souligne une personne interviewée.

Cette distinction entre usages est également très présente dans les discours des consommateurs. Pour les consommateurs français, le vin sans alcool « n’est pas fait pour remplacer le vin », mais pour répondre à des situations spécifiques : « un déjeuner d’affaires », « un événement en journée » ou « un moment où l’on veut rester lucide ».

Produits « free-from » alcool

Nos travaux sur les produits « free-from » montrent que, dans les catégories hédoniques comme le vin, la suppression d’un attribut central – ici l’alcool – peut altérer la valeur perçue, l’authenticité et le plaisir anticipé. Le risque est alors double : soit le vin « nolo » est perçu comme un simple substitut fonctionnel, dépourvu de valeur émotionnelle ; soit il est rejeté comme un « faux vin », ni pleinement vin, ni véritable alternative.

Nos entretiens mettent en évidence une tension entre attentes hédoniques et logiques de régulation. Pour certains consommateurs, l’alcool demeure indissociable du plaisir associé au vin, au point que le vin sans alcool est perçu comme ne permettant ni de « se détendre » ni d’« oublier ses émotions négatives ».

Dans ce contexte, le French January peut offrir un cadre discursif différent. En valorisant la pluralité des choix – boire moins, boire autrement, ou ne pas boire –, il permet de repositionner les vins « nolo » non comme une solution miracle, ni comme un gadget marketing, mais comme une option parmi d’autres dans un répertoire de pratiques responsables. Cette recatégorisation est essentielle : elle conditionne l’acceptabilité sociale de ces produits et leur capacité à s’inscrire durablement dans les usages.

Consommation d’alcool plus responsable

Cette opportunité est ambivalente. Si la modération est invoquée sans rappel explicite des risques liés à l’alcool, elle peut contribuer à brouiller les messages de santé publique. À l’inverse, si les vins « nolo » sont présentés comme une réponse suffisante aux enjeux sanitaires, ils risquent de créer une illusion de solution, détournant l’attention des changements plus profonds nécessaires dans les pratiques.

Ce débat ne devrait pas être lu comme un affrontement entre deux camps irréconciliables, mais comme le symptôme d’une transition normative inachevée. Là où la santé publique explique pourquoi il faut réduire la consommation d’alcool, les sciences sociales et du management permettent de comprendre pourquoi certaines manières de formuler, de vendre et de catégoriser la sobriété fonctionnent… ou échouent.

Une consommation d’alcool plus responsable ne se construira ni par la seule abstinence ponctuelle ni par une modération vague et dépolitisée. Elle suppose des messages clairs sur les risques, des cadres normatifs cohérents, et une réflexion approfondie sur la place des marchés et des émotions dans nos choix. À ce prix seulement, le débat pourra gagner en maturité, et en efficacité.

Les auteurs ne travaillent pas, ne conseillent pas, ne possèdent pas de parts, ne reçoivent pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’ont déclaré aucune autre affiliation que leur organisme de recherche.

– ref. French (Dry) January : les consommateurs de vins sans alcool consomment de l’alcool – https://theconversation.com/french-dry-january-les-consommateurs-de-vins-sans-alcool-consomment-de-lalcool-274132

January 30, 2026

Rafiki unbanned on appeal: why it’s an important moment for African film

Source: The Conversation – Global Perspectives – By Gibson Ncube, Senior Lecturer, Stellenbosch University

The film Rafiki is a charming love story that plays out in urban Kenya. It follows two teenage girls whose close friendship slowly turns into first love. Directed by rising filmmaker Wanuri Kahiu, it was celebrated as groundbreaking by critics and at festivals when it was released in 2018. But back home in Kenya, where homosexuality is criminal, the film was banned.

On 23 January 2026, after a lengthy legal campaign by the filmmaker, the Kenyan Court of Appeals unbanned Rafiki for public screening in that country.

In 2018, the state-funded Kenya Film Classification Board had justified the ban because the film’s happy ending was perceived to be “promoting homosexuality”. The ban quickly became a symbol of the problems filmmakers face whenever they challenge traditional views on sex, gender and morality.

The unbanning marks more than the rehabilitation of a single film. It signals a subtle but significant shift in how African film might negotiate censorship in the years to come.

A young African woman with dreadlocks smiles at the camera, wearing a flowing green dress with a white pattern on it. — Wanuri Kahiu in 2025.
Bryan Berlin/ Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-NC-SA

My research as a scholar of African queer cinemas has focused on how such moments reveal the fragile yet transformative possibilities through which African film cultures negotiate visibility and legitimacy. And the right to imagine queer futures and freedom of speech on their own terms.

At first glance, the unbanning might appear modest. Kenya has not decriminalised same-sex relations, and legal restrictions on LGBTIQ+ lives remain firmly in place. Even so, Rafiki’s return is very important.

It marks the first time a Kenyan film previously prohibited for queer content has been permitted full public circulation. Other recently banned queer-themed films like I am Samuel remain banned.

Although largely symbolic, the gesture disrupts long-standing assumptions about what African films can show, who they can centre, and which lives can be made visible.

Censorship and representation

African film industries have historically operated under difficult systems of moral, religious, and political regulation. From colonial censorship boards to postcolonial classification authorities, film has been treated as requiring constant surveillance.

Sexuality, especially queer sexuality, has been one of the most heavily policed domains. Films tackling same-sex desire have often been banned, restricted to festival circuits, or forced into underground circulation. In South Africa, the film Inxeba/The Wound was effectively banned from mainstream cinemas. In Nigeria, the first independent queer film Ìfé was prohibited from cinemas.

Rafiki’s initial banning followed this pattern. Despite being selected for screening at the important Cannes Film Festival, it was deemed unsuitable for Kenyan audiences. An internationally celebrated Kenyan film could be screened overseas but not in Nairobi.

So the unbanning disrupts this asymmetry. It shows that national cinemas cannot indefinitely insulate themselves from transnational circuits. Overseas, African queer films increasingly gain visibility, prestige and market value.

Kenyan law appears, in this sense, to be more flexible and changing in response to international attention, cultural pressure and public image.

African audiences

One of the most significant implications of the unbanning concerns the question of audiences. Bans don’t just suppress content; they also actively shape who is imagined as the viewers. For decades, queer African films have been implicitly addressed to foreign audiences, festivals and academic readers, rather than to local publics.

Allowing Rafiki to screen at home challenges this idea. It opens a space, even if it’s a fragile one, for Kenyan audiences to encounter queer lives. Not as abstract political controversies but as intimate, everyday narratives. Rafiki tells a deliberately modest story, grounded in the innocence of first love and the textures of everyday life in the city.

This matters because being represented is not only about being visible. It’s also about producing audiences. More than depicting queer lives, films like Rafiki shape new viewing communities and new forms of recognition.

In this sense, the unbanning contributes to a slow reconfiguration of African film publics. It suggests that African audiences are not uniformly conservative or inherently hostile to queer narratives. Instead, they are plural and capable of engaging with complex stories about identity, love and desire.

These publics have been changing, thanks in part to streaming platforms and digital technologies. Even where films are banned from cinemas, viewers can still watch, share and debate them online. This shift is important as cinema spaces themselves are declining across many African countries.

African filmmakers

For African filmmakers, the unbanning carries both practical and symbolic importance. Practically, it signals the possibility that national classification regimes may become more negotiable and more responsive to legal challenges and public pressure. The 2018 High Court ruling that temporarily lifted the ban to allow limited screenings had already established an important precedent. The current unbanning consolidates that into institutional practice. It has set a legal precedent.

Symbolically, the decision offers a measure of protection to filmmakers who dare to take aesthetic and political risks. Rafiki was shot cautiously in order to evade state surveillance.

It teaches us that queer storytelling is no longer automatically incompatible with national cinema. This may encourage a new generation of African directors, screenwriters and producers to pursue narratives once seen as too dangerous, too marginal, or too commercially unviable.

But caution should not be thrown to the wind. The unbanning does not signal the end of censorship, nor does it guarantee a hospitable environment for filmmakers. Classification boards still retain broad powers, and political backlash remains likely.

A fragile opening …

The unbanning of Rafiki should not be overstated. Legal prohibitions against same-sex relations remain in force. Violence against queer communities persists, and cultural backlash is inevitable. Yet openings in cultural policy often precede legal and social change, not the other way around.

Cinema, precisely because it works through emotions and the visual, can create the conditions for new ethical and political sensibilities to emerge.

Rafiki’s return ultimately represents a possibility that African films can speak more openly about intimacy, vulnerability and difference. A possibility that African audiences can encounter these stories on their own terms.

Gibson Ncube receives funding from the National Research Foundation (South Africa).

– ref. Rafiki unbanned on appeal: why it’s an important moment for African film – https://theconversation.com/rafiki-unbanned-on-appeal-why-its-an-important-moment-for-african-film-274542