Reggae legend Jimmy Cliff’s connection with Te Tiriti and Aotearoa

Source: Radio New Zealand

A Kiwi friend of the late reggae legend Jimmy Cliff describes him as a gentle and considered soul who was hugely curious about New Zealand and the role of Te Tiriti.

Cliff, who is regarded as one of the founders of reggae music, died in Kingston, Jamaica, on Sunday. He was 81.

Music promoter Jackie Sanders, of Kerikeri, describes herself as “a friend and huge fan” who brought Jimmy Cliff to Aotearoa in 2011, 2015 and 2018.

Jimmy Cliff with friend and music promoter Jackie Sanders in 2018.

Jimmy Cliff with friend and music promoter Jackie Sanders in 2018.

Supplied

She counted him alongside Bob Marley, Toots (of Toots and the Maytals) and Peter Tosh as one of the four pioneers of the reggae genre.

While it was Marley who went on to find worldwide fame, Cliff entered modern consciousness in his later years through soundtracks for movies such as Cool Runnings and The Harder They Come.

Sanders said she got to know Cliff because she insisted, given his mana and status as a musical legend, on personally driving him between shows.

“So I spent quite a lot of time with him. He was a very gentle, quiet and considered man. He was also very curious. He had a lot of questions about New Zealand. He was hugely interested in Māori and TeTiriti and how that all worked.”

His 2011 visit was for the Raggamuffin Festival in Rotorua; in 2015 he played Tauranga and Auckland’s Powerstation.

Reggae star Jimmy Cliff

The reggae star died on Sunday.

RNZ

The Auckland show,with a packed venue and Herbs Unplugged as support, was Sanders’ “favourite gig ever”.

She said Cliff’s interest in TeTiriti sowed the seeds for his 2018 show at Waitangi, where he was the headline act for the inaugural Bay of Islands Music Festival, held in the grounds of the Copthorne Hotel.

That night was to be the most stressful of her entire career.

Cliff had two sets at the Byron Bay Bluesfest, on Easter Friday and Monday, and the idea was that he would fly out of the Gold Coast on Saturday morning, play Saturday night at Waitangi, then head back across the Tasman on Sunday morning.

However, thanks to delays in Australia, by the time Cliff and his 10-piece band landed in Auckland, the last flight to Kerikeri had been and gone.

“We were absolutely panicking. We had a full house in Waitangi, we had an amazing lineup. What were we going to do?” and

Air New Zealand was able to rustle up another plane but not a pilot, so the musicians were instead whisked through Customs and onto a minibus.

In the meantime Hamilton reggae band Katchafire stretched out their set and rumour rippled through the crowd.

Jimmy Cliff and band at Bay of Islands Airport in Kerikeri, about to head back to Byron Bay Bluesfest after a hectic headline slot at the Bay of Islands Music Festival.

Jimmy Cliff and band at Bay of Islands Airport in Kerikeri, about to head back to Byron Bay Bluesfest after a hectic headline slot at the Bay of Islands Music Festival.

Supplied

After a high-speed drive north the band virtually rolled out of the minibus straight onto the stage, 45 minutes late.

That left only 30 minutes before the festival was due to finish, with the venue anxious not to go over time. 

“We were getting a bit of heat that the curfew was coming up … I remember them saying to me, ‘You’ve got to go on stage and tell them this is the last song’. And I was just thinking of the hits the band hadn’t yet played …SoI went on stage and said, ‘Whatever happens, don’t come off that stage before the encore, just stay on and keep going’. I got into a bit of trouble over it. But I don’t regret it, it was great.”

Sanders said even in 2015 Cliff seemed frail, and in 2018 he had to be literally carried up the stairs onto the stage.

“But once on the stage, he was chucking his legs in the air and he was an absolute ball of energy. He said to me the next day, ‘The music takes control and it takes over my spirit, and it happens. I won’t stop until I die’. He really was an incredible man.”

An emotional Sanders said she had been playing his music almost non-stop since Sunday.

“It’s incredibly sad to lose another legend. They don’t come along that often, and Jimmy Cliff was definitely one of those utter legends,” she said.

“He shaped a whole genre of music that has entertained people for generations. So rest in power, Jimmy, and thank you for bringing us so much joy.”

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

Hotel from Crocodile Dundee sells after three years on the market

Source: Radio New Zealand

If the Walkabout Creek Hotel’s walls could talk, they would have more than 120 years of tales to tell.

For many, the outback pub is famous for its featured role in the 1986 film Crocodile Dundee.

But for locals in the tiny town of McKinlay, just over 200kms from Mount Isa, it is the pub, the bottle-o, the caravan park and the post office.

Angus Brodie has been learning how to manage the bar.

Supplied/Angus Brodie

And now, after being on the market since 2022, it has changed hands.

McKinlay-born Angus Brodie and wife Jo Cranney bought the Walkabout Creek Hotel for an undisclosed figure, settling the deal yesterday.

Prior owners Deb and Frank Wurst put the pub on the market so they could retire, after being at the helm for 11 years.

From childhood memories to pouring his first beer

Grazier Angus Brodie, 33, grew up in McKinlay, where the hotel is the central hub for the town’s 160 residents.

“I have memories running around with all the other kids, sneaking a packet of chips and a soft drink,” Brodie said.

“Sometimes we’d take our sleeping bags and have a sleepover until it was time to go home.”

The new owner had never poured a beer before last week but is ready for the challenge.

“The first beer I poured, I think there was half a glass of frothy head, and the second beer had absolutely no head at all,” he laughed.

“I wasn’t off to a real good start, but I promise I’ve turned things around now.”

Cranney, 34, grew up in Goondiwindi but moved to Mount Isa to be a nurse, where the two met.

They now run a cattle property 30 minutes away from the pub with their two children and a baby due in April.

The couple bought the pub to diversify their business and have an alternative income stream when the weather and cattle markets aren’t favourable.

“In a drought, people probably drink more beer,” Brodie said.

The couple hopes to take a farm-to-table approach, selling their beef at the pub.

“That’s one thing we’re pretty keen to do, showcase our beef and have that on the menu,” Brodie said.

The Walkabout was originally built as The Federal Hotel in 1900.

The Walkabout was originally built as The Federal Hotel in 1900.

Supplied

Pub ‘in fantastic condition’

Decorated with memorabilia, the Walkabout Creek Hotel is beloved by locals and tourists alike.

The new owners are not planning to change much and are grateful to the prior owners for keeping it in “fantastic condition”.

“It’s a credit to Frank and Debbie. They’ve really looked after it over the 11 years they’ve been there,” Brodie said.

Wurst said he and Debbie would miss the pub when they announced their retirement plans in 2022.

“I’m really going to miss the people out here — there are so many great characters,” he said.

Frank and Debbie Wurst ran the pub in McKinlay for 11 years.

Frank and Debbie Wurst ran the pub in McKinlay for 11 years.

Supplied

40 years of Dundee

In 1986, Crocodile Dundee was the highest-grossing film of all time in Australia.

Built in 1900 and licensed in 1901, the real-world Walkabout Creek Hotel is three times as old as the movie that made it famous, and was originally called the Federation Hotel.

The bar used on the film set was donated to the pub after filming, and is now located out the back in the beer garden.

Tourists come from far and wide to snap photos with the movie memorabilia.

Next year, it will be 40 years since the release of Crocodile Dundee, and the new owners plan to mark the occasion.

“We will have to do something, that’s for sure,” Brodie said.

“It’s a crucial part of the identity of the pub, and we love it.”

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

‘We will lose them’: World Vision calls for action to end ‘catastrophic’ Sudan war

Source: Radio New Zealand

Displaced Sudanese who fled El-Fasher after the city fell to the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), arrive in the town of Tawila in war-torn Sudan's western Darfur region on 28 October, 2025.

Displaced Sudanese who fled El-Fasher after the city fell to the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), arrive in the town of Tawila in war-torn Sudan’s western Darfur region on 28 October, 2025. Photo: AFP

Nearly 100,000 people have now fled Sudan’s El Fasher, after the city in the Darfur region was taken over by the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces in the country’s ongoing civil war, which has been raging for two-and-a-half years.

Sudan is facing one of the world’s most significant humanitarian crises, with 14 million people displaced.

World Vision’s Sudan operations director Inos Mugabe describes the situation, particularly in El Fasher, as catastrophic.

“We have witnessed intensified fighting that’s forced a large number of families to flee, and for many of them it’s not the first time.”

He said as they fled, they also faced extreme challenges.

“Most of the people who are leaving leave with very little, particularly only the clothes that they are wearing, and many children are also separated from their families in the chaos.”

He said most people fleeing go to the neighbouring town of Tawila, but the situation there was also bad.

“There’s no water, there’s no food assistance. there’s no sanitation. Basically, services are non-existent.”

World Vision's Sudan operations director Inos Mugabe.

World Vision’s Sudan operations director Inos Mugabe. Photo: Supplied

He said their needs were huge, but there was not adequate funding available.

“Unfortunately, we are going to be seeing more lives lost.”

Mugabe said most girls and boys were not attending school.

“For girls… they don’t continue school and obviously end up getting married early in their life. Then if its boys, they end up in military conscription and are accommodated into the various militia groups that are spouting up around the country.”

He said children and their families escaping the siege at El Fasher were in need of immediate support.

“They look weary and severely malnourished. Their bodies are failing, and without urgent, large-scale intervention, we will lose them.

“We are receiving the most vulnerable people imaginable, but the resources we have are completely inadequate to sustain them. The world must understand the gravity of this situation and act before it is too late.”

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– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

‘Slender Man’ stabber’s disappearance and the internet boogeyman who inspired her

Source: Radio New Zealand

By Amanda Musa, Chris Boyette, CNN

File photo. Morgan Geyser appears in a Waukesha County courtroom on 9 January 2025, in Waukesha, Wisconsin.

File photo. Morgan Geyser appears in a Waukesha County courtroom, Wisconsin, in January. Photo: Morry Gash / AP / File via CNN Newsource

Morgan Geyser, who was living under supervised release at a group home in Wisconsin for her role in the high-profile 2014 stabbing of her 12-year-old classmate, was found about 150 miles (240km) away in Illinois.

She had disappeared on Saturday night (US time) after cutting off her monitoring bracelet, according to police in Madison, Wisconsin.

On Sunday, officers in Posen, Illinois, responded to a report of people loitering behind a truck stop building and discovered a man and a woman sleeping on the sidewalk, police said.

Geyser, 23, initially gave officers a false name when they confronted her, according to Posen Police.

“After continued attempts to identify her, she finally stated that she didn’t want to tell officers who she was because she had ‘done something really bad,’ and suggested that officers could ‘just Google’ her name,” police said.

Years earlier, Geyser had pleaded guilty to attempted murder in the stabbing of her classmate, Payton Leutner. At the time, they were both 12 years old.

The grisly attack gripped the public’s attention and became the subject of heavy news coverage at the time, raising questions about how parents can keep tabs on everything kids consume online, and how they can be sure their children can truly separate reality from fantasy.

The crime was said to be inspired by the fictitious character Slender Man.

Here’s what we know about the search for Geyser and the internet-created boogeyman that prompted an attack that shocked the nation more than a decade ago.

Who is Slender Man?

Slender Man, a menacing, faceless man in a dark suit – sometimes portrayed with octopus-like tentacles – was a crowdsourced internet-created boogeyman that first appeared in an online forum in 2009, according to Shira Chess, an associate professor of entertainment and media studies at the University of Georgia and co-author of the book Folklore, Horror Stories, and the Slender Man.

“He falls broadly into a category of fiction that is colloquially referred to as ‘creepypasta,’ or internet legends that have meme-like qualities, typically lack known authorship, and are easily spreadable,” Chess told CNN in an email on Sunday.

In June 2009, a Photoshop contest for images that appeared to be paranormal was launched in a forum on the website Something Awful. According to Know Your Meme, a blog that chronicles web culture, the goal of the contest was to create the images and then use them to fool, or “troll,” other web users by submitting them to paranormal websites.

A recent image provided from the Madison Police Department of Morgan Geyser, captured on security video from this past month.

A recent image provided from the Madison Police Department of Morgan Geyser, captured on security video from this past month. Photo: Madison Police Department via CNN Newsource

Site member Eric Knudsen (under the screen name “Victor Surge”) submitted two images to the contest, both black-and-white images of children, one of which appeared to show a largely undefined figure lurking in the background.

Many imaginative fans saw Slender Man’s facelessness as a blank canvas in which to reimagine him in any number of ways, Chess added.

Following the stabbing, Geyser and her friend Anissa Weier told police they knew the character from the Creepypasta Wiki, a site that compiles such fiction. The site has issued a statement condemning the attack.

Slender Man’s popularity has gone down in recent years, according to Chess, who noted the fandom peaked in the early to mid-2010s.

“I can anecdotally say that he still performs the role of boogeyman on playgrounds,” Chess told CNN.

How did the stabbing unfold?

In May 2014, the trio had gone to Geyser’s home for a slumber party to celebrate her birthday, Leutner previously told ABC. During those times, Geyser constantly talked about Slender Man, she added.

“I thought it was odd. It kind of frightened me a little bit,” Leutner said of her friends’ fascination with the character. “But I went along with it. I was supportive because I thought that’s what she liked.”

As the friendship between Geyser and Weier grew, so did the pair’s fixation with Slender Man, Leutner said. While Leutner didn’t know her friends planned to harm her, something felt off that night in retrospect, she said.

“At all of our past sleepovers, (Geyser) always wanted to stay up all night because she could never do that at home,” Leutner said. “But on (the night of) the birthday party, she wanted to go to bed.”

Her friends later told investigators they had planned to kill Leutner in her sleep that night but then decided to do it the next morning at a nearby park.

When she woke up, Geyser and Weier were downstairs at a computer, so she joined them for doughnuts before heading to the park. They told her the plan was to play hide-and-seek and asked her to lie down under the leaves and sticks as part of the game, she said.

There in the woods, Geyser repeatedly stabbed her with a kitchen knife and she and Weier left her alone in the woods, bleeding and struggling to get help. After she crawled out of the woods, a passing bicyclist found her and called 911.

Leutner was stabbed near her heart, and she was “one millimeter away from certain death,” court documents said.

When the bicyclist found her, the girl pleaded, “Please help me. I’ve been stabbed,” audio from the 911 call revealed.

At age 15, Geyser pleaded guilty to a charge of attempted first-degree murder in a deal with prosecutors to be placed in a mental institution instead of serving jail time.

Weier pleaded guilty to attempted second-degree homicide due to mental illness or defect as part of a plea agreement. She was committed to 25 years in a mental hospital, The Associated Press reported, but was released in 2021 on condition she live with her father and wear a GPS monitor.

At her sentencing in 2018, Geyser apologized to Leutner and her family.

“I never meant this to happen,” a tearful Geyser said. “I hope that she is doing well.”

Where was Morgan Geyser?

Authorities said Sunday they were searching for Geyser, who was last seen in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Madison, Wisconsin, around 8pm on Saturday with an adult acquaintance, police said in a statement.

Police later said in an update they received confirmation around 10.34 pm that Geyser had been taken into custody in Illinois.

The pair traveled from Wisconsin by bus, Posen police said.

Authorities have not identified the acquaintance – who they say was taken into custody – but Posen police told The Associated Press he is 42 years old, was charged with criminal trespassing and obstructing identification and has since been released.

Geyser’s attorney, Tony Cotton, had earlier urged the 23-year-old to turn herself in immediately, saying in a statement: “We worked too hard to secure her freedom for her to continue on this path.”

It is unclear how Geyser broke out of the group home or who helped her, Cotton said in a video posted to social media.

CNN has reached out to Cotton for comment on her capture.

In January, a judge ordered Geyser could be released from the Winnebago Mental Health Institute, where she spent nearly seven years, The Associated Press reported.

Prosecutors attempted to block her release, alleging she has been quietly reading gory novels and communicating with a man who collects memorabilia from murderers, but a Waukesha County Circuit judge ordered her release after state and county health officials completed a community supervision and housing plan.

CNN has been unable to determine who runs the group home where Geyser was staying, but Madison police confirmed to CNN affiliate WMTV she has been living at a group home in Madison, on the same street where she had last been seen before fleeing Wisconsin.

Geyser faces no additional charges in Illinois, Posen police said, but will be held at Cook County jail to await extradition back to Wisconsin.

CNN

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

‘Iconic’ Bollywood actor dies at 89

Source: Radio New Zealand

Dharmendra Deol, who became one of India’s most prominent actors and a Bollywood action hero, died in Mumbai on Monday, local media said. He was 89.

Dharmendra, who is survived by two wives and six children, had been ill for the past month and died at home, media reported.

There was no official statement from the actor’s family, but several of his contemporaries, including actor Amitabh Bachchan, gathered at a crematorium in the Mumbai suburb of Juhu for his funeral.

Bollywood actor Dharmendra (C) along with his sons Sunny Deol (R) and Bobby Deol poses for a photo on the occasion of his 89th birthday at his residence in Mumbai on December 8, 2024.

Bollywood actor Dharmendra (C) along with his sons Sunny Deol (R) and Bobby Deol at his 89th birthday celebration at his residence in Mumbai on 8 December, 2024.

AFP / Sujit Jaiswal

“A massive mega star, the embodiment of a hero in mainstream cinema,” producer and director Karan Johar, who cast Dharmendra in his 2023 film Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani (Rocky and Rani’s Love Story), wrote in an Instagram post.

Known to his legion of fans by his first name, Dharmendra acted in more than 300 films in a career spanning more than six decades.

Born in Punjab province in 1935, Dharmendra won a talent show organised by a film magazine, moving to Mumbai and acting in his first film in 1960.

In the years that followed, he appeared in everything from arthouse films to soft romances, action films and goofy comedies, making him the top actor of his generation.

Notable films included Bollywood cult classic Sholay (Embers), in which he played one half of a team of small-time thugs tasked with catching a bandit. The film, which was released in 1975, has become part of Indian popular culture and Dharmendra’s dialogue from the film has influenced movies ever since. In recent years, it has become a meme.

Dharmendra married his first wife, Prakash Kaur, before he found fame. After starring alongside Hema Malini in several films, he married her in 1980, without divorcing Prakash.

He was a lawmaker in the Indian parliament from 2004 to 2009.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi, President Draupadi Murmu and several others also sent their condolences on the actor’s death.

“He was an iconic film personality, a phenomenal actor who brought charm and depth to every role he played,” Modi said in a post on X.

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

Jimmy Cliff, reggae music pioneer, dies at 81

Source: Radio New Zealand

The cause was a seizure followed by pneumonia, she said.

Born James Chambers on 30 July, 1944 during a hurricane in St James Parish, northwestern Jamaica, he moved in the 1950s from the family farm to the country’s capital Kingston with his father, determined to succeed in the music industry.

At just 14, he became nationally famous for the song ‘Hurricane Hattie’, which he wrote.

Cliff would go on to record more than 30 albums and perform all over the world, including in Paris, in Brazil and at the World’s Fair, an international exhibition held in New York in 1964. The following year, Island Records’ Chris Blackwell, the producer who launched Bob Marley and the Wailers, invited Cliff to work in the UK with him.

Cliff later went into acting, starring in the 1972 classic film The Harder They Come, directed by Perry Henzell, which introduced an international audience to reggae music. The movie portrayed the grittier aspects of Jamaican life, redefining the island as more than a tourist playground of cocktails, beaches and waterfalls.

“When I’ve achieved all my ambitions, then I guess that I will have done it and I can just say ‘great’,” he said in a 2019 interview, as he was losing his sight.

“But I’m still hungry. I want it. I’ve still got the burning fire that burns brightly inside of me – like I just said to you. I still have many rivers to cross!”

Known in part for singles ‘You Can Get It If You Really Want It’ and ‘Many Rivers To Cross’, as well as for his covers of Johnny Nash’s ‘I Can See Clearly Now’, which appeared on the soundtrack of the 1993 movie Cool Runnings, and Cat Stevens’ ‘Wild World’, Cliff was a prolific writer who weaved his humanitarian views into his songs.

Bob Dylan said Cliff’s ‘Vietnam’ was the best protest song ever written.

The anti-establishment bent of Cliff’s music gave a voice not only to the hardships faced by Jamaicans, but to the spirit and joy that persevered in spite of poverty and oppression. Over the years, Cliff worked with the Rolling Stones, Elvis Costello, Annie Lennox and Paul Simon.

In 2012, he won a Grammy Award for best reggae album for Rebirth, which was produced by punk band Rancid’s Tim Armstrong, and another Grammy in 1984 for Cliff Hanger.

Cliff received the Order of Merit, the highest honour in the arts and sciences, from the Jamaican government. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2010.

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

Thousands of genomes reveal the wild wolf genes in most dogs’ DNA

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Audrey T. Lin, Research Associate in Anthropology, Smithsonian Institution

Modern wolves and dogs both descend from an ancient wolf population that lived alongside woolly mammoths and cave bears. Iza Lyson/500px Prime via Getty Images

Dogs were the first of any species that people domesticated, and they have been a constant part of human life for millennia. Domesticated species are the plants and animals that have evolved to live alongside humans, providing nearly all of our food and numerous other benefits. Dogs provide protection, hunting assistance, companionship, transportation and even wool for weaving blankets.

Dogs evolved from gray wolves, but scientists debate exactly where, when and how many times dogs were domesticated. Ancient DNA evidence suggests that domestication happened twice, in eastern and western Eurasia, before the groups eventually mixed. That blended population was the ancestor of all dogs living today.

Molecular clock analysis of the DNA from hundreds of modern and ancient dogs suggests they were domesticated between around 20,000 and 22,000 years ago, when large ice sheets covered much of Eurasia and North America. The first dog identified in the archaeological record is a 14,000-year-old pup found in Bonn-Oberkassel, Germany, but it can be difficult to tell based on bones whether an animal was an early domestic dog or a wild wolf.

Despite the shared history of dogs and wolves, scientists have long thought these two species rarely mated and gave birth to hybrid offspring. As an evolutionary biologist and a molecular anthropologist who study domestic plants and animals, we wanted to take a new look at whether dog-wolf hybridization has really been all that uncommon.

Little interbreeding in the wild

Dogs are not exactly descended from modern wolves. Rather, dogs and wolves living today both derive from a shared ancient wolf population that lived alongside woolly mammoths and cave bears.

In most domesticated species, there are often clear, documented patterns of gene flow between the animals that live alongside humans and their wild counterparts. Where wild and domesticated animals’ habitats overlap, they can breed with each other to produce hybrid offspring. In these cases, the genes from wild animals are folded into the genetic variation of the domesticated population.

For example, pigs were domesticated in the Near East over 10,000 years ago. But when early farmers brought them to Europe, they hybridized so frequently with local wild boar that almost all of their Near Eastern DNA was replaced. Similar patterns can be seen in the endangered wild Anatolian and Cypriot mouflon that researchers have found to have high proportions of domestic sheep DNA in their genomes. It’s more common than not to find evidence of wild and domesticated animals interbreeding through time and sharing genetic material.

That wolves and dogs wouldn’t show that typical pattern is surprising, since they live in overlapping ranges and can freely interbreed.

Dog and wolf behavior are completely different, though, with wolves generally organized around a family pack structure and dogs reliant on humans. When hybridization does occur, it tends to be when human activities – such as habitat encroachment and hunting – disrupt pack dynamics, leading female wolves to strike out on their own and breed with male dogs. People intentionally bred a few “wolf dog” hybrid types in the 20th century, but these are considered the exception.

a wolfish looking dog lies on the ground behind a metal fence
Luna Belle, a resident of the Wolf Sanctuary of Pennsylvania, which is home to both wolves and wolf dogs.
Audrey Lin

Tiny but detectable wolf ancestry

To investigate how much gene flow there really has been between dogs and wolves after domestication, we analyzed 2,693 previously published genomes, making use of massive publicly available datasets.

These included 146 ancient dogs and wolves covering about 100,000 years. We also looked at 1,872 modern dogs, including golden retrievers, chihuahuas, malamutes, basenjis and other well-known breeds, plus more unusual breeds from around the world such as the Caucasian ovcharka and Swedish vallhund.

Finally, we included genomes from about 300 “village dogs.” These are not pets but are free-living animals that are dependent on their close association with human environments.

We traced the evolutionary histories of all of these canids by looking at maternal lineages via their mitochondrial genomes and paternal lineages via their Y chromosomes. We used highly sensitive computational methods to dive into the dogs’ and wolves’ nuclear genomes – that is, the genetic material contained in their cells’ nuclei.

We found the presence of wild wolf genes in most dog genomes and the presence of dog genes in about half of wild wolf genomes. The sign of the wolf was small but it was there, in the form of tiny, almost imperceptible chunks of continuous wolf DNA in dogs’ chromosomes. About two-thirds of breed dogs in our sample had wolf genes from crossbreeding that took place roughly 800 generations ago, on average.

While our results showed that larger, working dogs – such as sled dogs and large guardian dogs that protect livestock – generally have more wolf ancestry, the patterns aren’t universal. Some massive breeds such as the St. Bernard completely lack wolf DNA, but the tiny Chihuahua retains detectable wolf ancestry at 0.2% of its genome. Terriers and scent hounds typically fall at the low end of the spectrum for wolf genes.

a dog curled up on the sidewalk in a town
A street – or free-ranging – dog in Tbilisi, Georgia.
Alexkom000/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

We were surprised that every single village dog we tested had pieces of wolf DNA in their genomes. Why would this be the case? Village dogs are free-living animals that make up about half the world’s dogs. Their lives can be tough, with short life expectancy and high infant mortality. Village dogs are also associated with pathogenic diseases, including rabies and canine distemper, making them a public health concern.

More often than predicted by chance, the stretches of wolf DNA we found in village dog genomes contained genes related to olfactory receptors. We imagine that olfactory abilities influenced by wolf genes may have helped these free-living dogs survive in harsh, volatile environments.

The intertwining of dogs and wolves

Because dogs evolved from wolves, all of dogs’ DNA is originally wolf DNA. So when we’re talking about the small pieces of wolf DNA in dog genomes, we’re not referring to that original wolf gene pool that’s been kicking around over the past 20,000 years, but rather evidence for dogs and wolves continuing to interbreed much later in time.

A wolf-dog hybrid with one of each kind of parent would carry 50% dog and 50% wolf DNA. If that hybrid then lived and mated with dogs, its offspring would be 25% wolf, and so on, until we see only small snippets of wolf DNA present.

The situation is similar to one in human genomes: Neanderthals and humans share a common ancestor around half a million years ago. However, Neanderthals and our species, Homo sapiens, also overlapped and interbred in Eurasia as recently as a few thousand generations ago, shortly before Neanderthals disappeared. Scientists can spot the small pieces of Neanderthal DNA in most living humans in the same way we can see wolf genes within most dogs.

two small tan dogs walking on pavement on a double lead leash
Even tiny chihuahuas contain a little wolf within their doggy DNA.
Westend61 via Getty Images

Our study updates the previously held belief that hybridization between dogs and wolves is rare; interactions between these two species do have visible genetic traces. Hybridization with free-roaming dogs is considered a threat to conservation efforts of endangered wolves, including Iberian, Italian and Himalayan wolves. However, there also is evidence that dog-wolf mixing might confer genetic advantages to wolves as they adapt to environments that are increasingly shaped by humans.

Though dogs evolved as human companions, wolves have served as their genetic lifeline. When dogs encountered evolutionary challenges such as how to survive harsh climates, scavenge for food in the streets or guard livestock, it appears they’ve been able to tap into wolf ancestry as part of their evolutionary survival kit.

The Conversation

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Thousands of genomes reveal the wild wolf genes in most dogs’ DNA – https://theconversation.com/thousands-of-genomes-reveal-the-wild-wolf-genes-in-most-dogs-dna-261897

Peace plan presented by the US to Ukraine reflects inexperienced, unrealistic handling of a delicate situation

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Donald Heflin, Executive Director of the Edward R. Murrow Center and Senior Fellow of Diplomatic Practice, The Fletcher School, Tufts University

U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio, center, with U.S. delegation members faces the Ukrainian delegation during discussions in Geneva on Nov. 23, 2025, on a plan to end the war in Ukraine. Fabrice Coffrini/ AFP via Getty Images

As Russian bombs continued to pound Ukraine, a different conflict has blown up over plans to end that almost four-year-long war. The Trump administration on Nov. 20, 2025, formally presented Ukraine with a 28-point proposal to end the war, and President Donald Trump announced the country had until Thanksgiving to sign it. But Ukraine and its European and U.S. allies said the plan heavily favored Russia, requiring Ukraine to give up territory not even held by Russia, diminish the size of its military and, ultimately, place its long-term sovereignty at risk. The Trump administration was accused by policy experts and some lawmakers of fashioning a plan to serve Russia’s interests, and Secretary of State Marco Rubio got enmeshed in an argument with U.S. senators over whether the U.S. or Russia had authored the document. On Nov. 23, Ukrainian and U.S. officials held talks in Geneva, which Rubio declared were “productive and meaningful,” and those negotiations continue. The Conversation U.S. politics editor Naomi Schalit asked longtime diplomat Donald Heflin, now teaching at Tufts University’s Fletcher School, to help make sense of the chaotic events.

I have a whole list of questions to ask you, but my first question is what on earth is going on?

It’s hard to say. Ever since the Trump administration took power for the second time, it’s alternated between leaning towards Russia in this war or being more neutral, with occasional leaning towards Ukraine. They go back and forth.

This particular peace plan gives Russia a lot at once. It gets the size of the Ukrainian army cut down from 800,000-plus to 600,000, when the country is barely hanging on defending itself with 800,000 troops. Russia gets land, including land that it has conquered. A lot of people expected that might be one of the conditions of a Ukraine-Russia peace deal. But this also gives Russia land that it hasn’t taken yet and may never take.

It bars Ukraine from seeking NATO membership. That’s not a huge surprise. That was probably always going to be part of an eventual deal. Ukraine gets security guarantees from the West. Unfortunately, the U.S. gave ironclad security guarantees in 1994 when Ukraine gave up its nuclear weapons voluntarily. It’s been invaded by Russia twice since then, in 2014 and 2022. So our security guarantees really don’t mean a whole lot in that area of the world.

A rescue worker in a uniform stands in front of the rubble of a bombed building.
Rescue workers extinguish a fire at the site of a Russian drone strike on residential buildings in Kharkiv, Ukraine, on Nov. 24, 2025.
Viacheslav Mavrychev/Suspilne Ukraine/JSC ‘UA:PBC’/Global Images Ukraine via Getty Images

And there’s more, right?

I think this is the most important part, what Putin is looking for more than anything else. Russia gets released from economic sanctions and it rejoins the group of G7 industrialized countries.

Putin’s economy is under a lot of stress. The cash that would flow in for the sale of Russian goods, particularly energy, would enable him to build a whole new army from scratch, if he needed to. That’s a huge strategic advantage. This would be a major shot in the arm for the Russian economy and for the Russian war economy.

So this is a very pro-Russian deal, unless it’s modified heavily, and there’s argument in Washington now whether the Russians just plain drafted it, or whether our State Department drafted it but for some reason leaned heavily towards Russia.

I’m inclined to think the original draft came from the Russians. It’s just too loaded up with the stuff that they want.

There was a fair amount of confusing back-and-forth on Nov. 23 that Rubio had told some senators that, in fact, the plan wasn’t generated by the United States, that it reflected a Russian wish list. The senators revealed this publicly. Then a State Department spokesman called that claim “blatantly false.” You’re a former diplomat. When you see that kind of thing happening, what do you think?

It’s amateur hour. We’ve seen this before. With this administration, it puts a lot of very amateurish people – Rubio’s not one of them – in place in important offices, like Steve Witkoff, the special envoy for Russia and Ukraine who is also the special envoy for the Middle East. And they’ve gotten rid of all the professionals. They either just fired some or ran some off.

So you know, the problem here is implementation. Politicians can have great thoughts, but they usually then turn to the professionals and say, “Here’s what I’m thinking.” The people they would turn to are gone. And that was their own doing – the left hand doesn’t know what the right hand is doing.

How might that affect the ultimate goal, which is peace?

This is a very delicate situation that calls for delicate peace talks from professional diplomats. There are a couple of things that need to happen and aren’t happening very much. First off, this is a war in Eastern Europe. Europe should be very involved now. They lean against Russia, so they probably can’t be honest brokers, but they need to be involved in every step of this process. If there’s going to be any rebuilding of Ukraine, Europe’s going to have to help with that. If there’s going to be pressure on Russia, Europe buys a lot of its goods, especially energy. They’re just a necessary player, and they haven’t been included.

Two men sit on chairs in front of a number of flags.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy meets with U.S. President Donald Trump at the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly on Sept. 23, 2025. in New York City.
Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images

What else?

The other is that when people have these great ideas, normally they would turn to their professionals. Those professionals would then talk to the professionals on the other side or other sides. Staff work would be done, then your presidents or your prime ministers or your secretaries of state would meet and hammer out the deal.

None of that’s happening in this process. People are having great thoughts and getting on planes, and that’s not a recipe for a permanent peace deal.

Europe is champing at the bit to try to get involved in this, because they’ve got professional diplomats still in place, and it affects them.

Why is this happening now?

The timing of all this is really interesting. Winter’s coming, and Northern Europe, particularly Germany, is very dependent on Russian natural gas to heat their homes. These sanctions against Russia make that difficult. They make it more expensive. Should Russia decide it wanted to play hardball, it could cut off its natural gas in Northern Europe, and people in Germany would be freezing in the dark this winter. This timing is not an accident.

Trump said he wanted an agreement by Thanksgiving. Is that a reasonable requirement of a process to bring peace after a multiyear war?

No, it’s not. I don’t know if they even realize this in the
Trump administration, but that’s another sign – just as we had ahead of the Alaska Summit between Putin and Trump – that this isn’t really about trying to make peace. It’s for show and to get credit. In a war that’s been going on now for almost four years, you don’t say, “OK, within the next week, come up with a very complicated peace deal and sign off on it and it’s going to stick.” That’s just not the way it works.

The Conversation

Donald Heflin does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Peace plan presented by the US to Ukraine reflects inexperienced, unrealistic handling of a delicate situation – https://theconversation.com/peace-plan-presented-by-the-us-to-ukraine-reflects-inexperienced-unrealistic-handling-of-a-delicate-situation-270488

Jair Bolsonaro arrested amid fears he planned to flee as coup trial nears conclusion

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Felipe Tirado, PhD Candidate in Law, King’s College London

Brazil’s former president, Jair Bolsonaro, was taken into custody on November 22 after it was determined there was a “high risk” of him attempting to flee to a foreign embassy. The arrest took place as the Brazilian supreme court was analysing Bolsonaro’s final appeal against a 27-year prison sentence for leading a coup plot after losing the 2022 election.

Bolsonaro was arrested after he broke his ankle monitor. This happened right after his son, Senator Flávio Bolsonaro, called for a vigil outside the former president’s house. The supreme court justice, Alexandre de Moraes, said Bolsonaro’s escape would have been “facilitated by the confusion caused by the demonstration called by his son”.

Federal agents took Bolsonaro to a police facility in the Brazilian capital of Brasília ahead of a custody hearing. He was subsequently taken to the Papuda prison complex, also in Brasília, where he is expected to begin serving his sentence. Bolsonaro’s sons, allies and lawyers said he wasn’t trying to flee.

Ahead of the ankle monitor incident, Bolsonaro’s lawyers had requested that he serve his sentence at home. They cited his health issues and mentioned that the supreme court had recently granted this benefit to another of Brazil’s former presidents, Fernando Collor, who was convicted of corruption earlier in 2025. The court rejected this request.

The coup plot was first discovered during investigations into an insurrection in Brasília in January 2023, where thousands of Bolsonaro supporters stormed the heart of the Brazilian government. Investigators uncovered evidence that the riot was part of an attempted coup.

They subsequently found that the plot also included a plan to assassinate Brazil’s current president, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, as well as his vice-president, Geraldo Alckmin, and Justice Moraes. Bolsonaro and several other high-ranking officials were indicted for their involvement in the plot in early 2025, with convictions handed down in September.

Those convicted alongside Bolsonaro include Colonel Mauro Cid, army generals Walter Braga Netto, Augusto Heleno and Paulo Sérgio Nogueira, and former navy commander Almir Garnier Santos. Also convicted were former justice minister Anderson Torres and former intelligence agency director Alexandre Ramagem.

Brazil’s supreme court ordered the arrest of Ramagem on November 21. He fled Brazil in September and has been living in the US since then. Ramagem’s lawyers and political allies informed the press that they did not know he had left the country.

Bolsonaro received the longest sentence of the eight main conspirators. The sentences handed out to Netto, Heleno, Nogueira, Garnier Santos, Torres and Ramagem range from 16 to over 26 years in prison. Cid, who was Bolsonaro’s former main military aide, will serve a two-year house arrest sentence after cooperating with the investigation.

The sentencing and arrest of Bolsonaro and his co-conspirators is a significant moment for Brazil. Never before have members of the country’s political and military elite been held to account for staging a coup.

Supreme court verdict

In total, 34 people have been formally indicted in connection with the coup plot. The supreme court has accepted all but one of these criminal complaints. It still has to analyse the charges against prominent right-wing influencer Paulo Figueiredo, who has not not yet presented his defence. Figueiredo is the grandson of Brazil’s last dictator, João Figueiredo, and lives in the US.

In October, the supreme court panel responsible for the case convicted seven other defendants for their roles in the coup plot. These people were accused of running a disinformation campaign to spread fake news about the 2022 election and attacking Brazil’s state institutions. Their sentences range from seven to 17 years in prison.

Those convicted were former army officers Ailton Barros, Ângelo Denicoli, Giancarlo Rodrigues, Guilherme Almeida and Reginaldo Abreu, as well as federal police agent Marcelo Bormevet. Carlos Moretzsohn Rocha, who was accused of drafting the report used to challenge the 2022 election results, was also sentenced to prison.

More recently, on November 18, the panel convicted nine of ten defendants who were accused of planning the plot’s violent actions. These actions involved the plans to assassinate Lula, Alckmin and Moraes.

One of these defendants, an army general called Estevam Theophilo, was acquitted due to a lack of evidence. And two others, colonels Márcio Resende and Ronald Araújo, may benefit from non-prosecution agreements.
The sentences of the other seven range from 16 to 24 years in prison.

The panel is set to judge six other defendants in December who are accused of planning and coordinating other aspects of the plot.

Reckoning with the past

Over the past few decades, some Latin American countries have held their former leaders accountable for crimes committed while in office. Argentina pioneered this trend in 1985 with the so-called “trial of the juntas”.

This trial ended with the conviction of former dictators Jorge Rafael Videla, Roberto Eduardo Viola and Leopoldo Galtieri, as well as other leading figures of the military regime of 1976 to 1983 for crimes against humanity. Argentina’s last dictator, Reynaldo Bignone, has also been convicted multiple times for such crimes since 2010.

Elsewhere in the region, Uruguayan courts convicted Gregorio Álvarez for crimes against humanity in 2007. Álvarez was the last president of Uruguay’s dictatorship, ruling from 1981 until 1985. Former Peruvian leader Alberto Fujimori was also convicted for human rights violations while in office in 2009.

However, coup plotters and former dictators have generally remained unpunished for their crimes in most Latin American countries. Perhaps the most prominent example is Augusto Pinochet, who was never held to account for his brutal dictatorship in Chile.

Pinochet was arrested in London in 1998 on an international warrant for his alleged role in human rights abuses, but was released on medical grounds before facing trial. Once back in Chile, further charges against him were also blocked by the country’s courts.

The arrest of Bolsonaro represents a long overdue reckoning with Brazil’s authoritarian past and another step in Latin America’s progress towards accountability.

The Conversation

Felipe Tirado receives funding from the Centre for Doctoral Studies – King’s College London.

ref. Jair Bolsonaro arrested amid fears he planned to flee as coup trial nears conclusion – https://theconversation.com/jair-bolsonaro-arrested-amid-fears-he-planned-to-flee-as-coup-trial-nears-conclusion-269554

Abraham accords: Israel’s latest push to improve Arab relations could stall over Palestinian statehood

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Simon Mabon, Professor of International Relations, Lancaster University

Mohammed bin Salman wants to bring Saudi Arabia into the Abraham accords, the network of agreements to normalise relations between Israel with other countries in the Middle East and, increasingly, beyond. Donald Trump would have enjoyed hearing this when the Saudi crown prince visited the White House on November 18.

It was Trump’s first administration that brokered the initial agreements between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco and Sudan in 2020. It’s an achievement that is often trumpeted by his supporters as the key foreign policy win of the US president’s first term in power.

But the Saudi leader’s plan to normalise with Israel comes with a price. He wants to see a “clear path [towards a] two-state solution”, he told reporters as he sat alongside Trump in the Oval Office.

The Abraham accords were the first instance of Arab countries formally recognising Israel since 1994, when Jordan and Israel signed a peace agreement. For Trump, Benjamin Netanyahu and others, the signing of the accords was a diplomatic breakthrough. It would, they believed, usher in a new age of peace and prosperity across the Middle East driven by economic aspirations.

But little substantive progress has been made on securing additional signatories since 2020. And when Kazakhstan announced its plan to join the accords and normalise diplomatic relations with Israel at the start of November, it came as something of an anticlimax.

Rumours had begun to spread about a new signatory – and advocates of the accords were almost certainly hoping for a more high-profile signatory. But the Kazakh move reveals much about the current status of the accords.

Big deal

For Trump and Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, the accords were a significant move – a major effort to reshape the Middle East. But things have not quite gone according to plan in the five years since the first agreements were signed.

Prior to the terrorist attacks of October 7 2023, there was a growing expectation that Saudi Arabia would soon join the accords. Diplomatic overtures from Israel to Saudi Arabia and vice versa, were built on a form of tacit security collaboration that had long endured between the two states. This collaboration was in part driven by a shared fear of Iranian aspirations across the Middle East.

The apparent threat from Iran was a key driving force behind the accords. The UAE, Bahrain and Israel had all expressed concerns about Tehran’s nefarious activity across the Middle East.

According to US inteligence documents published by Wikileaks, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, the king of Bahrain, had been telling US officials of his desire to normalise with Israel as far back as 2007.

By 2023, however, Saudi Arabia was beginning to see Iran as less of a threat. The two countries had embarked on their own process of normalisation earlier that year. They signed a deal to restore full diplomatic and security ties, an agreement seen by some in the Gulf as an indication that the region was moving towards what one scholar called a “post-American Gulf era”.

The Beijing-mediated agreement pointed to a new way of thinking about regional politics, driven by a desire for a more stable regional security environment shaped by states from the region rather than outside it.

Meanwhile, Hamas’s attack on Israel on October 7 2023 and Israel’s destruction of Gaza halted Saudi overtures to Israel. Since then, Saudi officials have declared that, in order for the kingdom to normalise relations with Israel, the establishment of a Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital is a necessary step.

In the months that followed, Bin Salman was increasingly steadfast in his refusal to normalise relations with Israel without a Palestinian state. In the summer of 2024, he reportedly expressed fears about being assassinated because of normalisation with Israel. He indicated he was still pursuing normalisation, but very publicly linked this aspiration with a requirement for Palestinian statehood.

Reassessing Middle East threats

Israeli policy across the Middle East since the October 7 attacks has also shifted threat perceptions away from Iran. Israel’s strikes on Gaza, Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Qatar, Yemen, Iraq and Tunisia – coupled with raids on sites across the West Bank – have created an increasingly unstable regional security landscape.

The focus is now on deeper inter-regional collaboration. This was emphasised in the way that, in the aftermath of Israeli strikes on Iran, leaders from across the Middle East almost unanimously condemned the attacks.

At the same time, Iran has held discussions with the UAE and Saudi Arabia over an arrangement for a uranium enrichment programme which would ensure that Iran’s programme did not provide a means to developing nuclear weapons.

The words and deeds of Israeli politicians have also angered many. Benjamin Netanyahu has repeatedly spoken of his ongoing efforts to prevent the establishment of a Palestinian state.

Israel’s finance minister Bezalel Smotrich has repeatedly called for the annexation of the West Bank. The national security minister, Itamar Ben-Gvir, has provoked anger and concern across the Muslim world by praying at the site of the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jersualem, violating the agreement that only Muslims should worship there.

There was been little or no progress on the implementation of the second phase of Trump’s 20-point Gaza peace deal – a deal that has no concrete steps towards the establishment of a Palestinian state. When you consider this, and the Israeli political elite’s explicit rejection of a Palestinian state, it feels unlikely there will be any more signatories to the Abraham accords for the foreseeable future.

The Conversation

Simon Mabon receives funding from Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Henry Luce Foundation. He is affiliated with the Foreign Policy Centre.

ref. Abraham accords: Israel’s latest push to improve Arab relations could stall over Palestinian statehood – https://theconversation.com/abraham-accords-israels-latest-push-to-improve-arab-relations-could-stall-over-palestinian-statehood-269998