Entre baptêmes d’adultes, influenceurs et retour des rites, les nouveaux visages du catholicisme

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Charles Mercier, Professeur des universités en histoire contemporaine, Université de Bordeaux

Alors que les vocations de prêtres sont en crise et que la fréquentation des messes recule depuis des décennies, le nombre de baptêmes connaîtrait une augmentation significative. Faut-il y voir un renversement de tendances pour l’Église catholique ? Qui sont ces nouveaux fidèles ? Leur pratique de la religion se distingue-t-elle de celle de leurs aînés ? À l’approche de Pâques, l’historien Charles Mercier remet le phénomène en perspective.


The Conversation : La hausse du nombre de baptêmes traduit-elle un regain global du catholicisme en France ?

Charles Mercier : L’évolution notable concerne les adolescents et les jeunes adultes : on est passé d’un peu moins de 6 000 baptêmes (adultes et adolescents confondus) en 2022, à plus de 21 000 en 2026. Mais il faut mettre ce regain en perspective avec les chiffres des ordinations de prêtres, des baptêmes d’enfants, des mariages et des enterrements à l’église, sur lesquels on a moins de visibilité, et qui sont soit en recul, soit en voie de stabilisation. Si les avis sont partagés sur la question, il n’y a assurément pas de croissance généralisée.

Concernant cette hausse des baptêmes chez les jeunes, plusieurs facteurs sont en jeu. D’abord, il y a un effet de report du baptême de l’enfance vers l’adolescence et l’âge adulte. Avec la sécularisation de la société, les familles sont moins religieuses. Quand elles le demeurent, l’individualisation des valeurs les pousse à ne pas décider pour leur enfant : la religion est de moins en moins perçue comme une identité dont on hérite. Elle est plutôt vue comme un choix individuel à faire quand on a l’âge et la maturité de se prononcer. Près de 75 % des enfants étaient baptisés avant l’âge de 7 ans en 1974, 50 % en 1996 et seulement un quart en 2024. On considère qu’« ils choisiront quand ils seront plus grands ».

Enfin, cette augmentation des baptêmes à l’âge adulte s’inscrit aussi dans un regain du spirituel qui profite au catholicisme et à d’autres religions.

Qu’est-ce qui peut jouer un rôle déclencheur pour ces personnes qui se tournent vers le baptême à l’adolescence ou à l’âge adulte ?

C. M. : Sur cette question, on peut croiser les chiffres de la Conférence des évêques de France avec ceux d’une enquête menée par le quotidien la Croix l’an dernier. Ce qui ressort en premier, c’est l’expérience spirituelle forte. La moitié des nouveaux baptisés déclare avoir ressenti une présence, une paix ou une plénitude perçues comme surnaturelles, par exemple en rentrant dans une église ou en assistant à un rite religieux.

Viennent ensuite les épreuves de la vie (une rupture amoureuse, la perte d’un être cher, une cassure dans une trajectoire jusque-là bien tracée…) qui poussent à se questionner et à chercher une manière de surmonter la souffrance.

Le troisième facteur, qui est mentionné par un tiers des nouveaux baptisés, c’est le désir de donner un sens à l’existence : à quoi ça sert de vivre si ça finit par la mort, à quoi ça sert d’accumuler des richesses, pourquoi aller travailler, faire des enfants… ? Une société orientée vers des perspectives uniquement matérielles ne suffirait pas à répondre à ces questions, et, dans certains cas de figure, le spirituel et le religieux deviendraient des ressources.

« Baptême de jeunes adultes : ils choisissent de se convertir au catholicisme » (France 3 Hauts-de-France, avril 2025).

La transmission de la foi catholique se fait-elle aujourd’hui hors du cadre familial ?

C. M. : La réponse est nuancée, car une partie des catholiques continuent d’être baptisés enfants, et éduqués religieusement par leur famille. Mais oui, l’augmentation des conversions à la fin de l’adolescence ou à l’entrée dans l’âge adulte indique le passage d’une transmission verticale à une transmission plus horizontale. Dans l’ enquête de la Croix, les amis jouent un rôle dans presque 50 % des parcours de demande de baptême d’adultes, en parlant de leur foi, en prêtant une Bible, en invitant à assister à une messe, à un rassemblement spirituel ou à un groupe de prière.

Les conjoints sont évoqués par un petit tiers de l’échantillon. La mise en couple peut être le point de départ du rapprochement avec le catholicisme, dans la mesure où l’exogamie, c’est-à-dire le fait de se marier hors de son milieu d’origine, est de plus en plus fréquente, et favorise sans doute les couples mixtes sur le plan des convictions.

On le voit, la transmission se fait surtout entre pairs. Néanmoins, le cadre familial n’est pas complètement effacé, même s’il y a souvent un saut générationnel : les néo-catholiques convoquent plus souvent la figure de leurs grands-parents que celle de leurs parents. En entretien, ils parlent de la grand-mère qui les avait emmenés pendant les vacances à l’église, qui leur avait fait faire une prière ou qui leur apparaît tout simplement comme une figure de bonté et qui devient une sorte de modèle inspirant.

Dans le cas d’un nouveau baptisé sur cinq, le contact avec des influenceurs sur les réseaux sociaux aurait également compté.

Qui sont-ils, ces influenceurs catholiques ?

C. M. : Certaines figures se sont imposées, avec des centaines de milliers d’abonnés, comme le frère Paul-Adrien ou sœur Albertine, qui bénéficient d’une forme de légitimité liée à leur statut de religieux. Au deuxième plan, il y a des influenceurs qui ont moins d’abonnés, mais dont l’âge, entre 18 ans et 25 ans, peut créer un effet d’identification chez les jeunes adultes. Ils délivrent des conseils religieux – comment faire son carême – qui peuvent se mélanger avec des conseils bien-être ou même beauté – comment avoir un bon teint, etc. C’est un univers foisonnant, très dynamique sur Instagram et sur TikTok.

L’Église catholique reste-t-elle en retrait de ce phénomène numérique ou le soutient-elle ?

C. M. : L’Église est à la fois intéressée par le potentiel que cela représente et vigilante sur les dérives possibles. En juillet 2025, il y a eu le jubilé des influenceurs à Rome. Il y a tous les vingt-cinq ans ce qu’on appelle le jubilé, une « année sainte » durant laquelle les catholiques sont invités à faire une démarche de pèlerinage. Et, pour la première fois, un événement a été consacré aux influenceurs, avec l’idée qu’Internet peut être un moyen d’évangélisation, à condition de ne pas céder au narcissisme, à la mise en avant de soi ni à la polarisation.

Ces influenceurs sont souvent des électrons libres. Même pour ceux qui sont prêtres ou religieux, la hiérarchie catholique a parfois peu de prise sur le contenu qu’ils diffusent. Les influenceurs catholiques tirent leur légitimité de leur public et non d’un mandat, ce qui contribue à désinstitutionnaliser la communication de l’Église catholique.

« Les nouveaux apôtres sur les réseaux » (France 24, juillet 2025)

Qu’est-ce qui caractérise la pratique religieuse de ces jeunes par rapport à leurs aînés ?

C. M. : Chez ces jeunes arrivés dans l’Église catholique à l’âge adulte comme chez ceux qui ont grandi dans le catholicisme, on observe un certain retour en grâce de dévotions traditionnelles qui avaient été un peu marginalisées par les générations précédentes, comme le chapelet. Cette nouvelle génération se réapproprie des pratiques qui étaient vues comme vieillottes ou désuètes, tout en les adaptant parfois aux codes de la pop culture. On peut citer le Sacré-Cœur qui a fait l’objet d’un film et qui devient aussi un objet de déco, disponible dans des enseignes de grande distribution.

La tendance est aussi au retour d’une gestuelle plus codifiée, comme le fait de s’agenouiller à certains moments de la messe. C’est quelque chose qui avait plus ou moins disparu du catholicisme et qui revient avec les jeunes adultes. Peut-être que cela témoigne d’une plus grande sensibilité à la dimension transcendante et verticale de la religion.

Peut-être faut-il aussi y voir une demande de cadre qui permettrait de structurer son existence et favoriserait un sentiment d’appartenance. On peut prendre l’exemple du carême, qui n’a pas la dimension festive du ramadan, et consiste surtout, depuis le concile Vatican II (1962-1965), à mener un travail d’ascèse de manière individuelle et discrète. On sent que les jeunes catholiques, sans doute du fait de leurs contacts avec leurs amis musulmans, sont en demande d’instructions et de règles précises, mais aussi de moments communautaires.

Quel rapport ces nouveaux catholiques entretiennent-ils avec la figure du pape ?

C. M. : C’est une question à laquelle il n’est pas aisé de répondre… Je serais tenté de dire que le pontificat de François a opéré un déplacement de la figure du pape. Schématiquement, on pourrait dire que Benoît XVI et, plus encore, Jean-Paul II étaient des figures mobilisatrices en interne : leurs voyages et leurs apparitions créaient un fort effet de cohésion parmi les fidèles, notamment chez les jeunes, nés et élevés dans le catholicisme. C’est la dynamique des Journées mondiales de la jeunesse (JMJ) de Jean-Paul II, dont le magnétisme et le charisme déplaçaient et transportaient les foules catholiques.

François a fait un pas de côté : selon ses propres mots, il a voulu s’adresser à toutes les brebis qui étaient sorties de l’enclos de l’Église (ou qui n’y étaient jamais entrées) plutôt qu’au petit nombre qui y était installé. Il a adopté des positions sur l’immigration, l’écologie, la morale familiale qui ont pris à rebrousse-poil une partie de sa base, mais qui ont pu susciter de l’intérêt chez des personnes, et notamment des jeunes, qui étaient éloignées de l’univers catholique. Si bien qu’on peut dire que la figure du pape est devenue moins centrale pour les natifs du catholicisme, mais plus importante pour un certain nombre de néo-catholiques qui ont été touchés par la manière dont il a repositionné l’Église par rapport aux grands enjeux contemporains.

Il faudra voir si cette tendance se confirme avec Léon XIV, qui apparaît pour le moment comme quelqu’un de relativement discret et qui semble presque vouloir s’effacer derrière la fonction pontificale.

L’aspiration à des pratiques plus traditionnelles, évoquée plus haut, résume-t-elle les évolutions du catholicisme chez les jeunes ?

C. M. : Il y a une autre dynamique importante, qui est l’apparition d’un catholicisme de la diversité, liée à la fois à l’accroissement numérique des jeunes catholiques issus de l’immigration et à une augmentation de la religiosité dans les banlieues populaires. Des jeunes qui sont de culture catholique, mais dont la famille a cessé de pratiquer, s’intéressent, à travers le contact avec leurs voisins musulmans, à leur propre héritage religieux. Cette « émulation » contribue à complexifier la sociologie du catholicisme, longtemps vu comme bourgeois, blanc, conservateur. La visibilité de plus en plus grande de ces populations issues de la diversité contribue à renouveler les codes de la première religion de France.


Propos recueillis par Aurélie Djavadi.

The Conversation

Charles Mercier ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Entre baptêmes d’adultes, influenceurs et retour des rites, les nouveaux visages du catholicisme – https://theconversation.com/entre-baptemes-dadultes-influenceurs-et-retour-des-rites-les-nouveaux-visages-du-catholicisme-279502

After the Iran war: 5 possible outcomes and 4 ways Canada can flex its middle-power muscle

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Kawser Ahmed, Adjunct Professor, Natural Resource Institute (NRI), University of Manitoba

The bombing in Iran and the broader Middle East will eventually cease. United States President Donald Trump keeps hinting about a possible end to hostilities and the U.S. has sent a 15-point peace proposal to Pakistan.

But that doesn’t mean the end of consequences. International relations experts are already discussing several scenarios for what comes next. Each could reshape geopolitics for decades.

Every war ends because no society can wage war indefinitely. But the nature of any forthcoming peace will determine whether the seeds of the next conflict are sown. In this charged moment, Canada’s often-touted identity as a “middle power” deserves honest scrutiny.

Five plausible outcomes could now unfold, each carrying ramifications not only for the geopolitics of the Middle East but for the trajectory of future conflicts in the region:

1. America’s ‘mission accomplished’ moment

The U.S. will likely end the war by declaring victory, much as it did in Iraq and Afghanistan. This outcome would add to a growing legacy of incomplete military interventions stretching back to the Vietnam War in 1963.

Domestically, there will be two major political costs: diminished support for Trump among his MAGA movement and eroding public enthusiasm for unconditional backing of Israel.

For American voters, the gap between declared victory and lived reality will be difficult to ignore when at least 13 U.S. service members have already lost their lives and 200 have been injured so far.

A grey-haired man stands a podium with the U.S. presidential insignia. Behind him a sign reads Mission Accomplished.
In this May 2003 photo, U.S. President George W. Bush declares the end of major combat in Iraq as he speaks aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln off the California coast. The war dragged on for many years after that.
(AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)

2. An emboldened Israel

Israel will emerge from this conflict in a stronger regional position.

With Iranian proxies decimated at both leadership and operational levels,
credible military threats to Israel will be diminished for at least a decade.

Yet the mass atrocities witnessed in Gaza and now in Iran will fuel new waves of resistance under new leadership. Israel will face the challenge of managing three fronts simultaneously: the Palestinians in Gaza, Hezbollah in Lebanon and a reformed — or further radicalized — Iran.

That’s because dominance secured through force rarely translates into lasting security.

3. The Strait of Hormuz becomes Iran’s leverage

One unexpected lesson Iran may draw from this conflict is the strategic value of the Strait of Hormuz.

Approximately one-fifth of the world’s oil passes through this waterway daily. Iran could seek to turn the strait into a revenue-generating asset, modelling it loosely on the economic frameworks of the Panama or Suez canals.




Read more:
What is the Strait of Hormuz, and why does its closure matter so much to the global economy?


Although the strait remains an international waterway under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS-Part III), Iran may press to bypass or reinterpret existing conventions in order to recoup war expenses and rebuild its shattered economy.

This would set a dangerous precedent for international maritime law and have
adverse effect on global economy.

4. The Gulf states’ security reckoning

The Iran war has exposed just how vulnerable the Gulf states are. Iranian drones and missiles struck not only military installations, but also American diplomatic facilities hosted by Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries — the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar and Kuwait — all of which were treated by Iran as legitimate wartime targets.

The experience will force a fundamental reassessment. The relationships cultivated through the Abraham Accords, which aimed to strengthen peace in the Middle East and around the world based on mutual understanding and co-existence, have been severely strained and new patterns of inter-state alignment may emerge across the region.

The lesson for GCC countries is clear, if uncomfortable: in the Middle East, the U.S. consistently prioritizes Israel’s security over theirs. Saudi Arabia, in particular, may need to adjust its strategic posture accordingly.

5. The failure of the ‘Venezuela model’

To the frustration of American strategists, the anticipated
popular uprising in Iran did not materialize alongside the military invasion.

An estimated 20 per cent of Iranians supported the regime in the past and continue to do so in great numbers now. Despite the killing of key leaders, Iranians have steadily filled their ranks.

In Venezuela, the U.S. forcefully removed the regime’s leader with minimal resistance as the new government acquiesced to the terms and conditions laid out by the Americans. This model has not been replicated in Iran so far.

History offers a clear parallel: aerial bombing tends to strengthen civilian resolve rather than break it — consider the Nazi bombing of Britain during the Second World War. The post-conflict Iranian government will most likely be led by an even more conservative faction, one that will draw legitimacy from having withstood a joint U.S.–Israeli invasion.




Read more:
War in Iran: Why destroying cultural heritage is such a foolish strategic move in any conflict


Canada’s middle power moment

In his widely noted speech at Davos last year, Prime Minister Mark Carney championed the role of “middle powers” in stabilizing the international order.




Read more:
Mark Carney’s Davos speech marks a major departure from Canada’s usual approach to the U.S.


Yet Canada’s stance during the Iran war has undermined that aspiration. Ottawa flip-flopped at least three times: first offering unconditional moral support, then retracting it, condemning the war and asking belligerents “to respect the rules of international engagement,” and most recently backing the reopening of the Strait of Hormuz.

These inconsistencies have damaged Canada’s credibility at a moment when middle-power leadership is most needed.

Can Canada truly exert influence as a middle power when it’s publicly at odds with the U.S.? Yes, but only if Canada act rather than simply speaks.
Canada should take four concrete steps.

4 pathways for Canada

First, it could launch a formal middle power coalition for post-conflict accountability. Bringing together countries like Australia, South Korea, Norway and Japan would create a standing diplomatic forum to co-ordinate on reconstruction, civilian protection and legal accountability. Operating alongside — not against — the UN Security Council, such a coalition would give middle powers a collective voice when vetoes stall action.

Second, Canada should leverage its large Iranian diaspora by supporting what’s known as Track II diplomacy — informal dialogue among civil society leaders, academics and former officials. These channels can build trust and lay groundwork for negotiations when official diplomacy struggles.

Third, Canada could champion a Hormuz International Maritime Authority, modelled on the Suez and Panama canals. A multilateral framework governing transit through the strait would provide a rules-based counterweight if Iran seeks to restrict or monetize access — and Canada’s distance from the region strengthens its credibility as an honest broker.

Finally, Canada must clearly denounce illegal wars, including those involving allies. Defending the rules-based order requires consistency and political courage. Middle-power status is not inherited; it’s earned through decisions and actions.

The wars that define eras are remembered not just for how they are fought, but for what follows. For Canada, this is a moment to lead with clarity, consistency and purpose — not retreat into ambiguity.

The Conversation

Kawser Ahmed does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. After the Iran war: 5 possible outcomes and 4 ways Canada can flex its middle-power muscle – https://theconversation.com/after-the-iran-war-5-possible-outcomes-and-4-ways-canada-can-flex-its-middle-power-muscle-279060

Peaky Blinders The Immortal Man: why mythic figures like Tommy Shelby continue to captivate us

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Adriana Marin, Lecturer in International Relations, Coventry University

Tommy Shelby returns in Netflix’s new Peaky Blinders film, The Immortal Man, a figure defined by control, composure and calculated violence. He navigates risk, trauma and conflict with an almost unnatural endurance. No matter the pressure, he adapts, survives and remains in charge.

The Immortal Man follows Shelby as he navigates a tightening web of political intrigue and criminal threats beyond Birmingham, forced to operate at a higher, more dangerous level while struggling to maintain control. As power shifts and new alliances form, he is pushed into more dangerous territory, balancing strategy, loyalty and survival, while his past continues to shape his decisions.

Irish actor Cillian Murphy delivers a masterful performance, capturing Shelby’s authority while hinting at the strain beneath the surface.

As the film’s title suggests, Shelby reflects a broader cultural archetype: the “immortal man”. He is not literally invincible, but rather resilient – a character who absorbs damage without collapsing, who endures where others fall apart.

This figure appears consistently in crime drama – Vito and Michael Corleone in The Godfather, Jimmy Conway in Goodfellas, Tony Soprano in The Sopranos – and its popularity reveals something important about how we understand crime, masculinity and power.

Criminology has long challenged the idea that criminal figures are inherently irrational or chaotic. The “enterprise model” of organised crime reframes criminal activity as structured, profit-driven and responsive to market conditions.

From this perspective, participants resemble entrepreneurs operating within illicit economies rather than criminals. Tommy Shelby fits this model closely. His actions are calculated, with violence deployed as a means to an end rather than an impulse.

The emphasis falls on strategy, recognising opportunity, managing risk and consolidating power in ways that echo legitimate business practices. This framing shifts crime away from images of chaos and unpredictability, presenting it instead as controlled and methodical. Yet rationality alone is not enough to account for his appeal.

Masculinity, control and contradiction

Cultural criminology, particularly the work of Jeff Ferrell, draws attention to the symbolic and emotional dimensions of crime. It is not only about material gain, it is also about identity, meaning and representation. Shelby is not just an economic figure but a cultural performer. His authority is constructed through style, symbolism and reputation.

Control, in this sense, is not only exercised but communicated: his presence, speech and appearance are tightly managed, projecting authority through restraint as much as action. This stylisation makes organised crime seem structured and, for some audiences, appealing. The “immortal man” is therefore not just a survivor, but a figure who appears to master both his environment and himself.

This performance of control is inseparable from masculinity. Sociologist R.W. Connell’s concept of “hegemonic masculinity” (the dominant form of masculinity in society that shapes expectations of how men should behave) helps explain Shelby’s appeal.

He embodies authority, emotional restraint and the capacity to command. He leads decisively, conceals vulnerability and maintains dominance across different spheres of life. Yet what makes the character compelling is the tension within this model. Shelby’s authority is shaped by trauma – war, loss and psychological strain.

He aligns with the ideals of dominance while simultaneously revealing their cost. The “immortal man” is defined not by being invincible, but by his ability to endure and keep going under pressure.

In this sense, masculinity is not just power, but the ability to maintain control while carrying internal damage. Shelby intensifies this model, presenting a form of dominant masculinity rooted in survival, where dominance is sustained through emotional containment rather than the absence of vulnerability.

This tension reinforces a familiar expectation: that masculinity is proven through resilience without visible collapse. At the same time, it adds complexity, presenting strength and fragility as intertwined rather than oppositional.

Sociologist Robert Merton’s strain theory suggests that when access to legitimate success is limited, individuals adapt by pursuing alternative routes.

Shelby’s trajectory reflects this logic. He does not reject the pursuit of wealth, status or influence, but he reworks the means of achieving them. Organised crime becomes a rational response to constraint, blurring the boundary between legitimate and illegitimate enterprise.

This is what gives the figure such resonance. Shelby appears to overcome structural limits while maintaining control, offering a version of success that feels both transgressive and recognisable. His appeal lies not only in what he achieves, but in how he achieves it: with certainty, authority and self-possession in contexts where those qualities feel increasingly scarce.

The endurance of this figure reflects wider cultural anxieties. In periods of instability, characters who impose order and act decisively become especially attractive. At the same time, as traditional models of masculinity are questioned, the “immortal man” offers a reassertion of clarity: an identity grounded in independence and dominance.

Shelby represents more than a criminal figure. He becomes a cultural response to uncertainty, embodying a form of masculinity and authority that promises control, even as it quietly reveals the strain required to sustain it.

Rethinking the ‘immortal man’

The issue is not that audiences engage with these narratives, but that their underlying assumptions often go unexamined. The “immortal man” ties together masculinity, power and violence in ways that appear natural but are, in fact, constructed. Authority is best demonstrated through domination, that emotional restraint is a marker of strength, and that success justifies the means by which it is achieved.

These associations are reinforced through repetition. Criminological research offers a more complex picture. Organised crime is rarely as stable or controlled as it appears on screen. It is often characterised by volatility, exploitation and harm, frequently directed at the most vulnerable.

What figures like Shelby offer, then, is not a reflection of reality, but a compelling simplification of it, one that continues to resonate because it speaks to enduring questions about power, identity and control in uncertain times.

There is, ultimately, nothing immortal about men like Tommy Shelby. What endures instead is the narrative itself: a story that continues to resonate because it speaks to persistent anxieties about inequality, control and the limits of legitimate success.

The Conversation

Adriana Marin does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Peaky Blinders The Immortal Man: why mythic figures like Tommy Shelby continue to captivate us – https://theconversation.com/peaky-blinders-the-immortal-man-why-mythic-figures-like-tommy-shelby-continue-to-captivate-us-279417

Reality TV is testing age-gap relationships — but the real issue runs deeper

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Tiara Sukhan, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Western University

Age-gap relationships — romantic partnerships in which there is a significant age difference — are of enduring interest. They’re also often framed as a question of morality.

Society has strong feelings about things like the potential for power imbalances or evolutionary instincts, for example.

When I was 27, I dated a man who was nearly my father’s age. This didn’t reflect an established age preference pattern for either one of us, and I pursued him. We were together for eight months, but it didn’t end well. Was our 20-year age gap the problem? Not entirely, but it certainly didn’t help.

Rather than simply being about age, what actually shapes the success or failure of these relationships revolves around the advantages that shape how we move through the world, including youth, time, health, accumulated power, wealth or life experience.

When I saw Netflix launched its latest reality dating show based on age-gap relationships earlier this month, I knew the controversial premise would spark debate as a scholar of television and media representation.

Age gaps make us uncomfortable

The Age of Attraction purports to test whether love is “truly ageless,” following couples with large age gaps to see if their relationships can withstand the stigma and pressures of the real world.

Reality shows are constructed to reinforce (and sometimes challenge) particular social norms. Looking at age-gap relationships in this context offers important insight.

When older people perpetually date younger ones, for example, they may be trying to avoid confronting the reality of aging. And when younger people are consistently attracted to older ones, they may be drawn to the financial security that often comes with it.

But age isn’t the only variable to consider when unpacking age-gap dynamics in heterosexual relationships — gender matters too.

While studies suggest that these “May-December romances” are likely to be perceived negatively regardless of the “December,” or older, partner’s gender, there are a number of factors influencing the greater social acceptability of older men with younger women. These include fertility and gendered standards of beauty.

In The Age of Attraction, set in the intimate setting of a forest retreat near Whistler, B.C., 40 singles go on a series of face-to-face speed dates with one caveat. Until they are ready to officially commit to moving forward with a potential partner, they must not ask or answer the question: “How old are you?”

There are an equal number of men and women, and they range in age from 22 to 60. While participants did have to indicate how much younger or older they would be willing to date, they are expected to focus on finding a meaningful connection without age getting in the way.

Once that’s done, they then commit to the next stage of the experiment: living together for two weeks in a condo in Vancouver. Promise rings are then exchanged and ages are, finally, revealed.

Withholding age from viewers until this point allows us to consider how much of our own response to age gaps is perceptual rather than material.

We may root for particular pairings only to have to re-evaluate once age is known. And this is because we form judgments based on what we think people should want or be capable of at different stages of life, rather than what is true about a unique and specific situation.

What psychology says about age gaps

Though these dynamics can’t be examined in isolation, they are increasingly being staged and scrutinized in popular culture.

Psychology research suggests that we tend to perceive older partners as benefiting more from age-gap relationships than younger ones. This fuels a widespread paternalistic belief that younger partners are more vulnerable to manipulation, despite the contrary argument that women have evolved to seek an older mate.

Vanessa, who is 49 years old, and 29-year-old Logan are a clear generational mismatch in the Netflix show. She has been engaged (but never married) four times, while he says he wants kids but has never introduced a partner to his parents. They appear to be “trying on” a partnership that is fraught with conflict, as each one jockeys to control the other.

The gentle dynamic that 23-year-old Pfeiffer and 43-year-old Derrick have is built on quiet conversation and mutual respect. However, they have their own set of problems. He is established in his career with two children, and so for her to be in a relationship with him, she would need to move from Seattle to Texas — something she struggles with in principle as she believes “giving up everything for a relationship” fundamentally undermines her values.

When we imagine introducing a much older or younger partner to family, friends or even colleagues, we can’t help but anticipate negative judgment, and this becomes a barrier to discerning what or who actually makes us happy.

In addition to going from dating to living together in less than two weeks, surprise visits from friends and family are engineered.

Theresa, 54 years of age, struggles with this the most, as she had counted on being able to introduce 27-year-old John to her three children in their 20s on her own timeline. When forced into a meeting, she refuses to tell them his age. Having to acknowledge openly that she is dating a man younger than her oldest son, who is 29, provokes the realization that her children will also be vulnerable to social judgment if she continues the relationship.

These portrayals reflect broader psychological assumptions about age and power, illustrating how imbalances play out in practice.

The truth behind relationship failure

In the final commitment ceremony, all three couples say “yes” to continuing their relationships after the show ends.

But will their relationships survive once the cameras stop rolling? With reality TV, it’s always difficult to say. But what we can accept is that age gaps themselves are not inherently problematic.

As the depictions of these Age of Attraction couples suggest, what can make or break an age-gap relationship is the discrepancy in social power between partners — the greater it is, the more potential there is for conflict and incompatibility. Sometimes, even love isn’t enough.

The Conversation

Tiara Sukhan does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Reality TV is testing age-gap relationships — but the real issue runs deeper – https://theconversation.com/reality-tv-is-testing-age-gap-relationships-but-the-real-issue-runs-deeper-278956

Say my name: For newcomer and racialized children, belonging begins with classroom greetings

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Amina Yousaf, Associate Head, Early Childhood Studies, University of Guelph-Humber

The first time I understood that names could hold two worlds was not by changing mine, but by hearing it differently. As a Pakistani child growing up in Canada, I learned early that my name could sound different depending on who was saying it. My name is simple and deeply familiar in my family. Yet in school and, later, in professional spaces, I became accustomed to the anglicized pronunciation.

Over time, I introduced myself that way at work, and still do, because it became my new normal. At home, my name still sounds like me.

Many young children, especially newcomer and racialized children, face similar circumstances from the earliest grades and learn to make this same quiet adjustment long before they can explain what they are giving up.

It is the everyday morning greetings, language expectations and reactions to food or clothing that teach children who they can be at school.

Importance of names

Research shows name mispronunciations, alterations or avoidances are not trivial: Name-based microaggressions in early schooling disrupt identity and belonging and produce identity shame, and this is often initiated or normalized by educators themselves.

Microaggressions are the everyday, subtle, often unintentional comments or actions that communicate bias toward marginalized groups. Notably, as Kevin Nadal, a psychologist who has studied microaggression, notes, the “micro” does not mean the impact is small — and these moments, especially as they accumulate, can land hard on the people receiving them.

When an educator stumbles over a child’s name year after year, or when a child’s food or language is treated as strange, these messages build up.

The earliest cuts

When names are mispronounced or disrespected, what could be a ritual of recognition is one of erasure.

Even when unintended, name mispronunciation and other forms of marginalization that communicate children must leave parts of themselves at the door — like discouraging home language during circle or misreading cultural communication styles — chip away at safety and participation for young children.

The takeaway for educators: intent does not cancel impact, especially for children still learning who they are.

Belonging: Something children can feel

Canadian research shows that belonging is a protective factor across K–12 (including the primary years), while loneliness is widespread and felt most strongly by marginalized students.

In the early years sector, newcomer families often face barriers that shape young children’s social-emotional well-being, including one-way communication, limited linguistic responsiveness and monocultural expectations. It also shows that using developmentally appropriate, participatory methods (drawing, photos) helps pre-school newcomers express what belonging feels like and what they need.

Early childhood education programs that partner with settlement agencies work best when they have conditions highlighted in pan-Canadian research on newcomer-focused ECE programs: diverse educator teams, stable funding, licensing support and strong connections to licensed child-care programs.

In Ontario, belonging and identity are built into provincial guidance:

• The resource “How Does Learning Happen? Ontario’s Pedagogy for the Early Years” identifies belonging as one of the four foundations for children from birth through the primary grades. It outlines program expectations to cultivate authentic relationships and connections.

School Mental Health Ontario, a provincial support team that helps school districts enhance student mental health through the use of evidence-informed strategies and services, suggests daily practices. These include greeting each child by name, as well as establishing predictable visual routines, multilingual signage and regular family connections that help newcomer and racialized children feel seen and supported.

Early years practices for belonging

So, how do we make equity, inclusion and belonging felt in the early years? Three practices to consider:

1) Learn, and use, each child’s real name (every day).

This is one of the simplest and most powerful ways educators communicate respect. Name mistakes, mispronouncing, shortening or anglicizing can make children feel less seen and signal whose identities are considered “easy” or “normal.”

To do for educators: Ask caregivers for pronunciation, practice until it’s fluent and use children’s full names in greetings and routines to reinforce that every identity belongs.

2) Celebrate the languages and cultures children bring.

A seated child in a circle smiles and looks through a yellow square frame with the Spanish greeting buenas dias / hoy me sienta.
Young children participate more confidently when their home languages are reflected in the classroom.
(Allison Shelley/EDUimages), CC BY-NC

Young children participate more confidently when their home languages and everyday cultural practices are reflected in the classroom. A Canadian review of research found that linguistic responsiveness and intercultural communication are key to newcomer children’s well-being.

To do for educators: Add multilingual labels and bilingual books, invite families’ words and songs into circle time and welcome trans-languaging — moving fluently between languages — during play.

3) Build small belonging-focused rituals or practices into the day.

Belonging in the early years is created through simple, predictable interactions that help children feel recognized. Canadian analyses show these routines support social-emotional development, particularly for marginalized learners.

To do for educators: Greet each child warmly by name, use brief check-ins where every voice is heard and display children’s names, photos and home languages at their eye level.

Small choices speak

As a Pakistani educator whose name is said one way at work and another at home, I know how easy it is to slip into the version that fits the room. Many young children learn to do the same long before they can explain what’s happening.

That is why this work matters.

When adults take the time to pronounce a child’s name correctly, welcome their home language and check in with them every day, these small choices signal that all parts of children belong.

If we want every child to carry their full self through the door, we have to show them, every day, that everything about them fits here.

The Conversation

Amina Yousaf does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Say my name: For newcomer and racialized children, belonging begins with classroom greetings – https://theconversation.com/say-my-name-for-newcomer-and-racialized-children-belonging-begins-with-classroom-greetings-276831

The return of sex testing in sport risks harming women athletes rather than protecting them

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Marcus Mazzucco, Adjunct Lecturer in Sports Law, University of Toronto

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) has announced a new policy on the protection of the women’s category that will force thousands of elite women athletes from around the world to undergo genetic sex testing in order to compete.

Critics argue the policy is based on weak science and raises urgent and important questions about fairness and human rights. It requires athletes seeking to participate in the women’s category at IOC events, such as the Olympic Games and the Youth Olympic Games, to undergo screening for the sex-determining region Y (SRY) gene.

The IOC’s policy is an extension of the genetic sex testing practices recently adopted by international sport federations for athletics, swimming, boxing and skiing and snowboarding. It also encourages other international sport federations to implement similar exclusionary policies for competitions outside the Olympics.

The purpose of the test is to identify and exclude transgender women and women with sex variations due to the perception that they threaten the integrity of women’s sport. Athletes who test positive for the SRY gene are ineligible for the women’s category, unless they can demonstrate complete insensitivity to testosterone through clinical evaluations.

The International Olympic Committee President Kirsty Coventry announced a new policy on the protection of the female (women’s) category in Olympic Sport and guiding considerations for international sport federations. (IOC Media)

Global backlash raises red flags

While groups advocating to restrict eligibility in women’s sport are celebrating this return to genetic screening, the implications are deeply troubling. The use of genetic sex testing in sport was discredited and abandoned in the 1990s due to scientific, ethical and legal concerns — all of which remain relevant today.
The IOC moved ahead with its new policy despite stern warnings and petitions from United Nations experts, 140 human rights and sport advocacy organizations and more than 90 legal experts worldwide.

These groups noted that the intrusive and exclusionary practices now codified in the IOC’s policy are rooted in stereotypes and generalized assumptions of performance advantage rather than robust, sport-specific evidence. They also noted that the practices risk violating the human rights principles of non-discrimination, bodily and psychological integrity, dignity and privacy for all women athletes.

Ethics, flawed evidence and cost

According to the IOC, the new policy is informed by consultations with experts, reviews of scientific evidence and input from the IOC’s “Protection of the Female Category Working Group.” Yet, the identities of these experts and members of the working group have not been revealed, and the alleged scientific evidence relied upon by the IOC has not been cited.

Determining eligibility in women’s sport based on the presence of a single biological marker, such as the SRY gene, ignores the complexity of biological sex and the many other factors that influence sport performance but are not regulated.

The truth is that there is no independent, high-quality evidence showing that women with the SRY gene and sex variations have an athletic advantage.

Similarly, for transgender women, the scientific research is inconclusive and recently led a Belgian court to conclude that a ban on transgender women in international cycling was unlawful.

Contrary to the IOC’s assertions, genetic sex testing is highly invasive, which is why it is strictly regulated under various laws.

In many jurisdictions, it can only be conducted for clear medical purposes, after an individual has provided free and informed consent, and where the processing of genetic data is subject to adequate safeguards.

Yet, genetic sex testing in sport violates these requirements.

The IOC’s response to this illegality is that athletes can simply travel to other countries without such laws to take the test.

Pragmatic questions about the costs of genetic sex testing have not been addressed in the IOC policy and cannot be ignored. It is estimated that the cost to test an athlete could exceed US$10,000 in some cases, and it is not clear who will finance these costs.

Two days earlier, the Future of Sport in Canada Commission released its final report. The report recognizes the precarity of Canada’s sport system and the need for a massive infusion of funding to maintain safe sport standards for all athletes.

Given this national focus, the genetic screening of women athletes seems far from a priority.

What’s at stake for the future

While the IOC has said its new policy only applies at the international level, there are concerns that this narrowing of the women’s category will filter down to lower levels of sport.

Without a change in course, genetic sex testing could become commonplace, and many women and girls may choose to leave sport to avoid having their bodies policed and their identity questioned.

To truly protect women’s sport, we believe that governments, athletes and other members of civil society must strongly oppose the exclusionary and rights-infringing policies of the IOC and international sport federations.

The outcome of a recent privacy complaint in Canada that will limit the use of certain sensitive personal data for sex testing provides a glimpse of the resistance that is possible.

The Conversation

Silvia Camporesi is a member of WADA’s Ethics External Advisory Group (EEAG).

Marcus Mazzucco and Sarah Teetzel do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. The return of sex testing in sport risks harming women athletes rather than protecting them – https://theconversation.com/the-return-of-sex-testing-in-sport-risks-harming-women-athletes-rather-than-protecting-them-279074

Smart glasses with facial recognition could be devastating to sex workers and other vulnerable people

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Brynn Colledge, PhD Student in Sociology, Teaching Assistant, University of Waterloo

Meta has been leading the way with smart glasses technology since launching its Ray-Ban model in 2021. Now the company may have plans to introduce facial recognition to its AI-enabled glasses, according to an internal memo leaked to The New York Times.

Meanwhile other industry players like Google, Apple, Samsung and Chinese tech giants Alibaba and Xiaomi are also investing in a global market that is projected to reach USD$8.2 billion by 2030.

As a member of sex worker communities, and a researcher studying the intersection of sex work, law and technological surveillance, I am concerned about the integration of AI-enabled smart glasses with facial recognition technologies.

I am especially worried about the impact on sex workers and other vulnerable members of our population.

Photos and video without consent

Meta sold more than seven million pairs of smart glasses during 2025 and research analysts predict up to 20 million pairs of smart glasses will be sold globally this year.




Read more:
Is someone watching you? Facial recognition tech is here and Canada offers little privacy protection


These glasses already enable wearers to take photos and videos in public and private spaces without consent. In 2025, a number of Instagram accounts uploaded videos of men entering massage parlours and soliciting women for sexual services. The videos, uploaded without the women’s knowledge or consent, garnered millions of views.

CNN Creators discuss the issue of covert filming with smart glasses, and speak to some of the women involved.

There have also been several more recent media reports of women around the world being filmed by wearers of these glasses, without consent.

Theoretically, smart glasses have a warning light in the frame, which indicates when the wearer is filming. But research shows the privacy mechanism of a single flashing LED light is insufficient to alert bystanders about filming. This LED safety measure is also easily hacked by the use of covers or device alterations that disable the light altogether.

Elevated risks for sex workers

Sex workers are particularly at risk of non-consensual filming while at work. The consequences of this can include being outed to friends and family as a sex worker, blackmail and job loss. This can lead to loss of health, financial and housing services. Covert filming can also lead to stalking, abuse and violence.

Migrant sex workers are likely at the greatest risk because they could face deportation for violating the terms of their immigration.

What difference does facial recognition make?

These risks are amplified by the possibility of facial recognition being integrated into Meta smart glasses. Facial recognition could theoretically allow Meta Glasses wearers to access information about people who enter their line of vision using a potential feature called Name Tag.

Many sex workers use social media, just like everyone else. Some use it for work, while others only use it to connect with friends and family. Some use it for both. The issue with facial recognition is that sex workers’ efforts to remain anonymous could be easily trampled, especially if Meta explores options to identify people via Facebook and Instagram accounts.

While Meta will likely include safety features if it does pursue the integration of facial recognition into smart glasses, the trend in technological advances in recent months has shown that AI often works outside the scope of what it is programmed to do.

Safety mechanisms do not always protect the community from becoming victims to sexualized deepfakes including pornographic images of children.

AI and facial recognition technologies have also been found to exhibit racial biases and allow increased racism, misidentification and wrongful arrest of people of colour. The racial biases exhibited through AI and facial recognition technologies are a result of AI learning from deeply flawed data rooted in systemic racism.




Read more:
Grok fallout: Tech giants must be held accountable for technology-assisted gender-based violence


Tools of resistance

Sex workers’ rights are intimately tied with women’s and children’s rights. When a system or technology threatens the safety and well-being of sex workers, it also threatens women and children. Predatory technologies that allow vulnerable people to be secretly recorded and have their identities revealed without consent will lead to inevitable harms.

One way we can protect ourselves is through an app called Nearby Glasses. This allows users to scan their vicinity for Bluetooth signals from smart glasses with camera functionality. It alerts users about possible recording and also notes the manufacturer name of smart glasses detected. The developer designed this app as a form of resistance to expanding surveillance technology.

Is mass surveillance inevitable?

Legal scholar Woodrow Hartzog and his colleagues have characterized facial recognition technology as “the most dangerous surveillance tool ever invented,” posing unique threats to “privacy, civil liberties, human flourishing and democracy.” They speak of a slippery slope towards inevitable mass surveillance.

Meanwhile, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg recently declared: “It’s hard to imagine a world in several years where most glasses that people wear aren’t AI glasses.”

To protect the anonymity of sex workers and other vulnerable persons, it is imperative that we speak up and raise awareness of the consequences of such a world.

The Conversation

Brynn Colledge does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Smart glasses with facial recognition could be devastating to sex workers and other vulnerable people – https://theconversation.com/smart-glasses-with-facial-recognition-could-be-devastating-to-sex-workers-and-other-vulnerable-people-276853

Iran’s attacks drone on as the U.S. is at risk of losing the war

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Michael J. Armstrong, Associate Professor, Operations Research, Brock University

The United States and Israel have repeatedly boasted about airstrikes in their current war with Iran. In Week 1, they claimed the destruction of 75 per cent of Iran’s missile launchers. By Week 2, they had reduced Iranian missile fire by 90 per cent and said the war was “already won in many ways.”

And yet, Iran keeps damaging refineries and blocking tankers across from crossing the Strait of Hormuz.

The country has certainly suffered many tactical losses. But its missiles and drones have been strategically successful.

Iran so far has launched at least 5,400 such projectiles. Surprisingly, less than a tenth of them have targeted Israel, its traditional rival.

Missiles over Israel

Israel faced about 450 Iranian missile attacks during the war’s first four weeks. The rate of fire fell rapidly after the first weekend but has never halted.

Some missiles carry several hundred kilograms of explosives, enough to destroy an entire building. The rest instead dispense dozens of cluster bombs over wide areas. Those are less powerful but still lethal.

Israel’s long-range Arrow interceptors engage the missiles first. Its mid-range David’s Sling and short-range Iron Dome interceptors provide backup. (The country’s Iron Beam lasers are not being used.) Together, they’ve reportedly intercepted 92 per cent of incoming missiles.

But interceptors sometimes miss. And their supply is limited. Consequently, at least nine large warheads and 150 cluster bombs have hit populated areas.

These numbers imply that almost all Iranian missiles are accurate enough to need interception. By contrast, during Israel’s earlier conflicts with Gaza in 2008, 2011 and 2014, less than a third of incoming rockets were so accurate.

Meanwhile, more than 90 per cent of Iran’s missiles and drones have targeted Arab countries in the Persian Gulf.

This line chart shows the combined number of Iranian missiles and drones arriving each day over the United Arab Emirates and over Israel during the past four weeks.
Number of Iranian missiles and drones arriving daily over Israel and the UAE, February 28 to March 27.
Published news reports, CC BY

Drones across the Persian Gulf

Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) collectively reported around 4,900 Iranian attacks during the first four weeks. Only one fifth were missiles: the rest were drones.

These countries have stated they are neutral in the war. However, they do have defence agreements with the U.S., and some host American military facilities.

These countries defend themselves using weapons like the U.S.-made Patriot and Israeli-made SPYDER interceptors. Drone experts from Ukraine now advise the defenders too.

For example, the UAE reported attacks by 1,835 drones, 378 ballistic missiles and 15 cruise missiles. As of March 10, it claimed to have intercepted 94 per cent of the drones and 99 per cent of the missiles.

The deadliness of these attacks has varied.

Continuing lethality

In Israel, Iranian missiles have killed 20 people, implying roughly 4.1 deaths per hundred missiles arriving.

That’s less than the 5.1 the country saw during its 2025 war with Iran. But it’s four to 40 times higher than the rates it suffered from rockets in earlier Gaza and Lebanon conflicts.

In the Persian Gulf, Iranian projectiles have killed at least 15 civilians, 13 U.S. soldiers and seven merchant sailors.

There were about 0.6 deaths per hundred Iranian attacks in Kuwait, Bahrain and the UAE combined. That’s much lower than Israel’s rate, presumably because those countries were attacked by drones and short-range missiles carrying smaller warheads.

Interestingly, although the quantity of Iranian attacks fell after the first week, their lethality did not. Death rates per projectile in Arab countries showed little change week-to-week. In Israel, the rates were highest in Week 3.

In fact, Iranian missiles keep hitting precise targets, like U.S. military aircraft parked beside runways.

This implies Iran’s government has recovered from its initial surprise. It’s likely benefiting from Russian intelligence and Chinese technology too.

Tactical U.S. vs strategic Iran

So, U.S. and Israeli warplanes have bombed thousands of targets, killed thousands of civilians, and slowed Iran’s missile fire. But they haven’t stopped it.

That’s not surprising. Airstrikes alone didn’t stop rocket fire during Israel’s previous conflicts in Gaza and Lebanon. Ground invasions were needed for that.

U.S. President Donald Trump can post jingoistic mashup videos and “bullshit” about having “militarily won” the war in Iran. But he hasn’t achieved strategic outcomes like “unconditional surrender” from Iran or regime change“ there.

By contrast, Iran’s missiles have been strategically effective. They’ve damaged Persian Gulf refineries and halted tanker traffic. They’ve forced Trump to relax sanctions on Russian and Iranian oil, and on Belarusian fertilizer. And they’ve shown Arab monarchies that U.S. defence agreements have limited value.

Trump recently, and inadvertently, admitted this weakness. While discussing Iran’s closure of the Strait of Hormuz, he said “it would be great if we could do something, but they have to open it.”

This strategic failure despite tactical success is reminiscent of the Vietnam War. U.S. units had overwhelming firepower as they killed enemy soldiers. But body counts by themselves indicated little about strategic progress.

Some historians rank that war as the second worst U.S. foreign policy decision ever. The 2003 invasion of Iraq was ranked the worst.

Trump talks about being the greatest U.S. president in history. So, perhaps his Iran war will make him the new leader on that policy failure list.

The Conversation

Michael J. Armstrong does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Iran’s attacks drone on as the U.S. is at risk of losing the war – https://theconversation.com/irans-attacks-drone-on-as-the-u-s-is-at-risk-of-losing-the-war-279295

Artemis II’s long countdown – a space historian explains why it has taken over 50 years to return to the Moon

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Emily A. Margolis, Curator of Contemporary Spaceflight, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution

The Artemis I crew and service modules with the Moon and Earth in the distance on Nov. 28, 2022. NASA

While I was leading a tour of the National Air and Space Museum in January 2026, a visitor posed this insightful question: “Why has it taken so long to return to the Moon?”

After all, NASA had the know-how and technology to send humans to the lunar surface more than 50 years ago as part of the Apollo program. And, as another tour guest reminded us, computers today can do so much more than they could back then, as evidenced by the smartphones most of us carry in our pockets. Shouldn’t it be easier to get to the Moon than ever before?

The truth is that sending humans into space safely continues to be difficult, especially as missions increase in complexity.

A rocket on a launchpad overlooking water.
The Artemis II SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft Integrity en route from the vehicle assembly building to Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, Jan. 17, 2026.
NASA/John Kraus

New technologies require years of study, development and testing before they can be certified for flight. And even then, systems and materials can behave in ways that surprise and worry engineers and mission planners; look no further than Boeing’s Starliner CFT mission or the performance of the Orion heat shield on Artemis I.

Issues with Starliner’s thrusters led NASA to return the spacecraft from the International Space Station without its crew. Unanticipated chipping of the Orion heat shield resulted in years of research, culminating in NASA altering the atmospheric reentry plans for the Artemis II mission.

NASA’s programs also require sustained political will and financial support across multiple presidential administrations, Congresses and fiscal years. As a historian of human spaceflight, I have studied the space agency’s efforts to engage the broader public to convince American taxpayers that their programs hold value for the nation.

NASA is now on the eve of the first crewed flight to the Moon since the Apollo era: Artemis II. A crew of four will conduct a lunar flyby, laying the groundwork, the agency hopes, for a landing on the Artemis IV mission.

The story of NASA’s effort to return humans to the Moon is long and winding, demonstrating the complexities of turning grand ambitions into real missions.

Post-Apollo

In early 1970, with two successful Moon landings on the books, President Richard Nixon sought to reduce NASA’s budget to better align with his administration’s priorities. This decision put the space agency in a difficult position, which ultimately led to the cancellation of three planned Apollo missions to conserve funding for its plans for long-term human activity in low Earth orbit.

NASA repurposed the third stage of a Saturn V rocket to create the first U.S. space station, Skylab, which operated from 1973 to 1974. The space agency used leftover Saturn IB rockets and Apollo command and service modules to send crews to the station.

Over the next three decades, NASA developed and operated the space shuttle. The fleet of space shuttle orbiters supported satellite deployment and microgravity research on orbital missions of up to 17 days. This work was meant to enable future long-duration human missions and provide benefits to people on Earth. For example, data from protein crystal growth experiments have informed the development of medicines.

The space shuttle program facilitated the construction, maintenance and staffing of a continuously inhabited research platform in orbit, the International Space Station. The first modules launched in late 1998.

Two modules of the space station connecting.
Space shuttle Endeavour’s robotic arm begins the sequence to deploy the Unity module of the International Space Station on Dec. 5, 1998.
NASA

Where to next?

As the new millennium approached, the Clinton administration tasked NASA to think beyond the space station. What could robots and humans do next in space? And where could they do it? Notably, the White House expressed an interest in locations beyond low Earth orbit.

NASA, it turned out, was well positioned to meet the administration’s request. NASA Administrator Daniel Goldin was already thinking about preparing proposals for the next presidential administration and had recently sponsored a human lunar return study. In 1999, he established a team to investigate new technologies, missions and destinations for the 21st century.

This work took on new significance following the tragic loss of the space shuttle Columbia crew in February 2003. Many people, including those in the new George W. Bush White House, wondered whether the human spaceflight program should continue – and, if so, how.

Administration discussions culminated in Bush’s Vision for Space Exploration in 2004, which directed NASA to retire the space shuttle after the completion of the space station. It called for returning humans to the Moon on a crew exploration vehicle designed for destinations beyond low Earth orbit.

It also called for continuing robotic exploration of Mars and engaging companies and international partners in space. Fifteen years earlier, President George H. W. Bush had also announced a Moon and Mars exploration program, but congressional concerns about cost kept space travelers close to home.

George W. Bush standing at a podium with an image of the US flag on the lunar surface in the background.
President George W. Bush announces his administration’s Vision for Space Exploration at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., on Jan. 14, 2004.
NASA/Bill Ingalls

The Constellation program’s legacy

In December 2004, NASA began the process of finding a manufacturer for the crew exploration vehicle. By August 2006, the space agency awarded Lockheed Martin the contract to build the capsule, which it had named Orion – the same Orion planned to carry Artemis astronauts to the Moon.

Years of research, development and testing followed for Orion as well as the Ares I crew and Ares V cargo launch vehicles. Together, these technologies made up the Constellation program.

An illustration of two rockets, a thin one on the left (Ares 1) and a larger, thicker one on the right (Ares V).
An illustration of the Ares rockets from the Constellation program. The Ares I rocket with Orion spacecraft on top is on the left − it was intended for activities in low Earth orbit. The Ares V heavy-lift rocket, on the right, was designed for lunar missions.
NASA

Constellation had two primary objectives: in the near term, to help transport crew to and from the space station after the space shuttle program ended; in the long term, to enable human lunar exploration.

Building systems that could work in both Earth orbit and around the Moon was supposed to save the time and cost of developing two vehicles. Similarly, adapting space shuttle program hardware could supposedly cut costs.

During the first months of Barack Obama’s presidency in 2009, the administration initiated an independent review of NASA’s human spaceflight plans. The Augustine Committee, chaired by retired aerospace executive Norman Augustine, found that the agency’s ambitions outstripped its limited budget, leading to significant delays. The first Orion spacecraft was likely to arrive after the space station ceased operations.

The committee proposed several paths forward at the current funding level, which prioritized space shuttle and space station programs. An additional annual investment of US$3 billion would allow for human exploration beyond low Earth orbit.

Ultimately, the Obama administration canceled Constellation, but two of its technologies lived on, thanks to U.S. senators from states that would have been affected by cuts.

The NASA Authorization Act of 2010 funded Orion’s continued development, shifting responsibility for space station crew transportation to commercial vehicles. It also directed NASA to develop the space launch system, a redesigned Ares V heavy booster, to send Orion to the Moon. The technical strategy had political benefits, too, preserving jobs in numerous congressional districts by providing continuity for aerospace contractors.

In December 2014, a Delta IV heavy rocket launched the first Orion capsule on a test flight, providing engineers with data on spacecraft systems and the heat shield. By October 2015, the space launch system had completed a critical design review, the last step before manufacturing could begin.

A spacecraft crew capsule floating in the ocean, with a large ship in the background.
In this photo, the Orion capsule awaits recovery after splashdown after a test flight on Dec. 5, 2014.
U.S. Navy, CC BY-NC

Introducing Artemis

In December 2017, the new Trump administration issued a policy directive shifting the focus of NASA’s human spaceflight program back to the Moon. The space agency would use Orion and the space launch system in a race to meet an ambitious 2024 landing date. NASA officially named the program Artemis in May 2019.

The 25-day Artemis I mission, launched in November 2022, was a major milestone for the program. This uncrewed flight was the first flight of the space launch system and the first to integrate SLS and Orion. It laid the groundwork for Artemis II, which will be the first crewed flight of the SLS.

Over more than 50 years, each new presidential administration has reassessed the place of spaceflight among its priorities, either encouraging or curtailing NASA’s efforts to return humans to the lunar surface.

Each crewed flight requires the alignment of technical expertise, political will and financial support over years if not decades. For the space fans who plan to watch the Artemis II launch, the wait for countdown may feel long. But it’s just a blink in NASA’s long journey back to the Moon.

The Conversation

Emily A. Margolis does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Artemis II’s long countdown – a space historian explains why it has taken over 50 years to return to the Moon – https://theconversation.com/artemis-iis-long-countdown-a-space-historian-explains-why-it-has-taken-over-50-years-to-return-to-the-moon-274165

‘Project Hail Mary’ demonstrates how intellectual humility can be a guiding force for scientists and astronauts

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Deana L. Weibel, Professor of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University

Ryland Grace, the ‘Project Hail Mary’ protagonist, exhibits intellectual humility while problem-solving to save the Earth. Amazon MGM Studios

Early in Phil Lord and Christopher Miller’s science fiction blockbuster “Project Hail Mary,” middle school teacher Ryland Grace, played by Ryan Gosling, is tasked by an international coalition to uncover the biology of a strange microbe known as an “astrophage” that has been absorbing energy from an ever-dimming Sun.

Grace is a molecular biologist by training, but his controversial ideas and overconfident attitude have kept him out of academia. The viewer will see through flashbacks that as he’s matured, he’s developed a vital skill for solving the astrophage crisis: intellectual humility.

I’m an anthropologist who studies astronauts and space professionals to understand what space symbolizes to the people who experience it firsthand. Grace’s character in “Project Hail Mary” developed several of the traits that I’ve observed in the astronauts I’ve interviewed. These characteristics prove essential to success in high-stakes, uncertain situations. Warning: some plot points will be revealed ahead.

‘Project Hail Mary’ follows a middle school science teacher tasked with saving Earth from star-eating microbes.

Grace has been chosen as one of the first to study astrophage because of his Ph.D. dissertation on whether life can exist without water, a hot take in the world of science that, along with his rude response to peer reviewers, has gotten him banned from polite science conferences. The solar microbes eating the Sun seem to live without water, so Grace is the acknowledged expert.

Unfortunately, Grace can’t see into the mysterious, opaque little organisms until a dead one becomes translucent. Finally, Grace can see inside the microbe to study it, and he believes his hypothesis about life not needing water will be proven. However, chemical analysis reveals astrophage is made up of mostly water.

In a moment that undercuts both his expertise and his expectations, Grace is wrong. Crushed, he throws a tantrum, observed by a bemused assembly of international leaders.

What actually matters isn’t that Grace is wrong but what he does next. Only after Grace overcomes his frustration and need to be right is he able to move forward, returning to the problem with curiosity rather than defensiveness and the resolve to learn enough about astrophage to make saving the world a possibility.

Admitting what you don’t know

Perhaps the real hero of the story is not Ryland Grace himself but his intellectual humility. Intellectual humility, the admission of your own limited knowledge and a willingness to learn from others, sometimes seems to be undervalued, particularly by those in leadership positions.

People who are intellectually humble will say things like, “Tell me more,” or “I wish I had thought of that.” They don’t feel threatened when admitting vulnerability.

Some people, however, do feel threatened by the thought of admitting incomplete knowledge or appearing to have limitations. Instead of confessing what they don’t know, they may claim a kind of certainty that goes beyond their true expertise, shutting down further questioning. Intellectual humility, in contrast, encourages someone to remain engaged by highlighting how much they still have to learn.

Being contradicted by the facts can produce diverse reactions. For someone without intellectual humility, not knowing can feel like failure. It can lead to defensiveness, denial or a refusal to engage. With humility, however, not knowing is more interesting than scary. The defensiveness is gone, replaced by curiosity.

When Grace realizes his expectations about astrophage aren’t supported by scientific evidence, he goes from feeling sure to feeling unsure. Reality itself hasn’t changed, but Grace’s sense of reality shifts in an important way. He realizes that there is a great deal he still needs to learn about these microbes, without assumptions blocking new knowledge. His intellectual humility gives him a path forward, a way to reset and take in new information without shutting down.

Intellectual humility as a method

Ryland Grace is willing to learn, and this serves him well throughout the movie. His intellectual humility operates as a method, guiding how he approaches problems step by step.

For instance, once he realizes, to his dismay, that astrophage is made of water, Grace acknowledges this new truth. He doesn’t like it, but he accepts it. Moving forward, he avoids making assumptions about astrophage. Instead, he tests hypotheses using simple tools that have been cobbled together from items available in a big-box store.

His partner in this experiment is Carl, played by Lionel Boyce, who is there as a sort of half-“babysitter,” half-security guard, keeping an eye on Grace but also being irresistibly pulled into his scientific orbit.

Ryland Grace, wearing a beanie and rain jacket, walks with Carl, wearing a suit jacket and tie.
While Carl doesn’t have any scientific training, Grace listens to his ideas and enlists his help with his experiments.
Amazon MGM Studios

Grace’s intellectual humility transforms Carl from a minder into a partner. Even though Carl isn’t a scientist himself, when Grace has to figure out how to make the lab’s astrophage experiment replicate the conditions causing the crisis in our solar system, it is Carl who suggests a solution.

Instead of being bothered that a nonscientist knew better than he did, Grace acknowledges the solution’s value, thanks Carl and uses Carl’s idea to reach a crucial discovery, proving himself to be open to ideas and feedback from others.

When Grace’s experiments struggle, he moves forward without defensiveness and instead displays increasing curiosity. His method of intellectual humility is to admit ignorance, test variables and revise working hypotheses based on new data, staying open to suggestions from others the whole time. To borrow a phrase from a different space story, “this is the way.”

Science fiction to real space exploration

Although “Project Hail Mary” is fictional, the attitude displayed by Ryland Grace is something I have seen in ethnographic interviews with astronauts and other space professionals, including engineers, astronomers and flight surgeons. Ethnography is a method of research, usually done in the long term, that combines interviews and participant observation.

When confronted with the reality of the universe – an enormous starry void we humans are only beginning to understand – scientists and space explorers are often stunned and humbled by the extent of their own ignorance. Although there are, without a doubt, less-than-humble people building rockets or going into space, intellectual humility is often a guiding force among many successful space researchers.

A photo showing thousands of galaxies in a night sky.
The universe is full of stars, planets and galaxies – astronauts report feeling humility when confronted with the vastness of space.
NASA/STScI

In my book, “The Ultraview Effect,” I trace the way a sense of cosmic awe can provoke feelings of humility and openness, which serve as catalysts for curiosity. This pattern, which I began to notice after an astronaut told me how seeing billions of stars with his own eyes made him realize how little he actually knew, is very similar to what Grace experiences in the movie.

Being open to awe and willing to be humbled by it isn’t weakness but strength. And in his embrace of intellectual humility, Grace lives up to his name.

The Conversation

Deana L. Weibel has received a research award from the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum for upcoming archival research. She is an advisor to Cosmic Girls and a Fellow of the Explorers Club.

ref. ‘Project Hail Mary’ demonstrates how intellectual humility can be a guiding force for scientists and astronauts – https://theconversation.com/project-hail-mary-demonstrates-how-intellectual-humility-can-be-a-guiding-force-for-scientists-and-astronauts-279404