Arrancan los Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno con menos mujeres y sin discapacidad intelectual representada

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Carmen Sarah Einsle, Profesora ayudante doctora de Organización de Empresas, Universidad de Alicante

La esquiadora española Audrey Pascual, durante la concentración previa a los Juegos Paralímpicos de Milán-Cortina 2026 en los Alpes. Comité Paralímpico Español

Los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos son hoy el mayor escaparate del deporte internacional. Simbolizan la diversidad y del avance hacia competiciones igualitarias e inclusivas. En París 2024, por primera vez, los Juegos Olímpicos alcanzaron la paridad numérica entre atletas. Sin embargo, este tipo de igualdad no siempre se traduce en una representación equivalente, especialmente en la cobertura mediática del deporte femenino.

La verdadera equidad no se agota en el equilibrio de las cuotas. Requiere transformar una estructura deportiva diseñada históricamente por y para hombres, garantizando que las atletas cuenten con las mismas condiciones de profesionalización y visibilidad que sus compañeros.

En el ámbito paralímpico, el desafío es aún más complejo. Persisten brechas de género pronunciadas. Ciertos colectivos, como los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual, siguen teniendo un acceso muy limitado o inexistente a la competición de élite, especialmente en los Juegos de Invierno, que se celebran entre el 6 y el 15 de marzo.

Igualdad de género: avances que no llegan a todos los deportes

Como apuntábamos antes, la paridad alcanzada en París 2024 marcó un hito en el deporte olímpico. No obstante, al observar los Juegos Paralímpicos de Milán-Cortina 2026, la situación cambia. Las cuotas oficiales del Comité Paralímpico Internacional establecen 665 plazas: 323 para hombres, 176 para mujeres y 166 de sexo indistinto.

Aunque las categorías mixtas buscan ampliar la participación, la presencia femenina sigue siendo claramente inferior. Además, dichas pruebas mixtas a menudo reproducen dinámicas que terminan marginando a las mujeres o desincentivando su presencia.

El movimiento paralímpico también ha sido analizado desde perspectivas académicas que cuestionan la idea de que la paridad esté ya conseguida. Investigaciones recientes señalan que, aunque la participación femenina ha crecido, las desigualdades estructurales persisten, afectando no solo a la competición, sino también a las oportunidades de patrocinio y a los roles de liderazgo.

La exclusión menos visible

Existe otra brecha crítica y menos conocida: la de los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual. Su inclusión en el programa paralímpico se ve muy limitado. Tras su salida del programa oficial después de Sídney 2000 por cambios en los sistemas de clasificación, su regreso a partir de Londres 2012 ha sido, en el mejor de los casos, parcial.

En París 2024, solo 151 deportistas con discapacidad intelectual compitieron, apenas un 3 % del total de los atletas paralímpicos. Su presencia se limitó a tres deportes (atletismo, natación y tenis de mesa) de las 22 disciplinas existentes. La situación en invierno es aún más drástica: no pueden participar en unos Juegos de Invierno desde Nagano 1998.

Diversas organizaciones como Virtus ya reclaman su reincorporación para Francia 2030. Argumentan que la ausencia prolongada de este colectivo no refleja la diversidad real de las personas con discapacidad ni los principios inclusivos del movimiento paralímpico.

Participar no es lo mismo que estar incluido

El crecimiento de este movimiento es incuestionable en cifras y profesionalización. Sin embargo, el aumento del número total de participantes no garantiza la equidad.

La igualdad real exige analizar quién accede a programas de formación, quién dispone de recursos para competir y qué tipos de discapacidad encuentran espacio dentro del sistema competitivo. Si algunos grupos siguen quedando fuera o cuentan con menos opciones de participación, la inclusión continúa siendo parcial.

Una oportunidad para avanzar

Los datos de Milán-Cortina 2026 no deben verse como un fracaso, sino como una oportunidad para identificar los retos pendientes. El debate sobre la reincorporación de atletas con discapacidad intelectual para 2030 muestra que el sistema empieza a cuestionar sus propias exclusiones.

El auge del deporte paralímpico ofrece un buen momento para corregir desequilibrios históricos. No basta con aumentar el número de atletas: es necesario rediseñar las competiciones para que reflejen la diversidad real. Esto implica revisar tanto el diseño de las pruebas como el reparto de oportunidades, especialmente en disciplinas donde la presencia femenina es aún escasa.

Los Juegos Paralímpicos han transformado la percepción social del deporte adaptado, abriendo oportunidades impensables hace solo unas décadas. Sin embargo, los datos muestran que el progreso no ha beneficiado a todos por igual. Para que el movimiento sea plenamente inclusivo debe abordar dos frentes prioritarios: la igualdad de género efectiva y la representatividad total.

Esto requiere mejorar los programas de apoyo, potenciar la representación mediática y eliminar las barreras que aún dificultan las carreras deportivas de muchas mujeres. Además, se necesita incluir a los deportistas con discapacidad intelectual. Su actual ausencia desdibuja los principios de equidad del movimiento.

En definitiva, si el movimiento paralímpico aspira a representar a todo el colectivo, su próximo gran paso no debe ser solo crecer en tamaño, sino en justicia y equilibrio. Solo así pasaremos de una integración numérica a una inclusión auténtica.

The Conversation

Carmen Sarah Einsle no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Arrancan los Juegos Paralímpicos de Invierno con menos mujeres y sin discapacidad intelectual representada – https://theconversation.com/arrancan-los-juegos-paralimpicos-de-invierno-con-menos-mujeres-y-sin-discapacidad-intelectual-representada-275739

Bailes, teatros y reglas: la Regencia más allá de ‘Los Bridgerton’

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Lara López Millán, Docente Universitaria de Artes y Educación, Universidad Camilo José Cela

Fotograma de la última temporada de _Los Bridgerton_. Liam Daniel/Cortesía de Netflix

Desde su estreno en 2020, la serie Los Bridgerton no solo revitalizó el drama de época, sino que lo transformó en un espectáculo intenso y sensual. Lo que parecía otra historia más ambientada en la alta sociedad londinense pronto se convirtió en un fenómeno global gracias a su deslumbrante propuesta estética y a su forma de reimaginar el romance clásico. La serie presenta una Regencia vibrante, donde los bailes parecen preludios del deseo y los matrimonios, la culminación de pasiones largamente contenidas.

Vídeo sobre el rodaje de la cuarta temporada de Los Bridgerton, recientemente estrenada.

En este universo estilizado, los jóvenes de la alta sociedad desafían convenciones y el amor romántico se erige como principio rector de las decisiones vitales. Sin embargo, surge la pregunta: ¿hasta qué punto esta visión coincide con la realidad histórica de la Inglaterra de principios del siglo XIX?

¿Qué fue realmente la Regencia?

El periodo de la Regencia (1811–1820) comenzó cuando el príncipe de Gales asumió oficialmente las funciones reales debido a la incapacidad de su padre, Jorge III, convirtiéndose poco después en Jorge IV. Aunque hoy el término evoca elegancia y refinamiento, en realidad esta etapa estuvo marcada por tensiones políticas, guerras –como el tramo final de las napoleónicas– y profundas desigualdades sociales.

La sociedad británica de comienzos del siglo XIX giraba en torno a una élite aristocrática y terrateniente que concentraba las tierras y el poder político. El rango determinaba sus oportunidades matrimoniales y el acceso a recursos. La fortuna familiar era tan decisiva como el linaje, y la reputación funcionaba como un capital social indispensable.

Londres se transformaba cada año en el epicentro de la Season, la temporada social que reunía a la aristocracia y la gentry (clase de terratenientes) en bailes, recepciones, veladas teatrales y presentaciones en sociedad. En ellas, las jóvenes debutantes eran introducidas al mercado matrimonial y las familias consolidaban alianzas estratégicas.

Ilustración en blanco y negro de la presentación de unas jóvenes a la reina.
Ceremonia de presentación de las debutantes en sociedad a la reina en su baile anual. Ilustración para The Illustrated London News, 31 de marzo de 1860.
Wikimedia Commons

Los bailes: coreografías sociales sin espontaneidad romántica

En el imaginario contemporáneo, alimentado en gran medida por las adaptaciones audiovisuales, el baile aparece como el espacio privilegiado de la atracción. Sin embargo, en la Regencia histórica, la pista de baile era menos un territorio de desahogo emocional que una coreografía social estrictamente reglamentada. Las danzascountry dances, cuadrillas, reels– seguían secuencias fijas y no había improvisación ni contacto prolongado.

La interacción física estaba cuidadosamente codificada: las manos se tomaban solo en momentos precisos y las figuras coreográficas distribuían la atención entre varias parejas, diluyendo cualquier intimidad excesiva. Las jóvenes recién “salidas” a la sociedad no podían bailar indiscriminadamente. La etiqueta aconsejaba no conceder varias piezas al mismo caballero, y tanto aceptar como rechazar una invitación tenía implicaciones sociales.

Dibujo de un grupo de gente bailando en un salón.
‘The Ball Room’ (1813). Thomas Rowlandson and James Green. Publicado por Rudolph Ackermann en Londres.
Metropolitan Museum

A ello se sumaba la presencia constante de chaperonas, cuya función era supervisar interacciones y proteger la reputación de la joven. Bailar no era una declaración de deseo, sino un acto social vigilado cuyo exceso podía comprometer la reputación.

Teatros y salones: espacios públicos, reputaciones privadas

Los bailes no eran los únicos escenarios donde se representaba el orden social. Los teatros y salones privados desempeñaban un papel central en la vida de la élite durante la Regencia. Instituciones como el Theatre Royal Drury Lane funcionaban como mapas visibles de la jerarquía social, donde la disposición de los palcos reflejaba claramente las diferencias de rango, pues los mejores lugares ofrecían no solo visibilidad del escenario, sino también visibilidad social.

Dibujo del interior de un teatro.
Interior del Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, circa 1808. Lámina 32 de Microcosm of London.
Wikimedia Commons

En el teatro, la presencia de cada asistente era en sí misma una forma de mostrarse y reafirmar su posición social. Dicha dinámica continuaba en los salones privados, donde las invitaciones y las precedencias se calculaban cuidadosamente, reuniendo a determinadas familias para facilitar alianzas.

Desde una perspectiva sociológica, se puede hablar de una auténtica “teatralidad social”. La sociedad funcionaba como una performance reglada, en la que cada individuo desempeñaba un papel condicionado por su posición y las expectativas colectivas.

Matrimonio: alianza económica antes que romance

En todo este contexto, el matrimonio no era principalmente la culminación de una historia de amor. Para las familias con hijas en edad de casarse, la temporada londinense era una inversión social con objetivos claros. Encontrar un esposo adecuado significaba garantizar estabilidad económica y preservar el estatus, mientras que para los varones el matrimonio podía aportar liquidez o legitimidad social. La elección sentimental quedaba subordinada a criterios de conveniencia; el amor no era imposible, pero difícilmente bastaba por sí solo.

La literatura de la época refleja esta realidad. En las novelas de Jane Austen, el afecto y la compatibilidad emocional son centrales, pero nunca al margen de la posición económica. En Orgullo y prejuicio, de Jane Austen, el desenlace feliz combina tanto atracción como el respeto mutuo con seguridad económica, mostrando que el amor solo podía prosperar dentro de los límites impuestos, lejos de la pasión desenfrenada idealizada en la ficción moderna.

Las adaptaciones literarias de las novelas de Jane Austen (como esta de Orgullo y prejuicio) han idealizado los bailes en sociedad.

¿Qué hacemos entonces con la imagen seductora que hoy asociamos a la Regencia? Parte de su atractivo reside precisamente en la distancia entre pasado y presente. Los Bridgerton no pretende ser un documental, sino una reinterpretación estilizada que toma elementos históricos y los reordena según sensibilidades contemporáneas.

Esa operación cultural no es ingenua. Al suavizar la rigidez de las jerarquías y convertir el matrimonio en triunfo del amor, la serie proyecta sobre el siglo XIX valores propios del XXI. Más que una ventana fiel a 1815, ofrece un espejo en el que reconocemos nuestras propias expectativas sobre la libertad y el romance.

Quizá ahí radique la clave de su persistente fascinación. Al contrastar la Regencia reglamentada con su versión romántica contemporánea, no solo aprendemos algo sobre el pasado, sino también sobre cómo entendemos el amor y por qué seguimos necesitando historias que transformen sistemas rígidos en escenarios de elección individual.


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The Conversation

Lara López Millán no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Bailes, teatros y reglas: la Regencia más allá de ‘Los Bridgerton’ – https://theconversation.com/bailes-teatros-y-reglas-la-regencia-mas-alla-de-los-bridgerton-276442

El legado económico de los señoríos del Antiguo Régimen

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Daniel Oto-Peralías, Associate Professor of Economics, Profesor Titular de Economía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide

Castillo del señorío de Jadraque, concedido en 1434 a doña María de Castilla (nieta del rey Pedro I de Castilla) como dote por su boda con don Gómez Carrillo, en la actual provincia de Guadalajara (España). BearFotos/Shutterstock

En el imaginario colectivo español, los señoríos del Antiguo Régimen (XVI-XIX) gozan de mala fama. Se trataba de una forma de ordenación territorial de la península ibérica de origen medieval, por la cual las tierras y sus habitantes quedaban sometidos a un titular privado. Según quién ejerciera los derechos jurisdiccionales, estos podían ser nobiliarios, eclesiásticos o de órdenes militares, mientras que las tierras no sometidas a dicho régimen se consideraban de realengo.

Como escribía a principios del siglo XX el historiador Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz:

“al solo nombre oído se alzan en la mente castillos almenados con mazmorras sombrías y horcas sangrantes adornadas con despojos humanos…”.

El refranero castellano ofrece ejemplos (menos siniestros) de esta mala visión de los señoríos, como “en lugar de señorío no hagas tu nido” o “en tierra de señorío ni lo que piso es mío”.

Pero ¿eran tan temibles los señoríos? ¿Se vivía peor en los señoríos que en los lugares de realengo, pertenecientes a la Corona? Más importante aún: ¿han tenido un legado económico negativo los señoríos del Antiguo Régimen?

El legado económico del régimen señorial

La mitad de la población española en el Antiguo Régimen era vasalla de un señor, quien ejercía amplias competencias jurisdiccionales. Los señores nombraban a cargos y oficios concejiles, juzgaban en segunda instancia, establecían ordenanzas y podían disfrutar de ciertos monopolios sobre actividades económicas. Además, solían recaudar tributos cedidos por la Corona y eran, a veces, grandes propietarios.

En un trabajo reciente recopilo datos de los más de 20 000 pueblos recogidos en el Censo de Floridablanca de 1787 para responder a estas preguntas. Lo primero que hago es analizar si los municipios que fueron señoríos nobiliarios son en la actualidad más pobres que los de realengo. Encuentro que, efectivamente, los antiguos pueblos de señorío tienen un 4 % menos de renta per cápita, menos vehículos por persona y menor nivel educativo, y además experimentaron un menor crecimiento demográfico en el siglo XX.

¿Por qué los antiguos lugares de señorío son relativamente más pobres en la actualidad? Quizás simplemente se deba a que eran originariamente más pobres y menos poblados. Desafortunadamente, se presenta aquí un problema: es prácticamente imposible saber cómo eran inicialmente los lugares concedidos en señorío para el conjunto de España, ya que muchos de ellos se remontan a la Alta Edad Media.

Granada: último territorio repartido en señoríos

Para abordar este problema, me centro en los señoríos granadinos, creados por los Reyes Católicos tras la conquista de Granada. La concesión de estos señoríos fue precipitada y careció de sistematicidad, por varias razones: el apremio por recompensar a los nobles que habían prestado ayuda en la guerra, el desconocimiento del terreno y la confusión generada por los topónimos locales.

Escudo del señorío de Sanlúcar, concedido en 1295 por el rey Sancho IV a Guzmán el Bueno, y confirmado mediante privilegio de donación por Felipe IV en octubre de 1297.
Fuente: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-NC

El carácter improvisado y asistemático de la concesión de estos señoríos es fundamental, ya que permite compararlos de forma rigurosa con las tierras de realengo. Así, exceptuando los grandes núcleos urbanos reservados a la Corona, los señoríos granadinos fueron inicialmente equivalentes a las localidades de jurisdicción real.

Los hallazgos obtenidos resultan contraintuitivos: durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII, los pueblos de señorío presentaban niveles de población, desarrollo y condiciones de vida análogos a los de realengo.

Asimismo, no se observa en ellos una mayor desigualdad social, factor determinante para el desempeño económico de largo plazo. Es más, los lugares de señorío experimentaron un crecimiento demográfico similar a los de realengo durante el siglo XIX y la primera década del XX. No fue hasta la segunda década de dicho siglo cuando los antiguos señoríos iniciaron una senda de menor crecimiento, que se ha prolongado hasta la actualidad.

Menor presencia del Estado central en los señoríos

Surge entonces el interrogante de por qué el legado negativo de los señoríos se manifestó tan tardíamente, casi un siglo después de su abolición. La respuesta puede residir en el hallazgo principal del estudio: la escasa presencia de la administración regia en estos territorios. Estos contaban con menos empleados con sueldo real y menos establecimientos de la Corona y oficinas de Correos.

En la transición al Estado liberal en el siglo XIX, los antiguos lugares de señorío fueron con menor frecuencia elegidos sede de partido judicial y de casas cuartel de la recién creada Guardia Civil. Además, continuaron albergando menos oficinas de Correos durante todo el siglo XIX y también menos servicio telegráfico a comienzos del XX.

En suma, la infraestructura del Estado central fue menor en los señoríos, una característica que persistió durante todo el siglo XIX y hasta bien entrado el XX. Existe también evidencia de que la información y las reales órdenes fluían mejor en los lugares de realengo que en los de señorío y las actas de las Cortes de Castilla revelan quejas frecuentes de las poblaciones de realengo sobre la actitud laxa de los señores respecto al cumplimiento de las órdenes de la Corona.

El papel cambiante del Estado en el crecimiento económico

Esta menor presencia y capacidad del Estado no fue un problema para los lugares de señorío durante el Antiguo Régimen, cuando la Administración regia apenas prestaba servicios ni invertía en los municipios. En realidad, la autoridad señorial podía ser ventajosa al hacer de contrapeso frente a las excesivas demandas de la Corona.

En cambio, en el siglo XX, particularmente a partir de su segunda década, el Estado empezó a invertir mucho más para promover el desarrollo económico del país, principalmente en infraestructuras y educación. Los antiguos pueblos de señorío comenzaron a crecer menos justo cuando el Estado empezó a aumentar notablemente el gasto público. Ello sugiere que los pueblos de señorío quedaron rezagados porque se beneficiaron menos de dicha inversión pública al contar con lazos más débiles con el Estado.

Resulta un tanto paradójico que fueran los descendientes de los antiguos vasallos, en lugar de estos, quienes más sufrieran las consecuencias económicas de los señoríos, y ello debido a un rasgo institucional –la limitada capacidad del Estado para cubrir esos territorios– que cobró especial relevancia tardíamente, cuando el Estado empezó a desempeñar un papel desarrollista.

The Conversation

Daniel Oto-Peralías agradece el apoyo financiero del Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland (subvención 70433), del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (subvenciones ECO2017-86780-R y PID2023-150985NB-I00) y de la Junta de Andalucía-FEDER (proyecto I+D+i P20_00808).

ref. El legado económico de los señoríos del Antiguo Régimen – https://theconversation.com/el-legado-economico-de-los-senorios-del-antiguo-regimen-271992

Qué son las centrifugadoras de Irán y por qué son importantes para crear bombas atómicas

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Vanessa Tabernero, Profesora contratada doctora / Decana Adjunta Grado Química, Universidad de Alcalá

Instalación de enriquecimiento de uranio de Fordow, en Irán. NASA/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

La operación Furia Épica ha vuelto a poner encima del tablero mundial el conflicto entre Irán-Israel y EE. UU. En junio de 2025, en el contexto de este enfrentamiento, fueron bombardeadas las centrifugadoras instaladas en Natanz y Fordow, que se usaban para enriquecer uranio.

La razón de atacar estos puntos calientes es que, con estas centrifugadoras, Irán estaría más cerca de conseguir un arma nuclear.

Cascada de centrifugadoras de gas en una planta de Estados Unidos.
US Dept. of Energy.

El término nos recuerda a la lavadora, y lo cierto es que el funcionamiento es el mismo: un recipiente que da vueltas a mucha velocidad, para separar el agua de la ropa en nuestro caso. Pero cuando hablamos de centrifugadoras nucleares, lo que hacemos es separar dos elementos que están mezclados y que difieren muy, muy poquito, el uno del otro.

El uranio, punto de partida

El uranio (U) que se obtiene de una mina no vale por sí mismo para el uso nuclear. La razón es que, en la Tierra, de forma natural, hay una mezcla de dos tipos de uranio: el 235 y el 238. Con esta notación, nos referimos al número másico, es decir, el número de neutrones y protones que hay en el núcleo.

Considerando que el uranio tiene un número atómico de 82 (protones en el núcleo), podemos deducir fácilmente que, entre el U-235 y el U-238, la diferencia está en el número de neutrones y es muy pequeña, de solo 3 neutrones uno respecto al otro.

De esos dos isótopos, solo el U-235 sirve para fabricar combustibles y bombas. Se necesita una riqueza del 90 % para tener el uranio necesario para preparar armamento nuclear. Además, para hacerlo aún más complejo, el U-235 es el menos abundante –representa solo un 0,7 % del uranio natural–.

Separar el que sirve para bombas del que no

Existen varias maneras de separar isótopos. Una se basa en la difusión: un gas puede escapar de un recipiente por medio de una apertura de manera proporcional a la energía cinética de sus partículas, la cual a su vez depende de su masa. Así, si son dos gases los que tenemos a presión, escapará antes el más ligero, pues sus moléculas tendrán más velocidad.

Aplicando este principio, se puede proceder a la separación isotópica y, de acuerdo a la masa de los isótopos mencionados, es de esperar que el U-235 escape antes que el U-238. Para lograrlo, antes hay que seguir otro largo proceso químico.

En primer lugar, tenemos que pasar el uranio a estado gaseoso: lo conseguimos convirtiéndolo en hexafluoruro de uranio (UF6), tras hacerlo reaccionar con el siempre reactivo flúor. La mezcla gaseosa tendrá U(235)F6 y U(238)F6 y, cuando se centrifuguen estos dos compuestos, el más ligero se “escapará” antes.

Otra forma de separación de gases es por centrifugación, es decir, dando vueltas. Las centrifugadoras constan de un tambor que gira rápidamente, de forma que el compuesto más pesado que contiene el U-238 es lanzado hacia la parte exterior, mientras que el que contiene el U-235, más ligero, se acumula en la parte central. Después, se calienta la parte inferior para generar corrientes de convección que lanzan el U-235 hacia arriba, donde se recoge, mientras que el U-238 se acumula en la parte inferior.

Para este método, también necesitamos uranio en estado gaseoso, es decir, como UF6.

Lavadoras atómicas

Las centrifugadoras nucleares deben rotar a 1 500 revoluciones por segundo –volviendo a la comparativa inicial, pensemos que una lavadora centrifugando rota típicamente a entre 500 y 1 300 revoluciones por minuto–.

Los detalles técnicos sobre estos aparatos son alto secreto, pero está claro que serán más eficaces cuanta mayor velocidad consigan y cuanto más tiempo estén funcionando.

Asimismo, los materiales de los que están hechos los rotores son un gran tema de investigación, ya que conseguir motores más eficientes y más rápidos permite mejorar el proceso.

Por otra parte, el uso de la tecnología centrífuga gaseosa para enriquecer isótopos reduce el consumo de energía considerablemente (entre un 2 y un 2,5 %), en comparación con las técnicas más convencionales –las plantas de difusión–.

Después de esta separación, se requiere otro procedimiento: volver a tener el uranio como sólido, lo que implica separarlo del flúor. Químicamente, se consigue mediante una reacción llamada reducción.

Un peligro geopolítico

El organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (IAEA) señala que Irán acumula, aproximadamente, 275 kilos de uranio enriquecido al 60 % y que el nivel necesario para fabricar bombas atómicas sería de un 90 %, pero estos datos pueden no estar actualizados.

Desde la revolución de 1979, Irán pasó a ser una república islámica y las naciones occidentales han temido que el país pueda usar su programa nuclear para producir armas atómicas.

El ataque físico con misiles de 2025 es el más reciente, precedido, en enero de 2010, por un ciberataque a la planta de centrifugadoras de Natanz, cuando un virus informático tomó el control de las máquinas y les ordenó autodestruirse.

Hoy, la operación Furia Épica ha derrocado al líder islamista religioso y político del país. Aun así, ¿seguirán girando las centrifugadoras?

The Conversation

Vanessa Tabernero no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Qué son las centrifugadoras de Irán y por qué son importantes para crear bombas atómicas – https://theconversation.com/que-son-las-centrifugadoras-de-iran-y-por-que-son-importantes-para-crear-bombas-atomicas-277273

Colonialism in Africa: archaeology offers a deeper view

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Timothy Clack, Chingiz Gutseriev Fellow, University of Oxford

Map of Africa (1722). Original from The Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library. Digitally enhanced by rawpixel Wikipedia Commons, CC BY

Colonialism has been a central part of history around the world, differing only in form over time and space. After all, whenever people have moved from one place to another, they have colonised spaces and other people or forms of life.

In Africa, colonialism has mostly been studied as something imposed from outside, for example from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries. A recent special issue of the journal Azania sought to address this. Scholars looked at the topic from an angle that’s so far been neglected – the archaeology and history of colonialism from within Africa.

We introduced the journal issue with an essay revisiting basic ideas, reviewing literature and presenting new case studies.

We note, for example, that colonialism has a deep and complex history. There have been different kinds and degrees of colonialism. These range from expansion, trade, exchange and sharing cultural practices to settlement, domination, exploitation, control and imperialism.

These developments have taken place in a myriad of different settings. From Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia, Classical Greece and Rome, and China, to multiple locations in the Americas, including the Inka and the Aztecs, and Europeans, especially after 1492.

Global and local factors shape distinctive patterns of power, subjugation, consumption, extraction, exploitation and cultural exchange through time.

Important questions emerge when this is recognised. Examples include:

  • what historical justice looks like

  • which episodes get remembered and forgotten

  • which victims are ignored or compensated

  • which colonisers face consequence.

Colonialism from outside

In the 19th and 20th centuries, during the the so-called “Scramble for Africa”, seven European countries colonised almost the whole of the continent. The signatures left behind by Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and Spain were wide and varied. They included:

  • drawing national boundaries

  • infrastructure geared towards extraction (like megaports, railways and roads)

  • administration (like bicameral governments, courts and churches)

  • defence (military structures and installations).

European colonialism even shaped the way most of us perceive the world via the instruments used to map time and space.

Earlier, large parts of Africa were colonised by Ottoman and Arab empires. Oman, for example, colonised the Swahili coast in the 18th and 19th centuries across a territory extending from areas of Somalia through to Madagascar.

Parts of Africa which had previously been under Islamic rule, in turn, experienced European colonialism differently. This had long-term implications for education, health and economic growth.

Taken together, these legacies, over time, developed into global organising principles for imagining Africa.

But this formulation ignores African agency and political processes. It is often forgotten, for example, that the Almoravids, a dynasty which rose to power in southern Morocco during the 11th century, exerted control over European soil. Africans have been colonisers too.

Colonialism from within

Africa has also experienced diverse colonial episodes from within. Examples include empires such as Egypt and Kush in north Africa, and Dahomey and Songhai in west Africa.

Rulers of these empires sought to annex territories, establish settlements, subjugate others, control resources and impose laws and customs. The archaeological indications of these can be seen in a number of ways. They include new settlement types, changes in material culture and the adoption of new languages and religions, particularly Islam and Christianity.

Resistance to colonialism is also visible in the historical record and expressed in many ways. This included insurgencies, protests and propaganda as well as myth, art, music, literature and non-cooperation.

In the 19th century, Shaka, for example, transformed a small Zulu chieftainship in southern Africa into an aggressive and successful state that absorbed neighbouring groups. The aftershock of the Zulu expansion was the Mfecane. This was a process that saw leaders establish their own polities. Soshangane, for instance, was a Ndwandwe general defeated by Shaka who established the Gaza state in contemporary Mozambique. It incorporated in it both Shona and Tsonga people.

Another example comes from the Mursi of south-western Ethiopia. They undertook several large-scale migrations over the past 200-300 years. This movement became part of their group identity. They displaced, assimilated and dominated other populations. The material traces they left have been explored by archaeological research. This has helped to interpret their activities, and also challenges their oral histories.

Cultural exchange and innovation

Colonialism is a generative process, with innovation emerging from cultural contact, relationships between colonisers and colonised, and material exchange.

Colonial processes have multi-directional influence. European colonialism, for example, shaped how Europeans dealt with the rest of the world. And, in turn, it contributed to how the western world was constructed. Ideas and materials flowed into the metropolitan centres of Europe as much as from them. In certain respects, Britain was colonised through contact with, for example, Africa, Australasia and North America, as much as those areas were colonial creations.

Colonialism often creates victims and oppressors. But it is also about consumption, innovation and exchange.

Archaeology offers a useful way to study colonialism because it leaves material and intangible indicators which the discipline has methods to interpret.

There is a need for more work on the processes and character of colonialism within Africa. This will enable comparisons and understanding, and correct a skewed picture of world history. A richer understanding of colonialism, including neocolonialism, may also inform debates about its legacy, and about decolonisation and restitution.

The Conversation

Timothy Clack receives research funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), British Academy, British Institute in Eastern Africa (BIEA), Christensen Fund, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Royal Anthropological Institute, and University of Oxford.

Shadreck Chirikure receives funding from the British Academy, UKRI, the University of Oxford, the University of Cape Town, the National Research Foundation of South Africa, and the Royal Society.

ref. Colonialism in Africa: archaeology offers a deeper view – https://theconversation.com/colonialism-in-africa-archaeology-offers-a-deeper-view-275495

Teaching mathematical statistics: one lecturer’s way of testing what students understand

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Michael Johan von Maltitz, Associate Professor, Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of the Free State

Unsplash

It’s getting tougher to assess how much university students have learnt. In his work as a Mathematical Statistics lecturer, Michael von Maltitz has tried a new way of getting students to learn, and of assessing what they’ve absorbed and retained. Students have to show and discuss how they arrived at their understanding of the subject. They can’t just rely on cramming, because he interviews them as if they were applying for a job.

What prompted you to try something new?

“We understand, but how will it be asked in the test?” This is the question that was posed to me time and again in 2019 when I started lecturing a module in mathematical statistics at second-year university level.

I knew I had to make a change. I already understood that students were stressed, prone to memorising content and cramming before tests and examinations, and using short cuts to attain a good grade, rather than to learn anything.

What did you then do differently?

The module was unfamiliar to me so I decided to allow the students to approach the course content in the same way as I was: gathering information from different sources and combining and collating it digitally, reflecting on how it helped to meet certain objectives or learning outcomes.

These portfolios of learning evidence would contain course and outcome information, content knowledge (including theorems and proofs), examples with solutions, showpiece assignments, links to and discussions on online tutorials or videos, and paragraphs of self-reflection. Readers might see these portfolios as “study notes on steroids”.

Assessing the portfolio would be an exercise in evaluating the learning process, rather than a memorised product.




Read more:
The greatest risk of AI in higher education isn’t cheating – it’s the erosion of learning itself


The process was challenging but offered a reward for me and my students – that of discovery. Students seemed to be genuinely learning.

Besides checking their portfolios, I needed a way to assess progress that didn’t fall into the old habits of memorisation and “teaching to the test”. I needed to ensure that a student had created their own portfolio and could defend the content in it. And I needed an assessment method that would not take more time and effort than coming up with a unique written test or examination, formulating a typeset memorandum, and marking more than 100 answer scripts, giving feedback that the students might never look at.

I decided to test this form of deep learning using a workplace method – the interview. In a 30-minute online interview with each student, I asked questions about their understanding of the module content, as well as questions concerning their own portfolios. Each student had to defend the information collected and reflected upon.

The interview worked perfectly when paired with the portfolio. I assessed a set of portfolios in an evening, gave typed feedback, and then interviewed those portfolios’ creators the next day. Feedback was immediate, and the interview assessment became a learning experience, for me and the student.




Read more:
South African university students use AI to help them understand – not to avoid work


They were able to defend their portfolios if I made any errors on the portfolio assessment, and I could give the correct answer immediately to any interview question they were stumped by.

Afterwards, the recording of the interview could be given to the student, and if they felt I was being unfair at all, they could compare their interview with another student’s. In doing so, the students themselves could moderate my assessment practice.

What results did you observe?

After a year or two of teaching and assessing like this, I noticed my students seemed to understand more of the content. They retained more into their final year, they were fluent in “statistics” communication and they had better time management and self-reflection skills.

Students told me that they were asked the same questions in their first job interviews as I had asked in my modules, and that they felt much more at ease in those first few job interviews.

How did you confirm these results?

To formally test the developments I had noticed in my students, I conducted research on the class in 2022, which was published in conference proceedings and an article.

This study showed that students experienced significant learning in every facet of an educational framework known as Fink’s taxonomy:

  • foundational knowledge

  • application and communication

  • integration of content into other areas

  • self-reflection

  • interest

  • learning how to learn.

Thus, the method of learning and assessment could formally be called a success within Statistics.

Can this approach be used in other courses?

Yes. One might argue that if this method can be employed for a mathematical module, it can be utilised anywhere. Mathematical modules contain theorems, proofs, definitions, theoretical and practical problem solving – items that might seem difficult to assess through verbal communication. But it is the understanding of the ideas behind the theorems, the stories of and the tricks used within the proofs, the application of the theoretical problems, that are so important in an age where your favourite AI can provide content knowledge.




Read more:
Three South African universities have new approaches to assessing students: why this is a good thing


Mathematical proofs and worked calculations, both of which take time in practice, can be assessed by looking at a portfolio containing these items with the student’s annotations and reflections. The understandings of these concepts are assessed in the interview.

Likewise, in other subjects, a portfolio could be used for assessing knowledge-based content, while the interview could be used to gauge a student’s understanding of what was put into the portfolio, why they chose that content, why the content is important, and how that content is used in practice.

The Conversation

Michael Johan von Maltitz does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Teaching mathematical statistics: one lecturer’s way of testing what students understand – https://theconversation.com/teaching-mathematical-statistics-one-lecturers-way-of-testing-what-students-understand-275501

Iran war fallout for the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa: political analyst weighs up the risks

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Federico Donelli, Associate Professor of International Relations, University of Trieste

The death of Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Iran’s supreme leader, in March 2026 marks the end of a political era in the Middle Eastern country. Khamenei was killed in US and Israeli airstrikes on Iran’s capital, Tehran. This has triggered a war drawing in numerous countries across the Middle East.

The Horn of Africa and Red Sea regions, which link Africa and the Middle East, share a dense web of military, political and economic interactions that enable crises on one shore to quickly affect the other. Here, Somalia, Eritrea, Yemen, Sudan, Ethiopia and Djibouti sit along one of the world’s most important trade and geopolitical corridors.

But the consequences of Khamenei’s death may be less dramatic than many expect. This is because power in Iran is dispersed across entrenched institutions and security elites who are capable of preserving regime continuity.

The Horn of Africa and the Red Sea

Iran is no stranger to the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa. During the 1990s and 2000s, Tehran established security and economic ties with several countries, notably Sudan, to gain a foothold along the Red Sea.

Iran’s influence waned, however, during the 2010s as Gulf states, particularly Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, increased their diplomatic, financial and military presence.

As a political scientist studying Middle Eastern and African security, I have followed Iran’s regional engagement for years. From my perspective, events in Iran and the Gulf matter to African countries because conflicts, arms flows and rivalries can easily spill across shores in a single strategic region.

Three intertwined dynamics shape how Khamenei’s death affects the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa.

Firstly, Tehran’s influence here has declined over the past decade. This is with the exception of Yemen, where Iran supports the Houthi movement, which has previously attacked Israeli-linked vessels.




Read more:
Global power shifts are playing out in the Red Sea region: why this is where the rules are changing


Secondly, the way this latest conflict was triggered and has escalated may be more important than a change in Iranian leadership. It could contribute to a broader erosion of moderation.

Thirdly, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) – Iran’s powerful military force – is set to play a pivotal role in the post-Khamenei transition.

This is significant for the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea. Iran’s engagement here has largely relied on unconventional methods. Naval manoeuvres are an example, such as the long-term deployment in the Red Sea of the Iranian vessel Saviz, which has served as a logistical and intelligence platform. The country has also deployed military advisers and established arms networks to transport Iranian weapons.

Any future leadership closely aligned with the IRGC is likely to keep using these low-cost tools.

In this sense, continuity will likely prevail over rupture. Iran’s ambitions are filtered through a sober assessment of constraints that the ongoing war may entrench.

Iran’s shifting priorities

Since the 1979 revolution, Iran has considered itself a middle power with legitimate claims to regional pre-eminence. The Red Sea and the Horn of Africa gradually became part of Iran’s expanded strategic geography.

Following the consolidation of the regime promoted by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Khamenei – who took over in 1989 after his predecessor’s death – progressively translated Iran’s ambition into strategic depth.

This aimed to extend Iran’s security perimeter beyond its borders through alliances, proxies and low-cost commitments.

In the 2000s, Iran cultivated close ties with Sudan and Eritrea.

It established naval access points in the two countries and used soft power tools, such as development aid and religious networks. It considered the Bab al-Mandeb Strait, which is between Yemen and Djibouti, vital for countering Saudi and Israeli influence and maintaining alternative trade routes.

The limitations of this expansion became apparent, however.

Iran’s ambitions soon came up against reality. The country’s economy was weakened by sanctions linked to its nuclear programme and US withdrawal from a 2015 nuclear deal.




Read more:
Iran will respond to US-Israeli strikes as existential threats to the regime – because they are


Meanwhile, political power remained fragmented across competing institutions. Domestic pressures, including economic hardship and periodic protest movements, were mounting. Instability in neighbouring states such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen made long-term regional power projection costly and uncertain.

After 2015, Saudi Arabia increased its engagement in the Horn of Africa through financial aid, diplomatic pressure and military cooperation linked to the war in Yemen.

Seeking logistical support along the Red Sea and aiming to counter Iran’s influence near the Bab el-Mandeb strait, Saudi Arabia strengthened its ties with regional governments. This prompted Sudan, Djibouti and Eritrea to sever or scale back their relations with Tehran. They effectively aligned themselves with Saudi Arabia and its allies. Iran redirected resources to higher-priority theatres of war, such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen.

For a decade, therefore, Tehran’s presence in the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea has become more selective and opportunistic. Iran has relied on indirect leverage there, such as Houthi operations, rather than direct expansion.

Khamenei’s death is likely to reinforce rather than reverse the trend. In fact, the outcome of the current war and the start of a delicate succession process could prompt an even more cautious approach abroad.

Worsening fragility

Although a change in Iranian leadership may not alter the approach to the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa, the dynamics that led to the recent conflict may have an impact on the region.

The scale and visibility of the Israeli-US attack – and Iran’s direct retaliation – signal something deeper: the erosion of thresholds in the use of force.

Iran is not buying time and avoiding direct confrontation while limiting the manoeuvre room of its rivals.

This could usher in a period of “anything goes”.

Regional actors, from Gulf states to local governments, are likely to feel increasingly justified in bypassing established security norms. The Red Sea has already become a crowded arena. External powers are projecting their strength. Local states are exploiting competition among them. The reshuffling of forces triggered by the war in Iran will have repercussions throughout the region.

In such a context, characterised by multiple hierarchies, even a reduction of Iranian capabilities could have knock-on effects.

The region’s fragility – as seen in civil war in Sudan, tensions between Ethiopia and Eritrea, instability in Somalia and the heavy presence of military bases along maritime routes – amplifies these risks.

In other words, the question is not whether Iran will suddenly expand into east Africa. It is whether the regional climate will shift towards fewer restrictions and greater acceptance of coercive tools.

If escalation becomes normalised in the heart of the Middle East – the region’s most interconnected theatre – the fallout could be felt in places like the Horn of Africa.

Uncertainty in the short term

Khamenei’s death is likely to generate uncertainty in the short term at the regional level, but will lead to continuity in the long term.

Over time, Tehran has adopted what can be termed a “realist defence” doctrine – deterrence through a strong indirect presence, but at reduced cost and risk.

Iran’s view of international politics as a zero-sum game – where one actor’s gain is another’s loss – and its desire to reduce the influence of its rivals are not merely the result of personal legacies. Rather, they are deeply rooted in the country’s identity.

For the Horn of Africa, this means that Tehran is likely to remain a secondary but persistent player: active enough to hinder its rivals’ strategies, yet restrained enough to avoid major commitments.

The Conversation

Federico Donelli is affiliated with the Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI), the Nordic Africa Institute (NAI), and the Orion Policy Institute (OPI).

ref. Iran war fallout for the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa: political analyst weighs up the risks – https://theconversation.com/iran-war-fallout-for-the-red-sea-and-the-horn-of-africa-political-analyst-weighs-up-the-risks-277512

How building with people who face barriers benefits everyone, especially during crises

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Jutta Treviranus, Director & Professor, Inclusive Design Research Centre, OCAD University

Imagine approaching a curb in a wheelchair. The step is only a few inches, but for some of us, it might as well be a wall. Now imagine that wall turned into a slope. With that single design change, movement becomes possible again.

But more than that, others start to benefit too — a parent pushing a stroller, a traveller rolling luggage, a worker with a handcart.

A simple but liberating modification, made to include those once excluded, ends up changing everyone’s experience for the better. In my field of inclusive design, this innovative magic became known as “the curb-cut effect.”

Curb-cut thinking has inspired countless inventive leaps, including the creation of the typewriter, emails, text-to-speech, voice recognition, captions and image recognition — to name just a few. All were initially motivated by the desire to address a barrier experienced by someone who was excluded by the existing design, resulting in advances that benefit many more.

Ultimately, building the world this way affords us more adaptive choices when unexpected situations arise. But inclusive design does not mean designing for disabled people, which is a paternalistic view that positions them as passive recipients of benevolent accommodation. It means designing with them.

Scaling the curb-cut principle

This phenomenon is more than a clever design trick to build new products and increase the customer base. As our society becomes less stable, I can’t help but think about the macro curb-cut effect and applying the same phenomena to complex societal systems. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it became clear that when our systems are designed with people who are struggling, they work better for everyone when we all find ourselves struggling.

I saw this as a reality at OCAD university where I teach. Ten years before the onset of the pandemic, the Inclusive Design program was co-designed with students who face barriers to university education. This included students who had jobs, care responsibilities, couldn’t afford to live in Toronto or experienced accessibility barriers due to disabilities.

The program gave students the choice to attend in person, online or asynchronously. All curriculum materials were provided in accessible formats. Most importantly, each new cohort began by building a cohesive learning community with collective responsibility for the success of their peers.

Self-determination was emphasized, balanced by mechanisms to exchange compassionate, constructive feedback with fellow students.

While the education sector struggled to adjust to the disruptive reality of the pandemic, our program required no such adjustment. The necessary tools, processes, mindsets and social support structures were already in place.

Diversity as an adaptive advantage

Global thought leaders stress that we are in a period of escalating global risks. Living on this planet is a precarious balancing act, and we have entered a period of disequilibrium. This entangled disequilibrium is affecting all domains of our existence.

And those who seek influence and control exploit the resulting existential fear and promote the eugenicist fallacy, or a “survival of the fittest” mentality.

Eugenicists and social Darwinists believe that society is strengthened by eliminating those who are deemed less fit. They believe that “survival of the fittest” is, in fact, the engine of evolutionary advances and the key to the continuation of the human race. They argue that a monoculture of perfect beings provides security and strength.

But evolutionary scholars such as Terrence W. Deacon have shown that human advances, like the development of language, are made possible during periods of relaxed selection, when diversity can thrive. It is systems designed to support diversity that offer adaptive choices in times of crisis, leading to greater societal resilience.

Monocultures, on the other hand, can be felled by a single blow.

Epidemiologists Richard Wilkinson and Prof. Kate Pickett showed that inequality is correlated with all other societal ills. Economist Thomas Piketty extended the argument to economic stability, arguing that unless economic inequality is addressed the whole democratic order will be threatened.

As an antidote, social scientist Scott E. Page showed how making room for diverse needs, and thereby diverse perspectives, within an organization helps to navigate complexity.

The cultural bias toward efficiency

But we are culturally primed to reject a curb-cut approach.

The industrial era, our capitalist ideology and our reliance on statistical reasoning to predict and determine truth have instilled a less dramatic form of eugenicist reasoning in our assumptions and conventions.

The industrial era demanded replaceable workers, this required standardized learners from our systems of education. The competitive market culture soon learned to value quick wins, efficiency and speed.

Business gurus such as Richard Koch interpret Pareto’s 80/20 principle to mean that we should focus on the homogeneous 80 per cent that take 20 per cent of the effort and ignore the difficult heterogeneous 20 per cent. But it is the marginalized 20 per cent that motivate imaginative leaps and are the first to recognize the signals of emerging risks, not the complacent average consumer.

These priorities are now amplified, accelerated and automated by artificial intelligence (AI). AI is powered by statistical reasoning, and unless deliberately corrected, it privileges what is common and puts aside what is less so.

A culture with statistical bias toward the average then discourages curb-cut thinking.

The limits of majority rule

Perversely, reactions to defend progressive values can also discourage the curb-cut approach. In defending science and evidence, it has been reduced to what is true for the statistical average.

This denies the truth for statistical outliers. Statistically-determined conclusions only hold for the average person and are wrong for or inaccurate about people far from the average.

Democracy is similarly defended by reducing it to “one person, one vote” and majority rule, neglecting human rights. This inadvertently favours the trivial needs of the majority over the critical needs of minorities.

Inclusive design is often misunderstood as remembering to consider people with disabilities. It is more radical than that. Engaging people who face the greatest barriers to design our systems with us will provide everyone with adaptive choices during the next inevitable crisis.

The Conversation

Jutta Treviranus is the director of the Inclusive Design Research Centre. She receives funding from Accessibility Standards Canada, the New Frontiers Research Fund, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.

ref. How building with people who face barriers benefits everyone, especially during crises – https://theconversation.com/how-building-with-people-who-face-barriers-benefits-everyone-especially-during-crises-274279

Will AI drones, robots and wearable sensors revolutionize workplace safety?

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Atieh Razavi Yekta, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of British Columbia

Around 60 per cent of Canadian employees can expect their job to be transformed through artificial intelligence (AI). For many, AI will complement, rather than replace, their work. For some, it could prevent illness, injury or death.

This might look like a nurse wearing a T-shirt equipped with sensors to track her lower back posture during a hospital shift. It might be an algorithm monitoring noise levels in a steel factory, to prevent worker hearing loss. Or it could be a robotic glove that helps workers avoid repetitive strain injury on an assembly line.

High-risk sectors such as construction, oil and gas, mining and heavy manufacturing may have the most to gain. Workers experience large numbers of serious injuries in these sectors, despite decades of safety regulations. Falls, equipment accidents, repetitive strain and exposure to environmental and psycho-social hazards are risks of the job.

Globally, there at least 60,000 fatal accidents on construction sites each year. In British Columbia alone, the construction industry reported more than 15,200 serious injury claims between 2015 and 2024.

AI systems — such as machine learning and large language models — can go far beyond traditional occupational health and safety practices such as inspections, training and audits. They can adapt to changing conditions, continuously monitor risks and provide real-time decision support, helping anticipate and prevent accidents before they occur.

These technologies also bring risks — to psychological health, privacy and worker rights. Canada and other nations need to develop robust governance frameworks, to ensure worker safety and well-being.

Smart helmets, boots, wrist sensors

Among the most visible applications of AI in occupational health and safety are commercial wearables and smart personal protective equipment. These include smart helmets, boots, belts, biometric garments and wrist sensors. They collect data on posture, movement, heart rate, temperature, vibration, noise and location. Connected platforms analyze these patterns in real time.

On construction sites, wearables can detect fatigue and risk of falls. For example, companies manufacture fall-protection equipment such as smart harnesses with sensing carabiners. These can be integrated with digital monitoring platforms to track worker positioning, anchorage use and fall events. They generate immediate alerts to support on-site safety decisions.

Wearables can also monitor repetitive strain and alert workers to heat stress or toxic exposure. They can warn when workers enter hazardous zones. Continuous monitoring can allow for earlier ergonomic intervention, and may even help prevent musculoskeletal disorders. For aging workers, early detection and targeted adjustments can extend careers and reduce disability risk.

At the same time, research on the combined effects of aging and workplace technologies shows that AI, robotics and automation can increase job insecurity and the risk of job loss for older workers, particularly when retraining and upskilling opportunities are limited.

Drones and robots inspect demolition sites

Beyond wearables, AI-driven drones and robotic systems are enhancing inspection and maintenance in confined or unstable environments. They can enter tunnels, bridges, demolition sites, highway corridors, mines and nuclear sites, reducing human exposure to danger.

For example, research shows that sensory-enhanced tele-operation of compact demolition robots can improve both safety and accessibility in high-risk interior sites. Operators rely on multiple sources of feedback (vision, sound and vibration) to detect hazards such as falling debris, unstable floors and blind spots.

AI-enabled drones and robotic systems are also used in mining and nuclear plants. In mining, robots can work in tight or unstable spaces while keeping operators safely outside. In the nuclear industry, they protect workers from radiation while dismantling structures and handling waste, reducing human exposure to extreme risks.

Predictive AI can also model long-term occupational health risks. In industrial settings, neural networks have been created to predict hearing loss among workers — for example in a steel factory. In this way, AI can identify complex hazards before they cause irreversible harm.

These tools can reduce exposure to hazards and help address labour shortages in high-risk industries. They also appeal to younger, tech-savvy workers.

Emerging risks and ethics

AI systems are not risk-free. Drones, robots and sensors sometimes malfunction in dusty, high-vibration or complex environments, creating new hazards on worksites.

The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety notes that AI used for worker monitoring can affect psychological health by increasing pressure, performance monitoring or a sense of constant surveillance.

Wearables and other AI-enabled technologies also raise important questions about data and privacy, bias, reliability, data protection and regulatory oversight. For example, who owns the information generated? How is it stored? Could insights derived from this data be used for discipline rather than occupational health and safety purposes?

Research also shows that workers are far more likely to accept these technologies when they understand their purpose, trust the system and are confident that data is used solely to support safety and well-being.

A critical gap in protections

Under its G7 presidency in 2025, Canada helped lead the development of a global compendium of best practices for human-centred AI in the workplace. This reinforced Canada’s role as a driving force in shaping ethical, safe, workforce-ready AI policies worldwide.

And yet in many areas, when it comes to regulating AI, Canada lags behind. Canada is, for example, the only G7 country with no digital safety regulator and no online safety legislation of any kind. As AI quietly transforms workplaces, Canada risks leaving workers’ privacy, autonomy and dignity unprotected, with the proposed Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA) having never been enacted.

Without robust governance, even AI’s potential to enhance worker health and safety remains uncertain, exposing a critical gap in protections at a time of rapid technological change.

Safeguarding privacy, autonomy and dignity

In 2025, 12.2 per cent of Canadian businesses reported using AI to produce goods or deliver services, double that reported the year before. Adoption of AI in Canada is strongest in information, cultural and professional services, while agriculture, accommodation and food services lag.

As workplaces adopt AI, policymakers in Canada and globally must now focus on rules and practices that protect workers and uphold their rights. The path forward is neither to reject AI nor to adopt it uncritically. These technologies must be reliable, interoperable and designed ethically.

We need risk and impact assessments, worker consultation and governance frameworks that safeguard occupational health, privacy, autonomy and dignity.

Applied thoughtfully, with adequate regulatory frameworks in place, AI and commercial wearable technologies can prevent injuries, anticipate illness and place workers’ safety and well-being at the centre of workplace practices.

The Conversation

Christopher McLeod receives funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, WorkSafeBC, the Workplace Safety and Insurance Board, and the British Columbia Construction Safety Alliance.

Atieh Razavi Yekta does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Will AI drones, robots and wearable sensors revolutionize workplace safety? – https://theconversation.com/will-ai-drones-robots-and-wearable-sensors-revolutionize-workplace-safety-275412

Behind women’s success is a sisterhood that sustains it

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Maha Khawaja, PhD Student, Health and Society, McMaster University

Success is often seen as an individual journey. The ambitious woman’s dedication and hard work get her where she wants to be. But social psychologists suggest something different: behind many women’s achievements lies a powerful and often overlooked support system — their friendships with other women.

Overwhelmingly, research shows that female friendships have the capacity to greatly enhance nearly every domain of life, from mental well-being to quality of life. They even foster better physical health.

In childhood, these social bonds are vital to reinforce emotional resilience, build healthy coping mechanisms and strengthen communication skills. As time goes on, this steady support also buffers the negative impacts of life transitions such as breakups, caregiving, burnout and illness.

Female friendships are social and psychological infrastructure that shape health, resilience and achievement, not just a sentimental side story.

Getting through life together

These bonds can help encourage goal-setting, ambition and later success. Developmental psychologists use the self-in-relation theory to posit that women’s growth in particular is built through social connection and interaction with one another.

Solid friendships can boost self-esteem, growth and even empowerment. And if you think about it, it makes intuitive sense. Empowerment is cultivated within the communities women build and sustain together.

In university settings in high-pressure environments, for example, female friendships prove critical in maintaining a positive outlook and building a strong sense of self. They also ensure a much better experience when transitioning to university in the first place, and getting used to it.

When it comes to problem-solving, studies show women don’t always do it alone. In fact, processes of co-rumination, which involve audibly working through problems with one another, lead to better problem-solving abilities and a capacity to handle strife.

Female friendships can also function as a therapeutic mechanism, providing real-time cognitive reframing by “telling it like it is” and improving coping strategies and stress tolerance.

A network in times of crisis

When it comes to hardships such as cancer, menopause or chronic pain, women also support one another through emotional comfort, access to valuable knowledge and even help offset emotional and physical labour. For example, for women recovering from substance use disorders, evidence shows that friends empower one another to recover and attain access to resources they hold in high regard.

For women who are post-partum and new mothers, having a supportive network to help with domestic and emotional labour also proves to have profound impacts on sense of self and buffers poor mental health. Even in later life, menopause sisterhoods — supportive, often informal communities where women help each other navigate the changes of menopause together — are vital in protecting quality of life.

Biology reinforces the positive impacts of friendship and social supports through the release of oxytocin, otherwise known as the “love hormone,” which then improves overall health.

For those without an in-person village by their side, online spaces such as Reddit function as a way for women to connect with other like-minded women globally and find solidarity. For people seeking help regarding sex education, for example, and who may not have an in-person support network, these online forums function as spaces to share knowledge, alleviate anxiety and build confidence.

Having a sisterhood can also aid immensely in protecting mental health during the ups-and-downs of a romantic relationship. Even more so, female friendships can help during situations of domestic abuse by providing valuable resources, emotional comfort and ultimately strength.

The politics of collective solidarity

Though supportive social bonds are a major part of an individual’s foundation, movements like #MeToo illustrate how collective female solidarity can shift institutional power too.

They function as a top-down process that can reshape what is socially possible. Even some of the first feminist movements in North America were largely constructed through the connections formed between women and the reliance they had on one another to achieve their goals.

While the end of a friendship is certainly not easy, there is still much beauty in the relationships that are meant to exist for specific season and in the opportunity to build new ones across our lifespan.

If society is serious about advancing women’s success, it must recognize that success is rarely achieved alone. Female friendships are foundational to women’s progress.

Whether it’s a friend who lends a listening ear and brings joy through late-night conversations or one that sternly tells you when to get back up and fight, the importance of female friendships is something we should celebrate this International Women’s Day.

The Conversation

Maha Khawaja does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Behind women’s success is a sisterhood that sustains it – https://theconversation.com/behind-womens-success-is-a-sisterhood-that-sustains-it-276838