New discovery at Cern could hint at why our universe is made up of matter and not antimatter

Source: The Conversation – UK – By William Barter, UKRI Future Leaders Fellow, University of Edinburgh

Why didn’t the universe annihilate itself moments after the big bang? A new finding at Cern on the French-Swiss border brings us closer to answering this fundamental question about why matter dominates over its opposite – antimatter.

Much of what we see in everyday life is made up of matter. But antimatter exists in much smaller quantities. Matter and antimatter are almost direct opposites. Matter particles have an antimatter counterpart that has the same mass, but the opposite electric charge. For example, the matter proton particle is partnered by the antimatter antiproton, while the matter electron is partnered by the antimatter positron.

However, the symmetry in behaviour between matter and antimatter is not perfect. In a paper published this week in Nature, the team working on an experiment at Cern, called LHCb, has reported that it has discovered differences in the rate at which matter particles called baryons decay relative to the rate of their antimatter counterparts. In particle physics, decay refers to the process where unstable subatomic particles transform into two or more lighter, more stable particles.

According to cosmological models, equal amounts of matter and antimatter were made in the big bang. If matter and antimatter particles come in contact, they annihilate one another, leaving behind pure energy. With this in mind, it’s a wonder that the universe doesn’t consist only of leftover energy from this annihilation process.

However, astronomical observations show that there is now a negligible amount of antimatter in the universe compared to the amount of matter. We therefore know that matter and antimatter must behave differently, such that the antimatter has disappeared while the matter has not.

Understanding what causes this difference in behaviour between matter and antimatter is a key unanswered question. While there are differences between matter and antimatter in our best theory of fundamental quantum physics, the standard model, these differences are far too small to explain where all the antimatter has gone.

So we know there must be additional fundamental particles that we haven’t found yet, or effects beyond those described in the standard model. These would give rise to large enough differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter for our universe to exist in its current form.

Revealing new particles

Highly precise measurements of the differences between matter and antimatter are a key topic of research because they have the potential to be influenced by and reveal these new fundamental particles, helping us discover the physics that led to the universe we live in today.

Differences between matter and antimatter have previously been observed in the behaviour of another type of particle, mesons, which are made of a quark and an antiquark. There are also hints of differences in how the matter and antimatter versions of a further type of particle, the neutrino, behave as they travel.

Big Bang
Equivalent amounts of matter and antimatter were generated by the Big Bang.
Triff / Shutterstock

The new measurement from LHCb has found differences between baryons and antibaryons, which are made of three quarks and three antiquarks respectively. Significantly, baryons make up most of the known matter in our universe, and this is the first time that we have observed differences between matter and antimatter in this group of particles.

The LHCb experiment at the Large Hadron Collider is designed to make highly precise measurements of differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter. The experiment is operated by an international collaboration of scientists, made up of over 1,800 people based in 24 countries. In order to achieve the new result, the LHCb team studied over 80,000 baryons (“lambda-b” baryons, which are made up of a beauty quark, an up quark and a down quark) and their antimatter counterparts.

Crucially, we found that these baryons decay to specific subatomic particles (a proton, a kaon and two pions) slightly more frequently – 5% more often – than the rate at which the same process happens with antiparticles. While small, this difference is statistically significant enough to be the first observation of differences in behaviour between baryon and antibaryon decays.

To date, all measurements of matter-antimatter differences have been consistent with the small level present in the standard model. While the new measurement from LHCb is also in line with this theory, it is a major step forward. We have now seen differences in the behaviour of matter and antimatter in the group of particles that dominate the known matter of the universe. It’s a potential step in the direction of understanding why that situation came to be after the big bang.

With the current and forthcoming data runs of LHCb we will be able to study these differences forensically, and, we hope, tease out any sign of new fundamental particles that might be present.

The Conversation

William Barter works for the University of Edinburgh. He receives funding from UKRI. He is a member of the LHCb collaboration at Cern.

ref. New discovery at Cern could hint at why our universe is made up of matter and not antimatter – https://theconversation.com/new-discovery-at-cern-could-hint-at-why-our-universe-is-made-up-of-matter-and-not-antimatter-261274

Polanyi, un auteur pour mieux comprendre ce qui nous arrive

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Nicolas Postel, Professeur de Sciences Economiques- Titualire chaire Socioeconomie des communs, Université de Lille

Pour Karl Polanyi, le marché n’est pas une structure abstraite, il est encastré dans la société. (_Le Marché et la fontaine des Innocents en 1855_, de Fédor Hoffbauer [1839-1922]). Fédor Hoffbauer/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

Économiste, sociologue, mais aussi philosophe, Karl Polanyi est un penseur critique des excès du capitalisme des années 1920. Dans la Grande Transformation (1944), il décrypte le lien entre un capitalisme sans limite et les totalitarismes. Une œuvre à redécouvrir d’urgence, alors que l’on peut craindre que les mêmes causes produisent les mêmes effets.


Que nous arrive-t-il ? Pour de nombreux citoyens et chercheurs en sciences sociales, le début de l’année 2025 a été le temps d’une sidération, souvent refoulée. Les premiers mois du mandat de Donald Trump nous secouent d’autant plus que, dans le même, temps, jour après jour, les informations les plus alarmantes se succèdent sur l’accélération des effets du réchauffement climatique et de l’effondrement de la biodiversité. L’analyse que propose Karl Polanyi peut nous aider à sortir de cette sidération, en nous donnant des clés de lecture de la situation que nous vivons et des voies permettant de sortir de l’ornière.

Karl Polanyi (1886-1964) est un analyste extrêmement précieux des rapports problématiques qu’entretient notre système économique avec la société et la biosphère. Dans la Grande Transformation, son ouvrage majeur (1944), il propose à la fois une histoire du capitalisme et une mise en évidence de sa singularité à l’échelle du temps long de l’humanité.

Le capitalisme constitue en effet une réponse très singulière à la question économique – question dont aucune société ne peut s’affranchir et que Polanyi définit comme : un « procès institutionnalisé d’interaction entre l’homme et son environnement qui se traduit par la fourniture continue des moyens matériels permettant la satisfaction des besoins ».

Trois bouleversements

À première vue, cette définition peut sembler banale. Mais si on confronte cette définition à notre impensé économique, c’est bouleversant pour trois raisons :

(1) L’économie est un process institutionnalisé, cela nous dit clairement que la réponse que donne toute société à la question de la satisfaction des besoins (aux conditions de sa reproduction) est d’abord collective, sociale, politique. Il n’y a pas d’économie « avant » les institutions collectives. Exit donc, nos illusions sur l’économie comme étant le lieu d’une émancipation par l’égoïsme rationnel ! Il n’y a, à l’origine, ni Homo œconomicus, ni concurrence libre et non faussée, ni loi de marché. L’économie est d’abord et toujours une question d’institutions et donc de choix collectifs et politiques. Là se joue la liberté des acteurs : participer à la construction des institutions qui forment une réponse collective à la question de la vie matérielle.




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Le débat sur la valeur travail est une nécessité


(2) Un process « entre l’homme et son environnement » : cette définition pose ici immédiatement la question de l’insertion de la communauté humaine dans la nature, dans la biosphère, dans son lieu de vie. Seconde surprise, donc : la question écologique n’est donc pas « nouvelle »… C’est même la question fondatrice de l’économie pour Polanyi.

(3) Il s’agit de satisfaire « des besoins » et non pas des désirs insatiables d’accumulation… Là encore, cette dimension substantive de l’économique nous est devenue invisible, enfouie sous un principe d’accumulation illimitée qui nous a fait oublier la question de « ce dont nous avons vraiment besoin », au point paradoxalement de conduire nos sociétés contemporaines à assurer le superflu mais plus le nécessaire. Nous sommes, de fait (c’est ce que nous indique le franchissement des « limites environnementales »), sortis d’une trajectoire de reproductibilité des conditions de vie authentiquement humaine sur terre, alors même que nous accumulons des biens et services inutiles.

Marché autorégulateur

Cette sortie de route est un effet pervers du déploiement, depuis la révolution industrielle, d’un système de marché autorégulateur qui sert de base au mode de production capitaliste. C’est le second apport de Polanyi. Pendant des millénaires, la communauté humaine est parvenue à se reproduire de manière résiliente en pratiquant des formes d’économie socialement encastrées et cohérentes avec notre milieu de vie.

Polanyi repère ces formes sociales d’économie : l’économie domestique (autarcique) du clan ; la réciprocité entre les différentes entités progressivement mises en relation et pratiquant de manière ritualisée du don contre don ; la redistribution qui se met en place à un stade plus avancé de communautés humaines organisées autour d’un centre puissant et légitime, habilité à prélever des ressources et à les repartir, selon des critères considérés comme justes, entre les différents membres de la communauté… et le commerce, ou marché-rencontre, aux marges de la société (le mot donnera marché) dans lequel les acteurs diversifient leur consommation et négocient de gré à gré, en dehors de toute logique concurrentielle, le « juste prix ».

Ces formes économiques insérées, mises au service de la société, sont balayées par le capitalisme. Lorsque le phénomène industriel émerge et, avec lui, la promesse de l’abondance, il apparaît très clairement nécessaire de plier la société aux besoins de l’industrie. Il faut alimenter la machine productive en flux continu de travail, de matière première, et de financement permettant l’investissement. Pour que cette dynamique capitaliste fonctionne, il devient donc « nécessaire » de traiter le travail (la vie humaine), la terre (la biosphère) et la monnaie de crédit (indispensable à l’investissement) comme s’ils étaient des marchandises « produites pour être vendues ». C’est nécessaire, mais c’est faux, évidemment.

La société au service de l’économie ou l’inverse

Là est le mythe fondateur de nos sociétés qui se comprend assez vite dans les expressions désormais courantes : « ressources humaines », « ressources naturelles », « ressources monétaires ». Mais ressources pour qui ? pour quoi ? Pour la production de richesse ! Voilà ce qui constitue une inversion remarquable : la société et son environnement naturel se voient artificiellement « mises au service » de l’économie… et non l’inverse. La biosphère et la société doivent se soumettre, enfin, à « la loi » de l’économie !

Ce mythe – souligne Polanyi – travaille et détruit la société si l’on ne prend pas garde de « protéger » la vie humaine, la nature et le monnaie de cette logique concurrentielle. C’est ce que vécut Polanyi : l’effondrement de la société viennoise de l’entre-deux-guerres et de sa vie intellectuelle brillante (Einstein, Freud, Wittgenstein, Hayek, Popper… sans parler d’écrivains comme Zweig ou Schnitzler) qui s’abîma en quelques mois, dans le nazisme.

Karl Polanyi, juif, dut fuir en Angleterre. Il passera sa vie à saisir les causes de cet effondrement. Il perçoit alors que le fascisme révèle au fond « la réalité d’une société de marché » : c’est le produit d’un libéralisme économique débridé. L’échec des contre-mouvements qui, au long du XIXe siècle, cherchèrent à limiter l’emprise du marché sur la société (les paysans attachés aux communaux, les artisans attachés au travail libre, puis les prolétaires à celle d’un respect des droits humains, les nations attachées à l’étalon-or…) se traduit par une crise sociale majeure.

Une réaction sociale convulsive

Dans cette société dominée par la concurrence de tous contre tous, chaque individu est renvoyé à son intérêt propre, désocialisé.
L’espace commun de délibération se réduit, s’étiole, disparaît. Mais la société ne disparaît pas : elle se régénère maladivement, de manière dysfonctionnelle non plus par la raison et l’existence d’un dessein commun, mais par le sang, la « race », et l’homme providentiel. Le totalitarisme, c’est cette réaction sociale, presque convulsive, maladive et qui est le symptôme d’une société disloquée sous l’effet du libéralisme.


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Polanyi pense, lorsqu’il présente cette analyse dans l’immédiat après-guerre, que cet effondrement appartient au passé. Les sociétés occidentales vont se reconstruire en pleine connaissance de cause. C’est le sens de la « grande transformation » (le titre de son livre) qui s’opère avec, notamment, les accords de Philadelphie (fondateurs, en 1944, de l’Organisation internationale du travail) qui actent la nécessité de « protéger » le travail contre la logique concurrentielle, et ceux de Bretton Wood qui actent la constitution d’un système monétaire international réduisant le rôle des marchés et plaçant la question du financement dans la main des États.

Les institutions collectives, politiques, reprennent la main sur l’économique et lui assignent des règles qui, partiellement, « dé-marchandisent » le rapport à la monnaie et au travail (mais pas à la nature). Le monde occidental connaît alors un cycle long de prospérité et de paix. Les Occidentaux voient leur qualité de vie augmenter au fur et à mesure que la production se déploie, grâce à la redistribution des gains de productivité, au point que hausse du PIB et hausse du bonheur finissent par se confondre dans l’esprit public… au détriment des rentiers qui voient leur avoir diminuer.

Réencastrement partiel

Mais ce réencastrement de l’économie dans la société est partiel. La sphère domestique continue d’être niée, la nature d’être pillée, le travail d’être aliéné dans son contenu (c’est la période taylorienne).

Au début des années soixante-dix, les détenteurs de patrimoine financier, lésés par l’État social, sonnent l’heure de la révolte, et parviennent à démanteler le système monétaire international et à réactiver la puissance des marchés financiers. Ceci tandis que les populations mondiales dénoncent l’épouvantable exploitation des ressources mondiales au seul profit de l’Occident et que les salariés dénoncent le taylorisme. Le compromis de l’après-guerre ainsi mis en critique s’étiole et laisse la place à une phase dite néolibérale. C’est cette phase de remarchandisation très rapide qui, aujourd’hui, nous amène au bord du gouffre.

Le néolibéralisme a débuté sa révolution par la remarchandisation de la monnaie et la redynamisation du pouvoir des marchés et des actionnaires, la seconde phase se traduit par la remarchandisation du travail (le droit du travail est allégé, les protections sociales affaiblies), et de la nature (marché de l’énergie, marché carbone, brevetabilité du vivant, accaparement foncier…). Cette remarchandisation, qui oublie totalement les leçons de l’histoire, nous conduit au bord d’un précipice écologique et social.

Monétairement, socialement, politiquement, écologiquement, tout notre système se fissure. Ces failles structurelles entraînent un immense désarroi social et… la résurgence de mouvements néo-fascistes, néonazis, nationalistes autoritaires… Selon une mécanique extrêmement proche de celle que décrit Polanyi. La crise politique de nos démocraties est donc d’abord une crise de notre économie, ou, plus précisément, de la pression qu’exerce l’économique (dans sa version marchande) sur le social et la biosphère.

BFM Business.

Retour aux sagesses anciennes ?

Au-delà du diagnostic, Polanyi nous donne des ressources pour agir. Il nous permet de percevoir la résilience des structures de « l’ancien monde » dans nos vies et nos économies. Les sagesses anciennes n’ont pas disparu : nous pratiquons à très grande échelle la redistribution, une large part de nos échanges sociaux est fondée sur la réciprocité (et notamment au sein de l’économie sociale et solidaire), et chacun sait l’importance vitale de notre foyer familial.

Nous vivons, des temps polanyiens, et ils ont leur part de noirceur. Mais, si l’on suit Polanyi, la liberté – celle qui consiste à choisir ensemble un horizon commun – est devant nous. Notre extraordinaire capacité de production – héritage indéniable du capitalisme – doit nous permettre de nous poser sereinement la question de nos besoins, et cela nous amènera à consommer moins !

Moins de nourriture, moins de psychotropes, moins de déplacements professionnels, et plus de temps libre : ce ne serait tout de même pas triste ! Polanyi ne nous propose pas de solutions clés en main, mais montre un chemin : retrouver le goût de la délibération collective et la défendre contre l’établissement d’un principe de concurrence généralisée – celui de la gouvernance actionnariale – qui détruit la société, nourrit le totalitarisme et se heurte violemment aux limites planétaires.

The Conversation

Nicolas Postel ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Polanyi, un auteur pour mieux comprendre ce qui nous arrive – https://theconversation.com/polanyi-un-auteur-pour-mieux-comprendre-ce-qui-nous-arrive-257393

From coal to crops: Dayak women lead a just transition through backyard farming

Source: The Conversation – Indonesia – By Aidy Halimanjaya, Associate lecturer, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

The global shift toward renewable energy is no longer a choice but a necessity: the climate crisis intensifies, with 2024 confirmed as the warmest year on record.

Yet in Indonesia, coal remains an economic lifeline for several regions. In East Kutai, East Kalimantan, coal mining accounts for nearly 75% of the district’s gross regional domestic product (GRDP).

The end of the coal mining era will come at a cost to local residents, many of whom risk losing their current jobs — especially after their traditional forest-based livelihoods have already been eroded by environmental degradation tied to fossil fuel extraction.

Aulia, 31, a Dayak women from East Kutai, admitted:

We’re heavily dependent on mining—it’s the only thing that gives us a substantial income.

Yet, amid this dilemma, indigenous Dayak women are unfolding a quiet revolution.

By growing food crops in their backyards, these women not only generate income but also demonstrate that sustainable agriculture can align with local traditions. Their initiative is an inspiration, especially for communities near mining sites seeking alternative sources of income.

Mining’s hidden toll on women and indigenous communities

While coal fuels East Kalimantan’s economy, its benefits are unevenly distributed. In 2024, Kutai Kartanegara and East Kutai regencies were ranked first and third among the province’s poorest regions.

Instead of prosperity, many residents face environmental degradation and the loss of traditional livelihoods (land-based livelihood). This is especially true for women, who are often marginalised in decision-making and excluded from the mining sector.

Since the forest was converted into a mining pit, the indigenous Dayak Basap community, which once relied on the forest for its livelihood, has lost its traditional living space and been forced to adapt to survive.

Many men have turned to mining, while women have sought other ways to support their families: some teach, others run small businesses, and many now grow chillies, spinach, and watercress in their backyards.

From backyards to resistance: A community’s fight for survival

With the changing economic landscape, Basap Dayak women are turning to their yards as a source of alternative income. There, they grow food crops that yield quick harvests, are in high demand, and may influence local inflation — such as chillies. Spinach and watercress are also among the popular choices.

This shift is driven by a 2024 pilot project from Just Transition Indonesia and Parahyangan University, supported by Energi Muda, a local NGO focused on energy transition issues.

On a 700-square-metre plot, local residents have learned to blend traditional farming with modern permaculture techniques, including composting and crop rotation. Permaculture is a holistic approach to agriculture and land management that mimics patterns found in surrounding natural ecosystems. Local youth are also engaged as community mobilisers to support the post-coal transition.

The results are promising. With agricultural science and technological support from the startup HARA, Dayak Basap women have overcome challenges such as acidic soil and water pollution caused by mining. Through seed cultivation, their crop yields have even outperformed those of conventional farming methods previously tested.

They’ve also learned to sell their harvests directly to consumers — such as restaurants and cracker producers — cutting out middlemen and increasing their bargaining power. This combination of traditional knowledge and modern innovation is not only enhancing community capacity but also delivering tangible economic benefits.

When innovation meets tradition: Overcoming barriers

However, the journey is far from easy. Formerly mined land takes a long time to recover. Acidic soil and water contaminated with heavy metals pose serious challenges, while limited access to tools and fertilisers remains a significant barrier. In some cases, communities must purchase pre-grown seedlings to speed up the planting process.

This chilli planting program has been very good. It’s just that the condition of the land was inadequate and hard to improve. If there’s a chance, maybe we can try farming that lasts more than just one season—Indigenous Dayak women.

Furthermore, the transition from shifting cropping to a long-term management system requires ongoing training. This kind of adaptation certainly cannot be achieved overnight and requires intensive mentoring.

A just transition must be grassroots-led

Initiatives like these offer valuable lessons.

First, the energy transition must involve local communities—especially women—from the outset.

Second, collective, community-based approaches have proven more sustainable than top-down programmes, which often fail to address real needs on the ground.

Third, policy support must be directed toward grassroots initiatives like this. The focus should not only be on meeting transition targets, but also on ensuring social and ecological justice.

In the global context, Indonesia has expressed its commitment through the Paris Agreement and the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP). However, this commitment must be grounded in the lived experiences of communities, particularly indigenous women and those directly impacted by extractive industries.

A just energy transition requires gradual steps, targeted programme support, inclusive partnerships, and genuine commitment from all stakeholders.

The story of the Dayak Basap women is more than one of resilience—it is a roadmap for a just energy transition. Their success proves that economic diversification is possible, even in coal-dependent regions. But that success hinges on the quality of support: whether it truly meets community needs and is led by strong local leadership.

The Conversation

Aidy Halimanjaya terafiliasi sebagai pendiri dan direktur Yayasan Transisi berkeadilan Indonesia. Ia menerima dana dari Bank Indonesia melalui Universitas Parahyangan.

ref. From coal to crops: Dayak women lead a just transition through backyard farming – https://theconversation.com/from-coal-to-crops-dayak-women-lead-a-just-transition-through-backyard-farming-260827

Do women really need more sleep than men? A sleep psychologist explains

Source: The Conversation – Global Perspectives – By Amelia Scott, Honorary Affiliate and Clinical Psychologist at the Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, and Macquarie University Research Fellow, Macquarie University

klebercordeiro/Getty

If you spend any time in the wellness corners of TikTok or Instagram, you’ll see claims women need one to two hours more sleep than men.

But what does the research actually say? And how does this relate to what’s going on in real life?

As we’ll see, who gets to sleep, and for how long, is a complex mix of biology, psychology and societal expectations. It also depends on how you measure sleep.

What does the evidence say?

Researchers usually measure sleep in two ways:

  • by asking people how much they sleep (known as self-reporting). But people are surprisingly inaccurate at estimating how much sleep they get

  • using objective tools, such as research-grade, wearable sleep trackers or the gold-standard polysomnography, which records brain waves, breathing and movement while you sleep during a sleep study in a lab or clinic.

Looking at the objective data, well-conducted studies usually show women sleep about 20 minutes more than men.

One global study of nearly 70,000 people who wore wearable sleep trackers found a consistent, small difference between men and women across age groups. For example, the sleep difference between men and women aged 40–44 was about 23–29 minutes.

Another large study using polysomnography found women slept about 19 minutes longer than men. In this study, women also spent more time in deep sleep: about 23% of the night compared to about 14% for men. The study also found only men’s quality of sleep declined with age.

The key caveat to these findings is that our individual sleep needs vary considerably. Women may sleep slightly more on average, just as they are slightly shorter on average. But there is no one-size-fits-all sleep duration, just as there is no universal height.

Suggesting every woman needs 20 extra minutes (let alone two hours) misses the point. It’s the same as insisting all women should be shorter than all men.

Even though women tend to sleep a little longer and deeper, they consistently report poorer sleep quality. They’re also about 40% more likely to be diagnosed with insomnia.

This mismatch between lab findings and the real world is a well-known puzzle in sleep research, and there are many reasons for it.

For instance, many research studies don’t consider mental health problems, medications, alcohol use and hormonal fluctuations. This filters out the very factors that shape sleep in the real world.

This mismatch between the lab and the bedroom also reminds us sleep doesn’t happen in a vacuum. Women’s sleep is shaped by a complex mix of biological, psychological and social factors, and this complexity is hard to capture in individual studies.

Let’s start with biology

Sleep problems begin to diverge between the sexes around puberty. They spike again during pregnancy, after birth and during perimenopause.

Fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, particularly oestrogen and progesterone, seem to explain some of these sex differences in sleep.

For example, many girls and women report poorer sleep during the premenstrual phase just before their periods, when oestrogen and progesterone begin to fall.

Perhaps the most well-documented hormonal influence on our sleep is the decline in oestrogen during perimenopause. This is linked to increased sleep disturbances, particularly waking at 3am and struggling to get back to sleep.

Some health conditions also play a part in women’s sleep health. Thyroid disorders and iron deficiency, for instance, are more common in women and are closely linked to fatigue and disrupted sleep.

How about psychology?

Women are at much higher risk of depression, anxiety and trauma-related disorders. These very often accompany sleep problems and fatigue. Cognitive patterns, such as worry and rumination, are also more common in women and known to affect sleep.

Women are also prescribed antidepressants more often than men, and these medications tend to affect sleep.

Society also plays a role

Caregiving and emotional labour still fall disproportionately on women. Government data released this year suggests Australian women perform an average nine more hours of unpaid care and work each week than men.

While many women manage to put enough time aside for sleep, their opportunities for daytime rest are often scarce. This puts a lot of pressure on sleep to deliver all the restoration women need.

In my work with patients, we often untangle the threads woven into their experience of fatigue. While poor sleep is the obvious culprit, fatigue can also signal something deeper, such as underlying health issues, emotional strain, or too-high expectations of themselves. Sleep is certainly part of the picture, but it’s rarely the whole story.

For instance, rates of iron deficiency (which we know is more common in women and linked to sleep problems) are also higher in the reproductive years. This is just as many women are raising children and grappling with the “juggle” and the “mental load”.

Women in perimenopause are often navigating full-time work, teenagers, ageing parents and 3am hot flashes. These women may have adequate or even high-quality sleep (according to objective measures), but that doesn’t mean they wake feeling restored.

Most existing research also ignores gender-diverse populations. This limits our understanding of how sleep is shaped not just by biology, but by things such as identity and social context.

So where does this leave us?

While women sleep longer and better in the lab, they face more barriers to feeling rested in everyday life.

So, do women need more sleep than men? On average, yes, a little. But more importantly, women need more support and opportunity to recharge and recover across the day, and at night.

The Conversation

Amelia Scott is a member of the psychology education subcommittee of the Australasian Sleep Association. She receives funding from Macquarie University.

ref. Do women really need more sleep than men? A sleep psychologist explains – https://theconversation.com/do-women-really-need-more-sleep-than-men-a-sleep-psychologist-explains-259985

Catholic clergy are speaking out on immigration − more than any other political issue except abortion

Source: The Conversation – USA (3) – By Evan Stewart, Assistant Professor of Sociology, UMass Boston

Catholic bishops invited by Mark Seitz, center, the bishop of El Paso, Texas, lead a march in solidarity with migrants on March 24, 2025, in downtown El Paso. AP Photo/Andres Leighton

Catholic priests across the U.S. discuss immigration with their congregations more than leaders in many other faith traditions, according to our new research published in the journal Sociological Focus.

Catholic priests also said they discussed immigration more than nearly all other political issues, including hunger in their communities, capital punishment, health care and the environment. Abortion was the only one priests discussed slightly more often.

Our study, which uses data from the 2022 National Survey of Religious Leaders, found that 71% of Catholic priests surveyed said they spoke about any political issue with their congregations. Among them, just over half talked about immigration.

In white conservative Protestant congregations, Black Protestant congregations and non-Christian congregations, only about a quarter of leaders who discussed political issues said they talked about immigration. Leaders of white liberal Protestant congregations, however, talked about the topic almost as much as Catholic leaders did.

Why it matters

The United States has a long history of religious leaders addressing political matters, on both the left and the right – and today is no different.

With immigration raids on the rise across the country and an unprecedented level of funding approved for deportations, Catholic bishops in the U.S. are speaking out. Many of them have called for compassion and care for migrants and the need to uphold human dignity and due process, regardless of someone’s immigration status – in line with Catholic social teaching.

As sociologists who study politics and religion, we wanted to know what is happening on the ground in congregations. Given the church’s teachings about caring for the vulnerable, we expected that Catholic clergy might be particularly likely to speak out.

However, the percentage of people affiliated with a religious congregation is decreasing, and those who do attend are increasingly politically conservative. Rank and file Catholics are very divided on their support for immigrants, according to a 2024 national survey by the Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate.

In this context, we were curious about whether clergy would discuss a political issue such as immigration with their congregations or say they avoid it altogether.

What still isn’t known

The survey we used is from 2022, before some of today’s immigration enforcement policies took effect. That said, these findings demonstrate that immigration was on the radar for Catholic leaders before the recent changes under the current administration.

Because we focused on survey data, we got a good picture of trends among Catholic leaders nationwide. However, we could look only at whether religious leaders reported discussing immigration; we could not know exactly what they said, or how. There is much more to learn about what kinds of political messages come from the pulpit today and what messages tend to stick with congregants.

We did find that Catholic leaders of congregations where the majority of worshipers are Hispanic were much more likely to talk about immigration, compared with leaders of non-Catholic Hispanic congregations and Catholic leaders of mostly white congregations. Because Hispanic communities in the U.S. are facing the brunt of the immigration crackdown, this finding shows that Catholic leaders have been addressing the needs of their communities.

What’s next

Catholic parishioners may be exposed to different opinions about immigration from religious and political leaders. Diane, one of the authors, is furthering this research by conducting interviews with Catholics in Greater Boston. By asking church members to talk through their attitudes toward immigrants, we can learn more about how people make sense of complicated ethical questions.

The Research Brief is a short take on interesting academic work.

The Conversation

Diane Beckman received funding from Duke University to conduct research using data from the National Survey of Religious Leaders.

Evan Stewart does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Catholic clergy are speaking out on immigration − more than any other political issue except abortion – https://theconversation.com/catholic-clergy-are-speaking-out-on-immigration-more-than-any-other-political-issue-except-abortion-260485

The government wants local authorities to embrace AI – here’s one way it could work in practice

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Alex Lord, Professor, Lever Chair of Urban Planning, University of Liverpool

Francesco Scatena/Shutterstock

Few issues ignite communities more fiercely than what to do with land. The prospect of releasing small portions of green belt land for housing developments, a windfarm proposal or plans for a new road can transform mild-mannered citizens into passionate advocates overnight.

This visceral connection between people and place perfectly illustrates the famous observation that “all politics is local”. In England, the principle that every citizen should be given the opportunity to “have their say” on planning matters is enshrined in law. Before any planning document is adopted, local authorities must give the public the chance to provide feedback.

The logic for this is based on a common-sense morality: before binding decisions are made about how an area might change, the local people who have to live with those decisions should be given the opportunity to endorse or reject that plan.

In practice this is a hugely cumbersome process. Local authorities have to make sense of thousands of comments. This prompted my colleagues and I at the University of Liverpool to begin thinking about how AI could be used to make this process more efficient.

Once a local authority publishes the relevant local planning document, every citizen, company, public, private or third sector organisation has the right to submit a written response. These may address the entire document or focus on a specific issue.

In all cases, the local authority is obliged to collate, comprehend and concisely summarise all public submissions. They will then decide whether the document requires amendments or if further evidence is needed to justify the proposals.

This creates an overwhelming burden for planning departments up and down the country. In high-development areas, submissions often number in the tens of thousands. And individual submissions range from a few sentences to over 100 pages.

Planners must read, absorb and synthesise all this information into a final report which will be used to make a decision. This report must fairly represent the aggregate views across all submissions.

Beyond the sheer volume of responses, human cognitive limitations and biases further complicate the process. Some submissions may be given greater emphasis than others. Recently read submissions are likely to have a greater influence on the reader than those reviewed earlier.

A digital solution

These challenges prompted us to explore alternatives. We partnered with Greater Cambridge Shared Planning – the planning authority for Cambridge City and South Cambridgeshire District Councils – to develop an AI-powered solution. Our tool, Plan AI, would read and summarise public submissions to the planning process.

In 2025, my colleagues and I conducted a real-world experiment. Three live public consultation exercises were processed in parallel – once by planners and once by Plan AI.

It took a planning officer just over 60 hours in total to download and process 320 submissions. Eighteen hours of this time was used to summarise each submission – a task that took Plan AI only 16 minutes. In that time, the AI tool was also able to create comprehensive reports identifying key themes, referenced sources and geographic analysis of the submissions.

A subsequent qualitative assessment found there to be no discernible difference in the quality of the summaries produced by the human planning officer and those by Plan AI. In fact, the general overview document produced by Plan AI is a significant addition to what would normally be produced. It included a geographic analysis of the origins of submissions – crucial information for planners to understand which communities and demographic groups were participating in the consultation.

Close up of a solar farm
Controversial planning proposals can attract tens of thousands of public comments.
pjhpix/Shutterstock

The future of planning

The UK government has set out a vision for local authorities to embrace AI for reducing administrative burden and improving the efficiency of government. For example, it recently rolled out an AI tool, developed with Google DeepMind, to digitise planning records.

The implications of experiments like these are far reaching. Planners can focus on their core expertise – assessing applications and supporting government priorities for housing, new towns and infrastructure renewal – rather than spending countless hours processing public comments.

AI can process vast amounts of text more consistently and comprehensively than humans. It can also identify connections between submissions that might otherwise be missed.

With the administrative burden drastically reduced, local authorities could potentially consult citizens more frequently across a wider range of planning issues, making planning even more democratic. Planners freed from paperwork could also dedicate more time to meaningful public engagement.

Of course, one danger with AI is that it could be used on the other side of the consultation, to generate a large volume of submissions in an attempt to over-amplify a particular point of view. However, AI tools could be used to defend against this.

PlanAI or similar programmes can generate an immediate summary of a comment submission, an ideal opportunity to insert a verification check that the submitter is indeed human. Putting the human back in the loop in this way reduces the potential for AI to be used to skew consultations.

By building the right tools and systems, we can create planning processes that are both more efficient and more responsive to citizen input – a win for democracy and effective governance alike.

The Conversation

PlanAI was developed under a paid contract with Greater Cambridge Shared Planning. At the time of publication, it is not sold or marketed to other governments or authorities, but may be so in the future. Alex Lord and the other researchers involved received funding from the UK government’s PropTech initiative and Greater Cambridge Shared Planning.

ref. The government wants local authorities to embrace AI – here’s one way it could work in practice – https://theconversation.com/the-government-wants-local-authorities-to-embrace-ai-heres-one-way-it-could-work-in-practice-258449

Les plus vieilles roches de la Terre ont plus de quatre milliards d’années et ont été retrouvées au Québec

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Hanika Rizo, Associate Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University

La Terre s’est formée il y a environ 4,6 milliards d’années, durant l’éon géologique de l’Hadéen. Ce terme tire son origine du dieu grec des enfers et fait référence à la chaleur extrême qui régnait sur la planète à cette époque.

Il y a 4,35 milliards d’années, la Terre s’est sans doute suffisamment refroidie pour que se forme la première croûte et que la vie apparaisse.

On sait toutefois très peu de choses sur cette première période de l’histoire de la planète, car les roches et les minéraux de cette époque sont extrêmement rares. L’absence d’archives géologiques préservées rend difficile la reconstitution de l’aspect de la Terre au cours de l’Hadéen, ce qui laisse sans réponse de nombreuses questions sur les débuts de son évolution.

Nous faisons partie d’une équipe de recherche qui a confirmé que les roches les plus anciennes connues sur Terre se trouvent dans le Nord-du-Québec. Âgées de plus de quatre milliards d’années, ces roches offrent un aperçu rare et inestimable des origines de notre planète.

Deux hommes se tiennent debout sur des rochers et examinent des objets dans leurs mains
Les géologues Jonathan O’Neil et Chris Sole examinent des roches dans le Nord-du-Québec.
(H. Rizo), CC BY

Vestiges de l’Hadéen

L’éon de l’Hadéen est la première période de l’échelle des temps géologiques. Il s’étend de la formation de la Terre, il y a 4,6 milliards d’années, jusqu’à il y a environ 4,03 milliards d’années.

Les matériaux terrestres les plus anciens jamais datés par des scientifiques sont des minéraux de zircon extrêmement rares qui ont été découverts en Australie-Occidentale. Ces zircons se sont formés il y a 4,4 milliards d’années et, malgré l’érosion de leur roche hôte, leur durabilité leur a permis d’être préservés.

L’étude de ces minéraux nous a fourni des indices sur l’environnement hadéen ainsi que sur la constitution et l’évolution de la plus vieille croûte terrestre. La composition chimique des zircons semble indiquer qu’ils se sont formés dans des magmas issus de la fonte de sédiments déposés au fond d’un ancien océan. Les zircons seraient donc la preuve d’un refroidissement rapide durant l’Hadéen et de l’apparition précoce d’océans d’eau liquide.


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D’autres travaux de recherche sur les zircons de l’Hadéen suggèrent que la première croûte terrestre était mafique, c’est-à-dire riche en magnésium et en fer. Jusqu’à récemment, l’existence de cette croûte restait à confirmer.

En 2008, une étude dirigée par Jonathan O’Neil, professeur agrégé (doctorant à l’Université McGill à l’époque), a avancé que des roches de cette ancienne croûte avaient été préservées dans le Nord-du-Québec et constituaient le seul vestige connu de l’Hadéen.

Depuis, l’âge de ces roches, découvertes dans la ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq, suscite controverses et débats scientifiques.

un paysage plat et rocheux
La ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq dans le Nord-du-Québec.
(H. Rizo), CC BY

De vieilles roches grosses et solides

La ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq se situe dans la région la plus septentrionale du Québec, au Nunavik, au nord du 55e parallèle. La plupart des roches qui la composent sont des roches volcaniques métamorphisées, riches en magnésium et en fer. Celles qu’on y retrouve en plus grande quantité sont appelées « Ujaraaluk », ce qui signifie « vieille roche grosse et solide » en inuktitut.

L’âge de 4,3 milliards d’années a été proposé après la détection de variations de l’isotope néodyme 142, produit exclusivement pendant l’Hadéen par la désintégration radioactive du samarium 146. Les proportions relatives des isotopes de samarium et de néodyme ont déjà servi à dater des météorites et des roches lunaires, mais avant 2008, cette méthode n’avait jamais été utilisée pour dater des roches terrestres.

Cette interprétation a toutefois été contestée par plusieurs groupes de recherche, dont certains ont étudié des zircons de la ceinture et proposé un âge plus jeune, de 3,78 milliards d’années au maximum, les situant ainsi dans l’éon de l’Archéen.

Origine hadéenne confirmée

À l’été 2017, nous sommes retournés dans la ceinture de Nuvvuagittuq afin d’examiner des roches anciennes de plus près. Cette fois, nous avons collecté des métagabbros, des roches intrusives qui traversent la formation rocheuse d’Ujaraaluk, dans l’espoir d’obtenir des contraintes d’âge indépendantes. Le fait que ces métagabbros soient en intrusion dans les roches Ujaraaluk signifie que ces dernières sont plus anciennes.

Le projet a été mené par Chris Sole, étudiant en maîtrise à l’Université d’Ottawa, qui nous a rejoints sur le terrain. De retour au laboratoire, nous avons collaboré avec le géochronologue français Jean-Louis Paquette. Deux étudiants de premier cycle ont également participé au projet : David Benn (Université d’Ottawa) et Joeli Plakholm (Université de Carleton).

Nous avons combiné nos observations de terrain avec la pétrologie, la géochimie et la géochronologie, puis appliqué deux méthodes indépendantes de datation samarium-néodyme, une technique utilisée pour estimer l’âge absolu des roches magmatiques avant qu’elles ne deviennent des roches métamorphiques. Les deux évaluations ont donné le même résultat : les roches intrusives ont 4,16 milliards d’années.

un paysage rocheux se découpant sur le coucher du soleil
Coucher de soleil sur la ceinture de roches vertes de Nuvvuagittuq.
(H. Rizo), CC BY

Les plus vieilles roches

Comme ces métagabbros traversent la formation d’Ujaraaluk, les roches d’Ujaraaluk doivent être encore plus anciennes, ce qui les place résolument dans l’Hadéen.

L’étude des roches de Nuvvuagittuq, les seules roches de l’Hadéen préservées, offre une occasion unique d’explorer l’histoire la plus ancienne de notre planète. Elles pourraient nous aider à comprendre comment les premiers continents se sont formés et comment et quand l’environnement de la Terre est devenu habitable.

La Conversation Canada

Hanika Rizo reçoit un financement du Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada (CRSNG).

Jonathan O’Neil reçoit un financement du Conseil de recherches en sciences naturelles et en génie du Canada.

ref. Les plus vieilles roches de la Terre ont plus de quatre milliards d’années et ont été retrouvées au Québec – https://theconversation.com/les-plus-vieilles-roches-de-la-terre-ont-plus-de-quatre-milliards-dannees-et-ont-ete-retrouvees-au-quebec-260624

Why drones and AI can’t quickly find missing flood victims, yet

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Robin R. Murphy, Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University

The landscape In the aftermath of a flood makes it challenging to spot victims. AP Photo/Gerald Herbert

For search and rescue, AI is not more accurate than humans, but it is far faster.

Recent successes in applying computer vision and machine learning to drone imagery for rapidly determining building and road damage after hurricanes or shifting wildfire lines suggest that artificial intelligence could be valuable in searching for missing persons after a flood.

Machine learning systems typically take less than one second to scan a high-resolution image from a drone versus one to three minutes for a person. Plus, drones often produce more imagery to view than is humanly possible in the critical first hours of a search when survivors may still be alive.

Unfortunately, today’s AI systems are not up to the task.

We are robotics reseachers who study the use of drones in disasters. Our experiences searching for victims of flooding and numerous other events show that current implementations of AI fall short.

However, the technology can play a role in searching for flood victims. The key is AI-human collaboration.

a large red SUV with a white horizontal stripe and symbols and lettering along the side
Drones have become standard equipment for first responders, but floods pose unique challenges.
Eric Smalley, CC BY-ND

AI’s potential

Searching for flood victims is a type of wilderness search and rescue that presents unique challenges. The goal for machine learning scientists is to rank which images have signs of victims and indicate where in those images search-and-rescue personnel should focus. If the responder sees signs of a victim, they pass the GPS location in the image to search teams in the field to check.

The ranking is done by a classifier, which is an algorithm that learns to identify similar instances of objects – cats, cars, trees – from training data in order to recognize those objects in new images. For example, in a search-and-rescue context, a classifier would spot instances of human activity such as garbage or backpacks to pass to wilderness search-and-rescue teams, or even identify the missing person themselves.

A classifier is needed because of the sheer volume of imagery that drones can produce. For example, a single 20-minute flight can produce over 800 high-resolution images. If there are 10 flights – a small number – there would be over 8,000 images. If a responder spends only 10 seconds looking at each image, it would take over 22 hours of effort. Even if the task is divided among a group of “squinters,” humans tend to miss areas of images and show cognitive fatigue.

The ideal solution is an AI system that scans the entire image, prioritizes images that have the strongest signs of victims, and highlights the area of the image for a responder to inspect. It could also decide whether the location should be flagged for special attention by search-and-rescue crews.

Where AI falls short

While this seems to be a perfect opportunity for computer vision and machine learning, modern systems have a high error rate. If the system is programmed to overestimate the number of candidate locations in hopes of not missing any victims, it will likely produce too many false candidates. That would mean overloading squinters or, worse, the search-and-rescue teams, which would have to navigate through debris and muck to check the candidate locations.

Developing computer vision and machine learning systems for finding flood victims is difficult for three reasons.

One is that while existing computer vision systems are certainly capable of identifying people visible in aerial imagery, the visual indicators of a flood victim are often very different compared with those for a lost hiker or fugitive. Flood victims are often obscured, camouflaged, entangled in debris or submerged in water. These visual challenges increase the possibility that existing classifiers will miss victims.

Second, machine learning requires training data, but there are no datasets of aerial imagery where humans are tangled in debris, covered in mud and not in normal postures. This lack also increases the possibility of errors in classification.

Third, many of the drone images often captured by searchers are oblique views, rather than looking straight down. This means the GPS location of a candidate area is not the same as the GPS location of the drone. It is possible to compute the GPS location if the drone’s altitude and camera angle are known, but unfortunately those attributes rarely are. The imprecise GPS location means teams have to spend extra time searching.

How AI can help

Fortunately, with humans and AI working together, search-and-rescue teams can successfully use existing systems to help narrow down and prioritize imagery for further inspection.

In the case of flooding, human remains may be tangled among vegetation and debris. Therefore, a system could identify clumps of debris big enough to contain remains. A common search strategy is to identify the GPS locations of where flotsam has gathered, because victims may be part of these same deposits.

aerial view of a landscape with green rings superimposed
A machine learning algorithm identified piles of debris large enough to contain bodies in an aerial image of a flood aftermath.
Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue and University of Maryland

An AI classifier could find debris commonly associated with remains, such as artificial colors and construction debris with straight lines or 90-degree corners. Responders find these signs as they systematically walk the riverbanks and flood plains, but a classifier could help prioritize areas in the first few hours and days, when there may be survivors, and later could confirm that teams didn’t miss any areas of interest as they navigated the difficult landscape on foot.

The Conversation

Robin R. Murphy receives funding from the National Science Foundation. She is affiliated with the Center for Robot-Assisted Search and Rescue.

Thomas Manzini is affiliated with the Center for Robot Assisted Search & Rescue (CRASAR), and his work is funded by the National Science Foundation’s AI Institute for Societal Decision Making (AI-SDM).

ref. Why drones and AI can’t quickly find missing flood victims, yet – https://theconversation.com/why-drones-and-ai-cant-quickly-find-missing-flood-victims-yet-261035

Un gran cementerio del siglo XVIII sale a la luz en la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Antonio Gámiz Gordo, Doctor Arquitecto, Profesor Titular, Universidad de Sevilla

Vista aérea de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba Songquan Deng/Shutterstock

La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba nos sigue sorprendiendo. A lo largo de siglos ha sido objeto de importantes transformaciones sin perder su identidad arquitectónica y siempre ha mantenido un uso religioso, primero como mezquita y después como catedral. Está incluida en la Lista de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y sigue acaparando el interés de la propia ciudad, de miles de viajeros y de nuevas investigaciones que tratan de desvelar sus misterios.

En un reciente artículo científico que hemos publicado en la revista EGA se han identificado más de mil sepulturas en un plano anónimo de 1741 conservado en el Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba. Se ha constatado que un gran cementerio ocupaba entonces sus capillas y naves.

Un preciso plano de 1741

En un artículo previo escrito junto a Juan Francisco Reinoso, de la Universidad de Granada, habíamos digitalizado este singular documento gráfico, que mide 103 x 165 cm. y en el que se usó la técnica del óleo. También habíamos analizado otros sorprendentes dibujos de Girault de Prangey hacia 1839 que destacan entre el rico legado de imágenes históricas de la Mezquita-Catedral.

Plano anónimo de la Mezquita-Catedral, 1741.
Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba, CC BY-NC

Por su gran precisión dimensional e interés documental, el de 1741 ha sido considerado el primer plano científico de este monumento. Es uno de los dibujos arquitectónicos más importantes del siglo XVIII en Europa.

Entre sus abundantes y valiosos pormenores destaca un gran rótulo con la palabra “SEPULTURAS”, que subraya su objetivo central. Tras una cuidadosa trascripción gráfica con técnicas digitales, hemos identificado 1 085 sepulturas y 52 criptas, difíciles de percibir a simple vista o en las reproducciones publicadas hasta ahora. La superficie total ocupada por enterramientos sería de unos 2 000 m² de los 13 680 m² útiles del monumento, incluidas las galerías del patio. Las sepulturas ocupaban más de la mitad de la superficie de algunas naves.

Detalle de sepulturas en plano de 1741 de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba.
Anónimo [Archivo Catedral de Córdoba], CC BY-NC

Enterramientos variados

Diversos estudios habían analizado los enterramientos en la Mezquita-Catedral hasta el siglo XVI, pero no los del XVIII. Para constatar la veracidad del plano, se han revisado los Libros de Cuentas de
Fábrica
en el propio Archivo de la Catedral y el Libro de Defunciones de la parroquia del Sagrario. También se han consultado muchos testamentos del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Córdoba.

La Mezquita-Catedral fue un lugar de enterramiento elegido por la nobleza y el clero desde la Edad Media, como símbolo de prestigio social. Esto se convertiría en un importante fundamento de la economía eclesiástica. Debe recordarse que en la Capilla Real fueron enterrados los reyes Fernando IV y Alfonso XI. A partir del siglo XVI, tras concluirse la construcción de la Parroquia del Sagrario en el recinto, se comenzó a enterrar allí personas ligadas a ella, además de personajes ilustres como el escritor Luis de Góngora, entre otros muchos.

Se ha comprobado que en los 20 años previos al plano, entre 1722 y 1741, hubo 1 966 enterramientos en el interior del templo y 623 en el patio, que suman 2 589. Su procedencia era diversa: el clero, la nobleza, la Parroquia del Sagrario y el Hospital de San Sebastián. Todo ello hace verosímil la información dibujada en el documento.

Sepulturas vendidas y costes según Libro de Cuentas.
Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba, CC BY-NC

Además, se han obtenido datos sobre distintos tipos de enterramientos, su denominación (“llano”, “una capa”, “dos capas”, “solemne”, “madrugada”…) y su correspondiente coste según la ubicación. Por ejemplo, junto a una pila de agua bendita la limosna era de 50 reales (5 agosto 1710), delante del altar de Nuestra Señora del Sol costaba 240 reales (15 marzo 1710), y en la nave de Villaviciosa (28 febrero 1711) 750 reales. Los lugares más cotizados estaban cerca del crucero, de la Capilla Real y de Villaviciosa.

Las sepulturas de la Parroquia del Sagrario ocuparían las naves de la ampliación de Almanzor, que entonces tenían pavimento de tierra. Muchos testamentos indicaban el deseo de ser sepultado en una cripta común de la Cofradía del Santísimo Sacramento, a la que pertenecían. También se ha constatado que las 143 sepulturas dibujadas en la galería oeste del patio eran compartidas entre numerosos pobres, en gran parte procedentes del Hospital de San Sebastián. Por cada difunto el capellán entregaba una limosna de 2 reales.

La prohibición de enterramientos masivos en templos

Las frecuentes epidemias hicieron que el estado de salubridad provocado por los enterramientos en los templos fuese muy cuestionado. Además de la peste, Córdoba sufrió graves plagas, como las fiebres catarrales malignas y tabardillos, que hacia 1738 provocaron miles de muertes. Según el plano de 1741, la Mezquita-Catedral se había convertido en un verdadero cementerio, al igual que ocurriría en otras parroquias cordobesas, como Santa Marina, San Pedro, San Miguel o San Lorenzo.

Para mejorar la salud pública, una Real Cédula de Carlos III de 1787 prohibió los enterramientos masivos en los templos españoles. A partir de entonces se promovieron nuevos cementerios fuera de la ciudad, como el de Nuestra Señora de la Salud construido en Córdoba a partir de 1811.

Sepulturas hoy conservadas junto a la capilla de Villaviciosa.
Fotografia JCO/AGG, CC BY-NC

Aún hoy se conservan unas 200 sepulturas en la Mezquita-Catedral, muchas menos que en el siglo XVIII. En su mayor parte fueron eliminadas, reagrupadas o trasladadas durante los cambios de pavimentación acometidos entre finales del XIX y mediados del XX. El arquitecto Ricardo Velázquez Bosco cambió el pavimento de ladrillo por mármol blanco; y otro arquitecto, Félix Hernández, rebajó la solería a su nivel primitivo.

Para facilitar una adecuada comprensión de la Mezquita-Catedral, nuestra investigación aporta finalmente un plano de su hipotético subsuelo, ocupado por sepulturas en el siglo XVIII. Se trata de ilustrar este singular espacio de enterramiento de la sociedad cordobesa durante siglos.

Planta hipotética del subsuelo de la Mezquita-Catedral, con las sepulturas y criptas del plano de 1741.
JCO/AGG, CC BY-NC

Con ello se pretende ofrecer una nueva visión del monumento, que debe sumarse a su complejidad patrimonial y a su importancia religiosa, cultural, histórica, arqueológica y arquitectónica.

The Conversation

Las personas firmantes no son asalariadas, ni consultoras, ni poseen acciones, ni reciben financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y han declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado anteriormente.

ref. Un gran cementerio del siglo XVIII sale a la luz en la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba – https://theconversation.com/un-gran-cementerio-del-siglo-xviii-sale-a-la-luz-en-la-mezquita-catedral-de-cordoba-259204

Un gran cementerio del XVIII sale a la luz en la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Antonio Gámiz Gordo, Doctor Arquitecto, Profesor Titular, Universidad de Sevilla

Vista aérea de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba Songquan Deng/Shutterstock

La Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba nos sigue sorprendiendo. A lo largo de siglos ha sido objeto de importantes transformaciones sin perder su identidad arquitectónica y siempre ha mantenido un uso religioso, primero como mezquita y después como catedral. Está incluida en la Lista de Patrimonio Mundial de la UNESCO y sigue acaparando el interés de la propia ciudad, de miles de viajeros y de nuevas investigaciones que tratan de desvelar sus misterios.

En un reciente artículo científico que hemos publicado en la revista EGA se han identificado más de mil sepulturas en un plano anónimo de 1741 conservado en el Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba. Se ha constatado que un gran cementerio ocupaba entonces sus capillas y naves.

Un preciso plano de 1741

En un artículo previo escrito junto a Juan Francisco Reinoso, de la Universidad de Granada, habíamos digitalizado este singular documento gráfico, que mide 103 x 165 cm. y en el que se usó la técnica del óleo. También habíamos analizado otros sorprendentes dibujos de Girault de Prangey hacia 1839 que destacan entre el rico legado de imágenes históricas de la Mezquita-Catedral.

Plano anónimo de la Mezquita-Catedral, 1741.
Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba, CC BY-NC

Por su gran precisión dimensional e interés documental, el de 1741 ha sido considerado el primer plano científico de este monumento. Es uno de los dibujos arquitectónicos más importantes del siglo XVIII en Europa.

Entre sus abundantes y valiosos pormenores destaca un gran rótulo con la palabra “SEPULTURAS”, que subraya su objetivo central. Tras una cuidadosa trascripción gráfica con técnicas digitales, hemos identificado 1 085 sepulturas y 52 criptas, difíciles de percibir a simple vista o en las reproducciones publicadas hasta ahora. La superficie total ocupada por enterramientos sería de unos 2 000 m² de los 13 680 m² útiles del monumento, incluidas las galerías del patio. Las sepulturas ocupaban más de la mitad de la superficie de algunas naves.

Detalle de sepulturas en plano de 1741 de la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba.
Anónimo [Archivo Catedral de Córdoba], CC BY-NC

Enterramientos variados

Diversos estudios habían analizado los enterramientos en la Mezquita-Catedral hasta el siglo XVI, pero no los del XVIII. Para constatar la veracidad del plano, se han revisado los Libros de Cuentas de
Fábrica
en el propio Archivo de la Catedral y el Libro de Defunciones de la parroquia del Sagrario. También se han consultado muchos testamentos del Archivo Histórico Provincial de Córdoba.

La Mezquita-Catedral fue un lugar de enterramiento elegido por la nobleza y el clero desde la Edad Media, como símbolo de prestigio social. Esto se convertiría en un importante fundamento de la economía eclesiástica. Debe recordarse que en la Capilla Real fueron enterrados los reyes Fernando IV y Alfonso XI. A partir del siglo XVI, tras concluirse la construcción de la Parroquia del Sagrario en el recinto, se comenzó a enterrar allí personas ligadas a ella, además de personajes ilustres como el escritor Luis de Góngora, entre otros muchos.

Se ha comprobado que en los 20 años previos al plano, entre 1722 y 1741, hubo 1 966 enterramientos en el interior del templo y 623 en el patio, que suman 2 589. Su procedencia era diversa: el clero, la nobleza, la Parroquia del Sagrario y el Hospital de San Sebastián. Todo ello hace verosímil la información dibujada en el documento.

Sepulturas vendidas y costes según Libro de Cuentas.
Archivo de la Catedral de Córdoba, CC BY-NC

Además, se han obtenido datos sobre distintos tipos de enterramientos, su denominación (“llano”, “una capa”, “dos capas”, “solemne”, “madrugada”…) y su correspondiente coste según la ubicación. Por ejemplo, junto a una pila de agua bendita la limosna era de 50 reales (5 agosto 1710), delante del altar de Nuestra Señora del Sol costaba 240 reales (15 marzo 1710), y en la nave de Villaviciosa (28 febrero 1711) 750 reales. Los lugares más cotizados estaban cerca del crucero, de la Capilla Real y de Villaviciosa.

Las sepulturas de la Parroquia del Sagrario ocuparían las naves de la ampliación de Almanzor, que entonces tenían pavimento de tierra. Muchos testamentos indicaban el deseo de ser sepultado en una cripta común de la Cofradía del Santísimo Sacramento, a la que pertenecían. También se ha constatado que las 143 sepulturas dibujadas en la galería oeste del patio eran compartidas entre numerosos pobres, en gran parte procedentes del Hospital de San Sebastián. Por cada difunto el capellán entregaba una limosna de 2 reales.

La prohibición de enterramientos masivos en templos

Las frecuentes epidemias hicieron que el estado de salubridad provocado por los enterramientos en los templos fuese muy cuestionado. Además de la peste, Córdoba sufrió graves plagas, como las fiebres catarrales malignas y tabardillos, que hacia 1738 provocaron miles de muertes. Según el plano de 1741, la Mezquita-Catedral se había convertido en un verdadero cementerio, al igual que ocurriría en otras parroquias cordobesas, como Santa Marina, San Pedro, San Miguel o San Lorenzo.

Para mejorar la salud pública, una Real Cédula de Carlos III de 1787 prohibió los enterramientos masivos en los templos españoles. A partir de entonces se promovieron nuevos cementerios fuera de la ciudad, como el de Nuestra Señora de la Salud construido en Córdoba a partir de 1811.

Sepulturas hoy conservadas junto a la capilla de Villaviciosa.
Fotografia JCO/AGG, CC BY-NC

Aún hoy se conservan unas 200 sepulturas en la Mezquita-Catedral, muchas menos que en el siglo XVIII. En su mayor parte fueron eliminadas, reagrupadas o trasladadas durante los cambios de pavimentación acometidos entre finales del XIX y mediados del XX. El arquitecto Ricardo Velázquez Bosco cambió el pavimento de ladrillo por mármol blanco; y otro arquitecto, Félix Hernández, rebajó la solería a su nivel primitivo.

Para facilitar una adecuada comprensión de la Mezquita-Catedral, nuestra investigación aporta finalmente un plano de su hipotético subsuelo, ocupado por sepulturas en el siglo XVIII. Se trata de ilustrar este singular espacio de enterramiento de la sociedad cordobesa durante siglos.

Planta hipotética del subsuelo de la Mezquita-Catedral, con las sepulturas y criptas del plano de 1741.
JCO/AGG, CC BY-NC

Con ello se pretende ofrecer una nueva visión del monumento, que debe sumarse a su complejidad patrimonial y a su importancia religiosa, cultural, histórica, arqueológica y arquitectónica.

The Conversation

Las personas firmantes no son asalariadas, ni consultoras, ni poseen acciones, ni reciben financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y han declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado anteriormente.

ref. Un gran cementerio del XVIII sale a la luz en la Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba – https://theconversation.com/un-gran-cementerio-del-xviii-sale-a-la-luz-en-la-mezquita-catedral-de-cordoba-259204