Biohidrógeno: un combustible clave para América Latina y la transición energética global

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Martha Isabel Cobo Angel, Decana Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Sabana

wasanajai/Shuttesrtock

La transición energética es el camino que establecen los países para pasar del modelo actual de producción de energía basado en combustibles fósiles, que emiten gases de efecto invernadero, a un nuevo modelo energético descarbonizado que no genere esas emisiones. En la actualidad, los planes de transición energética involucran la masificación de las energías renovables, la electromovilidad, la electrificación de todos los procesos posibles y el uso de hidrógeno de bajas emisiones, conocido como hidrógeno verde.

Éste es un vector energético muy prometedor para descarbonizar, directamente o a través de compuestos derivados de él, procesos industriales y agrícolas, así como el transporte pesado, marítimo y aéreo. El hidrógeno verde se produce utilizando energía limpia, como la solar o eólica, para separar el agua en sus dos componentes: hidrógeno y oxígeno. Y se usa directamente como combustible en motores de combustión interna y turbinas, sin emitir carbono a la atomósfera, o alimentándose a dispositivos electroquímicos que producen electricidad directamente, conocidos como pilas de combustible, que solo emiten agua como subproducto.

El hidrógeno también se puede usar para producir combustibles sintéticos como el e-metanol, el amoníaco verde y los combustibles sostenibles de aviación, reduciendo las emisiones globales de carbono de estos procesos. Sin embargo, el hidrógeno verde es un combustible costoso que sólo se produce mediante electricidad renovable, como solar o eólica. Por eso, los países deben primero masificar las energías renovables y luego construir instalaciones para producirlo.

El potencial y los retos del hidrógeno verde

La producción de hidrógeno verde será costo-efectiva sólo en regiones de alto potencial solar o eólico, como Chile, el norte de África, Medio Oriente y algunas zonas de Asia, pero estos países deben avanzar decididamente en el despliegue de las energías renovables base. Además, este combustible deberá transportarse a las regiones del norte global, con agendas ambiciosas de descarbonización, y a otros países tradicionalmente productores de combustibles fósiles, que deberán reestructurar su economía.

Muchos de estos países, ubicados en la franja del trópico, cuentan además con una gran producción agrícola, lo que puede ayudarles a ser protagonistas de la transición energética global. Sus residuos agroindustriales suponen una fuente estratégica para producir hidrógeno de bajas emisiones y combustibles derivados, como amoníaco, metanol, biojet (usado en aviación) y biohidrógeno.

Este nuevo tipo de hidrógeno es abundante y asequible en muchas regiones, pero aún no figura en la mayoría de las hojas de ruta energéticas ni en las estrategias de importación del norte global. Su producción se basa en tecnologías maduras, ya consolidadas y fiables, y puede incluso alcanzar una emisión netamente negativa de carbono. Es una oportunidad para que países como Colombia, Brasil, India y Malasia, entre otros, impulsen sus economías de hidrógeno mediante soluciones locales, accesibles y alineadas con la transición energética mundial.

Como ejemplo, Colombia podría desarrollar una estrategia de producción energética pionera combinada, con el 37 % de su hidrógeno producido a partir de energías renovables, como la solar y la eólica, y el 63 % restante como biohidrógeno a partir de residuos de su agroindustria, proveyendo de esta forma el 1,2 % del mercado de hidrógeno mundial estimado para 2050.




Leer más:
La transición energética no debe hacerse a costa de las regiones menos desarrolladas del planeta


Acción en la COP30

Dado que el sector energético es uno de los principales contribuyentes al cambio climático, los planes de transición energética son protagonistas en las discusiones de la cumbre anual sobre el cambio climático (COP), que este año se celebró en Brasil, un país altamente agrícola y con gran potencial para la producción de biohidrógeno.

Durante la COP30, el hidrógeno verde ocupó un lugar central en la agenda energética global, especialmente tras el lanzamiento de la iniciativa Belém 4X, respaldada por 23 países con el objetivo de cuadruplicar la producción y uso de combustibles sostenibles hacia 2035. Esta hoja de ruta incluye biocombustibles avanzados, biogás, combustibles sintéticos e hidrógeno de bajas emisiones.

No obstante, la discusión internacional en torno a esta última categoría estuvo fuertemente orientada hacia el hidrógeno verde generado a partir de energías renovables como la eólica o solar, dejando en un segundo plano al biohidrógeno producto de los desechos agrícolas.




Leer más:
Residuos para la producción de biogás: biocombustible y materia prima para el impulso de tecnologías verdes


A pesar de ello, la iniciativa Belém4X reconoció explícitamente los esquemas “biomass-to-x”, que promueven la conversión de biomasas residuales en combustibles de bajas emisiones. Este enfoque abre la puerta a que tecnologías para producir biohidrógeno sean consideradas dentro de las estrategias de descarbonización, especialmente en países con alto potencial agrícola y forestal, lo que permitiría abordar múltiples retos en la lucha contra el cambio climático.

Uno de ellos sería la transición de las economías de países productores de petróleo y agrícolas hacia las de productores de hidrógeno y de combustibles de bajas emisiones. Además, reduciría la incertidumbre económica de implementar compromisos estrictos de reducción de emisiones que limiten su crecimiento económico, como ha expresado India este año.

Este nuevo escenario ofrecerá nuevas oportunidades de ingresos y de industrialización para estos países.

Hacia una transición energética justa

Finalmente, al establecer convenios de oferta y demanda de biohidrógeno desde el sur al norte globales se abordaría dos pilares fundamentales de la COP: la justicia ambiental y la responsabilidad diferenciada. A través de esta última, los grandes emisores de gases de efecto invernadero adquieren la responsabilidad de acompañar la transición energética de los países menos productores pero más afectados por el calentamiento global.

Si bien la COP30 no otorgó un protagonismo directo al biohidrógeno, el marco de acción acordado sí creó un espacio para su desarrollo futuro. Para América Latina –una región rica en recursos de biomasa– este biocombustible podría convertirse en un vector energético clave, complementario al hidrógeno verde producido por la solar y la eólica, así como en una oportunidad para transformar residuos en energía limpia mientras se impulsa el desarrollo rural y la economía circular.

El biohidrógeno es un energético abundante y económico que puede aportar justicia ambiental y responsabilidad diferenciada en la transición energética global. Por ello, debería incluirse cuanto antes.

The Conversation

Martha Isabel Cobo Angel recibe fondos de la Universidad de La Sabana y el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia.

Nestor Eduardo Sanchez Ramirez recibe fondos de la Universidad de La Sabana y el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación de Colombia

ref. Biohidrógeno: un combustible clave para América Latina y la transición energética global – https://theconversation.com/biohidrogeno-un-combustible-clave-para-america-latina-y-la-transicion-energetica-global-266739

Ya existe una red de comunicación cuántica en Madrid

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By David Rincón Llorente, Quantum Communications and Chief Network Engineer, IMDEA

KanawatTH/Shutterstock

Aunque pueda sonar a ciencia ficción, en Madrid ya existe una red de comunicaciones cuánticas en funcionamiento. Se llama MadQCI (Madrid Quantum Communication Infrastructure) y conecta, mediante 700 kilómetros de red, 25 localizaciones repartidas por toda la Comunidad de Madrid.

Esta red cuántica no es un prototipo de laboratorio, sino una red real, que ya realiza ensayos dirigidos a diseñar las comunicaciones del futuro. Aunque de momento es solo un embrión, se espera que crezca hasta dar forma a la primera red cuántica que conecte Europa.

La clave está en la seguridad

A diferencia de la criptografía tradicional, cuya seguridad depende de la complejidad matemática de resolver ciertos problemas, la seguridad cuántica se apoya en principios físicos fundamentales. Mientras que los ordenadores clásicos operan con bits que solo pueden valer 0 o 1, los sistemas cuánticos utilizan qubits, capaces de existir en múltiples estados simultáneamente gracias a fenómenos cuánticos como la superposición o el entrelazamiento.

Esta propiedad permite crear redes en las que cualquier intento de observar o copiar la información altera inevitablemente el sistema, dejando en él una huella fácilmente detectable.

Puede entenderse con un ejemplo sencillo: es como enviar una carta escrita con una tinta especial que solo el destinatario puede leer. Si alguien intenta abrirla antes, el mensaje se altera y el intento de espionaje resulta evidente. De forma análoga, en la comunicación cuántica, observar la información implica dejar rastro. Las comunicaciones cuánticas ayudarán a mantener nuestros datos a salvo el día que los ordenadores cuánticos sean capaces de romper con los sistemas de encriptación que empleamos ahora en computación.

El equipo de MadQCI trabaja en el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias para compartir datos de forma segura entre distintos usuarios, sin que la comunicación suponga un riesgo. Su enfoque se basa justamente en aprovechar las leyes de la física cuántica para construir redes quantum safe.

El centro de la tecnología de MadQCI radica en la distribución cuántica de claves, o QKD (Quantum Key Distribution). Esta técnica permite intercambiar claves criptográficas con un nivel de seguridad sin precedentes, ya que, tal y como hemos visto, cualquier intento de interceptar la comunicación modifica el estado cuántico de la señal y queda inmediatamente al descubierto.

Primer paso hacia el internet cuántico

El proyecto MadQCI representa un primer paso hacia el cada vez más conocido internet cuántico: una red capaz de ofrecer comunicaciones intrínsecamente seguras y nuevas funcionalidades que a día de hoy no resultan accesibles.

Más allá de la seguridad de datos, el proyecto abre la puerta a nuevas formas de diseñar y gestionar las redes de telecomunicaciones, integrando tecnologías cuánticas y clásicas mediante arquitecturas avanzadas y soluciones definidas por software.

La red

La mayoría de las comunicaciones cuánticas basan su seguridad en el intercambio de claves cuánticas punto a punto: un emisor y un receptor conectados directamente comparten una clave secreta utilizando las propiedades de la física cuántica.

Pero una red cuántica va un paso más allá. En lugar de conectar únicamente dos puntos, interconecta múltiples nodos –como universidades, centros de datos o instituciones– formando una infraestructura compartida. Esto permite que diferentes usuarios intercambien información de manera flexible, dinámica y segura, de forma similar a cómo hoy funciona Internet, pero apoyándose en tecnologías cuánticas.

La red MadQCI actúa como eje central, conectando los nodos gracias a la coordinación entre científicos y técnicos de REDIMadrid y de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Dispositivos cuánticos

Cuando hablamos de redes de comunicaciones cuánticas, uno de los elementos clave son los llamados dispositivos cuánticos: equipos que permiten generar, enviar, recibir y medir claves seguras utilizando las leyes de la física cuántica.

A diferencia de los dispositivos electrónicos convencionales, que trabajan con señales clásicas –impulsos eléctricos o luminosos que representan unos y ceros–, los dispositivos cuánticos operan con partículas de luz, los fotones, en estados cuánticos muy delicados.

La Red MadQCI cuenta con 30 dispositivos cuánticos destinados a la experimentación y al desarrollo de aplicaciones avanzadas. Una cifra para nada trivial.

Las dificultades

A pesar de los avances logrados, el despliegue de redes cuánticas terrestres a gran escala sigue afrontando retos importantes. Las señales cuánticas son extremadamente frágiles y se degradan con rapidez al propagarse por la fibra óptica, sin posibilidad de ser amplificadas como en las comunicaciones clásicas, lo que limita su alcance. Para superar esta barrera se están desarrollando tecnologías como los repetidores y las memorias cuánticas, aún en fases tempranas, que permitirán extender las comunicaciones sin comprometer su seguridad.

A ello se suma el desafío de integrar las redes cuánticas con las infraestructuras de telecomunicaciones tradicionales y de crear nuevas capas de software y componentes más robustos que hagan viable su operación a gran escala.

Pero no hay que tirar la toalla. Aunque el camino es complejo, los avances actuales apuntan a un futuro próximo en el que las comunicaciones cuánticas pasarán del laboratorio a formar parte de nuestra vida cotidiana.

La apuesta

MadQCI sitúa a la Comunidad de Madrid en la vanguardia de una tecnología llamada a transformar la forma en que protegemos la información. Pero este no es un proyecto impulsado por una sola institución, sino el resultado de la colaboración entre numerosos centros de investigación y organismos públicos.

MadQCI forma parte de los Planes Complementarios de I+D+I del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y Resiliencia, dentro del área dedicada a la comunicación cuántica. Además, está alineado con la iniciativa europea EuroQCI, cuyo objetivo es construir una red cuántica segura que conecte a los países de la Unión Europea.

The Conversation

David Rincón Llorente no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Ya existe una red de comunicación cuántica en Madrid – https://theconversation.com/ya-existe-una-red-de-comunicacion-cuantica-en-madrid-273123

No, esas no son Josefa ni Margarita: la historia de una foto que no fue

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Elena Lázaro Real, Investigadora colaboradora en el Instituto de Estudios de las Mujeres y de Género, Universidad de Granada

La imagen en cuestión. SC.INAH.SINAFO.FN No. de inventario 453737

A la primera Constitución Española la parieron en Cádiz. Fue en 1812 y la llamaron “La Pepa”. Al primer manifiesto feminista español también lo parieron en Cádiz, en 1857. Aquí, otra Pepa actuó de matrona.

Publicación de 'La mujer en la sociedad' en _El Pénsil Gaditano_.
Publicación de ‘La mujer en la sociedad’ en El Pénsil Gaditano.
Ayuntamiento de Cádiz

Fue Josefa Zapata, fundadora, junto a Margarita Pérez de Celis, de El Pensil Gaditano, el periódico responsable de la publicación de “La mujer y la sociedad”, bautizado en las redes como el primer manifiesto feminista español (con permiso de una tercera Pepa: Josefa Amar y Borbón y su trabajo “Discurso en defensa del talento de las mujeres”, fechado en 1786).

“La mujer y la sociedad” está firmado por Rosa Marina, pseudónimo tras el que se podrían haber ocultado las mismas Zapata y Pérez de Celis. Como no hay acuerdo sobre esto en la comunidad investigadora, dejaremos a Josefa y a Margarita en el papel de “matronas” y no en el de madres de una criatura tan relevante para la construcción de una genealogía del pensamiento feminista español.

La figura de ambas pensadoras comenzó a ser recuperada casi al mismo tiempo que la democracia. En los años 70 del siglo XX, la coincidencia de la tercera ola feminista con el proceso de la Transición fue el caldo de cultivo perfecto para que la historiografía pusiera su vista en las socialistas gaditanas quienes, como muchos de sus contemporáneos, creían posible construir sociedades más igualitarias a través de la educación y el ejercicio de la justicia social.

De aquellos años son los trabajos del historiador y ensayista Antonio Elorza sobre el socialismo utópico español en el que quedan enmarcadas estas dos periodistas. En los noventa y principios de los 2000 la historiografía feminista las termina de sacar del olvido y las convierte en protagonistas centrales de estudios como los de Inmaculada Jiménez Morel, Mónica Bolufer y, probablemente, una de las historiadoras que más profundamente conoce a Josefa Zapata y Margarita Pérez de Celis: Gloria Espigado Tocino, profesora de la Universidad de Cádiz.

Y con esos mimbres académicos llegaron Josefa Zapata y Margarita Pérez de Celis a la cuarta ola feminista y a la divulgación en redes sociales.

Querer poner un rostro

Una búsqueda rápida en internet ofrece no pocas entradas en las que es posible conocer a las dos periodistas y pensadoras gaditanas. Hay textos, pódcast y algún vídeo. Son presentadas como lo que fueron: mujeres que cuestionaron el sistema y defendieron la igualdad entre sexos. Hay pocos detalles sobre sus vidas personales, aunque en algunos contenidos se subraya el hecho de que ninguna de ellas se casara y mantuvieran una amistad romántica, relación muy habitual entre las mujeres que encontraban en otras la seguridad y el espacio para desarrollar sus inquietudes intelectuales y, según estudios queer, sexuales.

Dos mujeres del siglo XIX leen un libro.
La imagen en cuestión.
SC.INAH.SINAFO.FN No. de inventario 453737

En buena parte de esas entradas y contenidos aparece una imagen que permite ponerles cara y reforzar la idea de intimidad entre Josefa Zapata y Margarita Pérez de Celis. Ambas posan de pie muy juntas leyendo un libro que sostiene una de ellas, mientras la otra apoya sus manos sobre los hombros de su compañera. Pero ¿quién es quién? Ninguno de los pies de foto lo explica. Primera red flag.

Los escasos datos biográficos que las historiadoras han logrado documentar dicen que Josefa era 16 años mayor que Margarita. Sin embargo, en la imagen no parece haber una diferencia de edad tan evidente. Segunda red flag.

La verdad de esa imagen

De hecho, esas dos mujeres no son Josefa Zapata ni Margarita Pérez de Celis. Son dos jóvenes burguesas de Ciudad de México (entonces, México D.F.) fotografiadas por el estudio “Cruces y Campas” en 1868. Así consta en la ficha de inventario número 453737 de la Fototeca del Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) de México, facilitada por Juan Carlos Valdez, director de Sistema Nacional de Fototecas de México.

Según los estudios de la investigadora mexicana Patricia Massé, “Cruces y Campas” se especializó en el retrato de personajes de la burguesía local y en la producción de tarjetas de visita en las que se representaban escenas donde sus protagonistas aparecían en acciones con las que pretendían comunicar su estatus, además de sus gustos y aficiones. No es casual que dos mujeres jóvenes eligiesen ser inmortalizadas en la imagen de esa forma. La lectura –en muchos casos– y la escritura –en una minoría de ellos– fueron la vía de escape para las señoras del XIX que no se conformaban con el rol doméstico que el sistema liberal pretendía otorgarles.

Josefa y Margarita no fueron retratadas juntas –que sepamos–. Pero a buen seguro que, como editoras de los Pensiles, compartieron multitud de veces la misma escena, leyendo y comentando los textos llegados a su redacción. Así que, aunque la imagen difundida no sea real, quizás no resulte tan imposible.

The Conversation

Elena Lázaro Real no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. No, esas no son Josefa ni Margarita: la historia de una foto que no fue – https://theconversation.com/no-esas-no-son-josefa-ni-margarita-la-historia-de-una-foto-que-no-fue-273718

Generar emociones positivas puede ayudarnos a hacer frente al estrés diario

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Maja Wrzesien (she, her), Associate professor (Profesora Permanente Laboral), Universitat de València

Mykhailo Repuzhynskyi/Shutterstock

¿Sabes esos días en los que todo parece estar mal? El despertador no ha sonado, llegas tarde al trabajo, discutes con una amiga y, por si fuera poco, se vierte el café por encima de tu pantalón recién lavado. Estas pequeñas incidencias forman parte del estrés diario que todas y todos experimentamos.

Cuando estamos estresados, a menudo suponemos que la solución pasa, sencillamente, por calmarnos. Pero la realidad es más compleja: la ciencia ha demostrado que utilizamos una gama de estrategias para reducir las sensaciones desagradables que aparecen en momentos vitales difíciles, ya sea suspender un examen, perder algo importante o discutir con una persona querida.

¿Qué revela la ciencia sobre cómo manejar el estrés?

Para gestionar las emociones desagradables, utilizamos distintas estrategias de regulación emocional. Una de ellas es la reestructuración cognitiva, que implica cambiar la forma en que interpretamos una situación estresante, dándole otro sentido.

Otra estrategia común consiste en buscar apoyo social: hablar con alguien de confianza o pedir consejo puede hacer que los problemas resulten más llevaderos.

La aceptación también resulta útil: implica permitirnos reconocer las emociones negativas sin intentar cambiarlas.

Y a veces, basta distraernos, por ejemplo mirando una película divertida, para darnos un respiro mental y recuperar el equilibrio emocional.

Estas cuatro estrategias, entre muchas otras, nos ayudan a navegar por los altibajos emocionales con mayor eficacia. Pero ¿y si esto sólo es la mitad de la historia? Las últimas investigaciones científicas sugieren que fomentar emociones positivas puede ser tan importante para enfrentarnos al estrés como reducir las emociones desagradables.

¿Cómo ayudan las emociones positivas a soportar las situaciones difíciles?

En 1997, la psicóloga Susan Folkman publicó un estudio longitudinal en el que exploraba la presencia de emociones tanto positivas como negativas durante uno de los acontecimientos más estresantes que la mayoría de nosotros enfrentará en algún momento de la vida: la muerte de una persona querida. Durante dos años, recogió datos sobre los estados emocionales de las personas cuidadoras. Aunque podríamos suponer que los participantes informarían sólo de niveles altos de emociones negativas en una situación así, éstos fueron capaces de experimentar emociones positivas con la misma frecuencia, excepto en el período inmediatamente posterior al fallecimiento.

El hecho de que las personas puedan experimentar al mismo tiempo emociones positivas y negativas, incluso en situaciones de intenso estrés, cuestiona la visión tradicional de cómo hacemos frente a la adversidad. Desde que se descubrió este hecho, han surgido nuevas perspectivas teóricas que demuestran que las emociones positivas no sólo coexisten con el estrés, sino que también desempeñan un papel significativo en cómo las personas se adaptan y recuperan. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no se había explorado cómo la generación de estas emociones positivas influye en la forma de afrontar el estrés.

Nuestro último estudio, publicado en la revista Emotion, aporta pruebas convincentes de que generar emociones positivas tiene un papel mucho más crucial en la gestión del estrés de lo que se pensaba hasta ahora. Seguimos a un grupo de participantes durante dos semanas, preguntándoles tres veces al día a través de una aplicación en el móvil cómo se sentían y qué estrategias usaban para gestionar el estrés cotidiano. Las personas informaban de su nivel percibido de estrés en diferentes situaciones del día, ya fuera una situación tensa en el trabajo, un período de exámenes o la gestión de horarios familiares caóticos.

Lo que encontramos es que, cuando las personas reportaban niveles más altos de estrés, tendían a usar más estrategias para generar emociones positivas en las horas siguientes, lo que a su vez se traducía en más emociones positivas y menos estrés al final del día.

¿Y cómo conseguimos aumentar las emociones positivas en la vida real? Puede ser tan sencillo como saborear los pequeños placeres del momento presente, desde una taza de café caliente por la mañana hasta estirarse sin prisas al despertar, disfrutando del calor de la cama. Puede significar encontrar alegría en momentos cotidianos, como cuando nuestra mascota, de forma juguetona, nos invita a lanzarle la pelota. A veces, se trata simplemente de compartir una sonrisa o una carcajada con alguien que tienes cerca.

El estrés, ya sea intenso o leve, es una parte inevitable de nuestra vida cotidiana. Aun así, estos breves momentos que generan emociones positivas, aparentemente insignificantes, sobre todo en un día estresante, nos ayudan a recuperarnos emocionalmente. Y pueden cambiar el rumbo de un día difícil.

The Conversation

Maja Wrzesien recibe fondos de la Generalitat Valenciana (CISEJI/2022/46) y del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades español (PID2024-162732OA-I00). Es también formadora de atención plena y prácticas contemplativas.

Desirée Colombo recibe fondos desde el contrato Ramón y Cajal RYC2024-050836-I, financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y por el Fondo Sociale Europeo Plus (FSE+)

ref. Generar emociones positivas puede ayudarnos a hacer frente al estrés diario – https://theconversation.com/generar-emociones-positivas-puede-ayudarnos-a-hacer-frente-al-estres-diario-271760

Fear at work is a hidden safety risk — and it helps explain why hazards go unreported

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Lianne M Lefsrud, Professor and Risk, Innovation & Sustainability Chair (RISC), University of Alberta

Psychological safety — the belief that it is safe to speak up with concerns, questions or mistakes — is widely recognized as essential for organizational learning, innovation and workplace safety.

Yet its absence — interpersonal fear — is rarely examined in investigations of serious workplace incidents. My new research on workplace fatalities, conducted with several co-researchers, suggests this missing factor may help explain why hazards so often go unidentified or unreported.

We surveyed more than 4,600 workers and analyzed thousands of incident reports across five mine sites and over 100 mining and contractor companies. We asked workers: “Why aren’t hazards identified or reported?”

We found that interpersonal fear — the perception that speaking up or challenging the status quo will lead to humiliation or punishment — was one of the strongest predictors of silence. Workers who were more likely to be fearful were also more likely to withhold information.

A pattern we’ve seen before

Our recent findings echo earlier research I conducted following a fatal mining accident near Fort McMurray, Alta., in 2017, when a Suncor employee fell through ground softened by a leaking tailings pipeline and was unable to free himself.

I led a team analyzing geohazards associated with working around oilsands tailings ponds. During a safety workshop that concluded the two-year investigation, my co-researchers and I asked the attendees to answer the same question — “Why are hazards not identified or reported?”

We expected technical responses, but instead, they focused overwhelmingly on human and organizational factors: lack of training, fear, inappropriate risk tolerances, external pressures, cultural inaction and complacency.

The predominance of fear shocked us. Workers described being more afraid of the social consequences of reporting hazards than of the hazards themselves. As a result, they were putting their own lives at risk.

Our newer, larger study confirms this pattern at scale. Using machine-learning techniques, we were better able to identify where fear was most likely to flourish, its organizational causes and consequences and how it undermines companies.

We found management dismissiveness, a lack of managerial action or follow-up and a lack of training were more likely to cause fear — especially among contractors — and suppress hazard identification and reporting.

Fear isn’t limited to the frontline

Employees lower in company hierarchies tend to experience less psychological safety. But senior leaders are not immune to it either. They can encounter situations where raising concerns feels risky, particularly in executive settings where disagreement can be interpreted as “too political,” disloyal or a sign of weakness.

Leadership scholar Amy Edmondson’s research helps explain this dynamic. Her psychological safety matrix shows that fear flourishes when high performance standards are combined with low psychological safety.

In teams with high levels of psychological safety and highly challenging tasks and standards, she found employees are curious and engaged problem-solvers. However, when the same high standards exist without psychological safety (where people believe that they might be punished or humiliated for speaking up), anxiety prevails.

The goal is to have your team experience the first scenario. Because psychological safety operates at the team level, organizations can have multiple teams doing similar high-risk work with dramatically different outcomes, depending on whether people feel safe enough to speak up.

Creating safer systems starts with leadership

Since interpersonal fear is shaped by perception, it doesn’t matter whether leaders believe they are approachable; what matters is whether their teams think they are. If employees are spending more time worrying about managing impressions than operations, hazards go unreported and people are unknowingly put at risk.

Creating safer workplaces requires cultures where speaking up is not punished, dismissed or discouraged. Leaders can start by asking themselves questions: who is least likely to challenge me at work? What information might I not be hearing as a result?




Read more:
Silence speaks volumes: How mental health influences employee silence at work


Often, the employees with the most job security, such as union reps or those nearing retirement, are the most honest sources of insight. Listening to these voices is often a good place to start.

Research shows that organizations can improve psychological safety through practical leadership changes. Supervisors who listen, seek feedback, share reasoning behind decisions and are team-oriented instead of self-serving are more likely to create and maintain psychological safety.

Leaders should also pay attention to variations across teams. Useful questions to ask include:

  • Which teams are feeling fearful?

  • Which teams are feeling curious and engaged?

  • How can you create more high-performance teams?

Understanding why some teams feel safer than others can reveal opportunities for improvement.

For leaders, the greatest worry should be whether your employees are afraid to speak up. Be suspicious of “good news only” green dashboards, obsequious agreement or stony silences. Do not punish messengers — rather, embrace their candour as a gift and a sign that your organization is preventing harm.

The Conversation

Lianne M Lefsrud receives funding from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Alberta Justice, WorkSafeBC, Mitacs, Alberta Innovates, and the Lynch School of Engineering Safety and Risk Management endowed funds.

ref. Fear at work is a hidden safety risk — and it helps explain why hazards go unreported – https://theconversation.com/fear-at-work-is-a-hidden-safety-risk-and-it-helps-explain-why-hazards-go-unreported-272886

Slanguage: How the use of AI for apologies could cause the ‘Canadian Sorry’ to lose its soul

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Joshua Gonzales, PhD Student in Management at the Lang School of Business and Economics, University of Guelph

It is a stereotype that Canadians apologize for everything. We say sorry when you bump into us. We say sorry for the weather. But as we trudge through the grey days of winter, that national instinct for politeness hits a wall of fatigue.

The temptation is obvious. With a single click, Gmail’s “Help me write” or ChatGPT can draft a polite decline to an invitation or a heartfelt thank you for a holiday sweater you’ll never wear.

It’s efficient. It’s polite. It’s grammatically perfect.

It’s also a trap.

New research suggests that when we outsource our social interactions to AI, we are trading away our reputation. Using AI to manage your social life makes you seem less warm, less moral and significantly less trustworthy.


Learning a language is hard, but even native speakers get confused by pronunciation, connotations, definitions and etymology. The lexicon is constantly evolving, especially in the social media era, where new memes, catchphrases, slang, jargon and idioms are introduced at a rapid clip.
Slanguage, The Conversation Canada’s new series, dives into how language shapes the way we see the world and what it reveals about culture, power and belonging. Welcome to the wild and wonderful world of linguistics.


The trap of efficiency

In our consumer economy, we love automation. When I order a package, I don’t need a human to type the shipping notification; I just want the box on my doorstep. We accept — even demand — efficiency from brands.

But our friends are not brands, and our relationships are not transactions.

The new study published in Computers in Human Behavior — entitled “Negative Perceptions of Outsourcing to Artificial Intelligence” by British academic Scott Claessens and other researchers — suggests that emotional dynamics follow different rules than those shaping more practical situations. The researchers found that, while we tolerate AI assistance for technical tasks like writing code or planning a daily schedule, we punish it severely in social contexts.

When you use AI to write a love letter, an apology or a wedding vow, the recipient sees a lack of effort instead of a well-written text. In relationships, effort is a strong currency of care.

Less warm, less authentic

You might think you can hack this system by being honest. Perhaps you tell your friend: “I used ChatGPT to help me find the right words, but I edited it myself.”

Unfortunately, the data doesn’t indicate this is much of a solution.

Claessens’ work investigated a “best-case” scenario, where a user treated AI as a collaborative tool, employing it for ideas and feedback rather than verbatim copying, and was fully transparent about the process.

The researchers found that the social consequences of this approach are highly task-dependent: for socio-relational tasks like writing love letters, wedding vows or apology notes, participants still rated the sender as significantly less moral, less warm and less authentic than someone who didn’t use AI.

However, for instrumental or non-social tasks like writing computer code or dinner recipes, this collaborative and honest use of AI didn’t lead to negative perceptions of moral character or warmth, even if the user was still perceived as having expended less effort.

This creates a uniquely modern anxiety for the polite Canadian. We apologize to maintain social bonds. But if we use AI to craft that apology, we sever the very bond we are trying to hold onto. An apology generated by an algorithm, no matter how polished, signals that the relationship wasn’t worth the 20 minutes it would have taken to write it yourself.

Authentic inefficiency

This friction isn’t limited to text messages.

I’ve observed a similar pattern in my own preliminary research on consumer behaviour and AI-generated art. This work was conducted with Associate Prof. Ying Zhu at the University of British Columbian, Okanagan and will be presented at the American Marketing Association’s Winter Conference.

Consumers often reject excellent AI creations in creative arts fields because they lack the moral weight of human intent.

I believe we’re entering an era where inefficiency and imperfection will become premium products. Just as a flawed hand-knit scarf means more than a mass-produced, factory-made one, a clunky, typo-ridden text message from a friend is becoming more valuable than a sonnet written by a random internet language model.

The renowned “Canadian Sorry” is only meaningful because it represents a moment of humility, a pang of guilt, the effort used to find the right words. When we outsource this type of labour, we outsource the meaning too.

So as you tackle your inbox this winter, resist the urge to let the robot take the wheel for every case. Your clients might need the perfect email, but your friends and family certainly don’t. They want to know you cared enough to find the words yourself.

The Conversation

Joshua Gonzales does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Slanguage: How the use of AI for apologies could cause the ‘Canadian Sorry’ to lose its soul – https://theconversation.com/slanguage-how-the-use-of-ai-for-apologies-could-cause-the-canadian-sorry-to-lose-its-soul-273046

One venue, two speeches – how Mark Carney left Donald Trump in the dust in Davos

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Mark Shanahan, Associate Professor of Political Engagement, University of Surrey

The meeting and venue were the same, but the style and tone of the two most anticipated keynote speeches at the World Economic Forum in the Swiss town of Davos could not have been more different. On Tuesday, January 20, Canadian prime minister Mark Carney addressed the assembled political and business leaders as one of them: a national leader with deep expertise in finance.

He spoke about a “rupture” in the world order and the duty of nations to come together through appropriate coalitions for the benefit of all. It was a paean to multilateralism, but one that recognised that the US would no longer provide the glue to hold alliances together. Carney never mentioned the US by name in his speech, instead talking of “great powers” and “hegemons”.

Carney’s quiet, measured and evocative case-making demonstrated his ability to be the leader France’s Emmanuel Macron would like to be and the UK’s Keir Starmer is too cautious to be. He was clear, unequivocal and unafraid of the bully below his southern border. In standing up to the US president, Donald Trump, he appeared every inch the statesperson.

Mark Carney delivers his speech at Davos, January 21 2026.

Then, on January 21, Trump took the stage. There was none of Carney’s self-awareness and nor did he read the room recognising the strengths, talents and economic power of the audience. Trump started with humour, noting he was talking to “friends and a few enemies”.

But he quickly shifted to a riff on the greatest hits of the first year of Trump 2.0 with the usual weaving away from his script down the rabbit holes of his perceived need for vengeance. Joe Biden still takes up far too much of Trump’s head space, but the next hour could be summed up as: “Trump great: everyone else bad.”

The president is the most amazing hype man for his own greatness, but it’s a zero-sum game. For him to win, others must lose, whether that’s the UK, Macron or the unnamed female prime minister of Switzerland whom he mocked for the poverty of her tariff negotiation skills. It’s worth noting Switzerland has no prime minister and its current president is a man.

While Carney was at pains to connect with his audience of allies, Trump exists happily in his own world where support – and sovereign territory – can be bought, and fealty trumps all. As ever, Trump played fast and loose with facts, wrapping real successes, aspirations and his unique view of the truth into a paean to himself.

He actually returned to his script to make the case for taking Greenland. The case is built on a notional need for “national and international security”, underscored by pointing out the territory is “in our hemisphere”. As so many commentators have said, collective security will do the job Trump insists that only the US can – and won’t require Denmark to cede territory. But Trump is sounding ever-less the rational actor.

Contrasting visions

The coming year is one of inflection for Trump’s presidency. His Republican party may well lose control of the House and possibly the Senate in the November midterms, which would severely curtail his ability to impose his will unfettered.

Trump is focused on his legacy and demands he’s up there with former US presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, James Polk and William McKinley, expanding the American empire and its physical footprint. This may be a step too far, even for a president with such vast economic and military power.

Donald Trump’ delivers his speech at Davos, January 21 2026.

Carney’s speech played well both at home and around the world. His line, “If we’re not at the table, we’re on the menu,” clearly resonated with his fellow western leaders. His vision for how “the power of legitimacy, integrity and rules will remain strong if we choose to wield them together”, also offered a positive vision in a dark time.

Trump told the audience that he would not use “excessive strength of force” to acquire Greenland. But, ever the real estate developer, he demanded “right, title and ownership” with an ominous threat: “You can say no – we will remember.”

As Trump laid out his grand vision of protecting and cherishing the rich and aligning nations to do America’s bidding, it was in stark contrast to Carney. The hyperbole and self-aggrandising, the insults and threats, and the singular vision of seeing the world only through the personal impact it has on him mark the US president out as remarkable, even exceptional.

But is this the exceptionalism the US wants? Is America about more than the strongman politics of economic and military coercion?

The immediate reaction in the US was relief, jumping on the line that Trump won’t take Greenland by force. It will be telling to look at the commentary as the country reflects on the president’s aim of lifting America up, seemingly by dragging the rest of the world down.

One leader donned the cloak of statesmanship at Davos this week. It wasn’t Donald Trump.

The Conversation

Mark Shanahan has a new edited collection of essays, Trump Unbound, due for publication by Palgrave Macmillan in October 2026.

ref. One venue, two speeches – how Mark Carney left Donald Trump in the dust in Davos – https://theconversation.com/one-venue-two-speeches-how-mark-carney-left-donald-trump-in-the-dust-in-davos-274062

What’s at stake in special educational needs reform

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Paty Paliokosta, Associate Professor of Special and Inclusive Education, Kingston University

Media_Photos/Shutterstock

A campaign – backed by celebrities including actress Sally Phillips and broadcaster Chris Packham as well as MPs – is calling on the government not to scrap or reduce education, health and care plans (EHCPs).

These provide legally binding extra support for children with special educational needs. There are fears that this will be a change outlined in a forthcoming policy paper on schools.

The pressure point for the government is how much it costs. At the moment, EHCP costs come from local authority budgets, which are too low to cover them. A significant rise in EHCPs meant that councils are racking up a cumulative deficit in the billions. From 2028, these costs will be managed by the central government budget.

Mainstream schools in England currently provide what’s called “universal provision”. This is standard support for all pupils, funded by the Department for Education.

If a child needs extra help, schools must offer targeted interventions and resources to remove barriers to learning. This comes from a local authority managed notional special educational needs budget of up to £6,000 per pupil.

If progress still isn’t happening, families can request an EHCP. This unlocks additional funding from (currently) the local authority. It can be used to pay for specialist teaching, equipment, or extra staff, or for alternative provision – education in a specialist school.

Not enough money and bureaucratic delays

The system has been in real need of reform for a good while now.

Waiting times for EHCP assessments are often painfully long. Some families say they feel treated as though they are an inconvenience. Many are fighting legal battles for support: if an EHCP is denied, this can be appealed at a tribunal, where parents are usually successful.

Without the right resources in schools to meet the needs of the children they educate, teachers say they are exhausted. Sencos – teachers in mainstream schools with the overview of special educational needs, and the people holding the fragile system together – report feeling overwhelmed and undervalued. This is not sustainable, but it can be changed.

Under the current funding system, most of the increased costs come from funding special school placements, rather than on inclusive education in mainstream classrooms. The government’s December 2025 announcement of a funding investment to create 60,000 specialist placements in mainstream schools is welcome.

To make special educational needs and disabilities provision fair and effective, better management of budgets at both national and local levels, stronger leadership in schools through a properly resourced Senco role, and comprehensive training for all teachers to support inclusion is needed.

The government has recently announced £200 million to be spent on teacher training to create a “truly inclusive education system”. This very welcome investment marks a significant shift: it recognises that inclusion cannot be achieved through structural reform alone.

It requires a confident, well‑trained workforce able to meet diverse needs early and effectively. If delivered at scale and with fidelity, this could begin to rebalance the system. It would reduce dependence on EHCPs by strengthening universal and targeted provision, and easing the need for specialist placements.

EHCPs are far from perfect, but they cannot disappear overnight without reforms that place inclusion in the heart of universal education provision with statutory protection.

However, once the system is gradually robust enough, EHCPs will be needed less and less.

Without these reforms, families will continue to fight for support without knowing whether this is the best way to have their children’s needs met. Schools will feel pressured to move pupils out of mainstream settings, and costs will continue to rise.

What works

Investment in strong local provision and workforce development can reduce reliance on expensive independent placements, improve outcomes and restore trust between families and schools.

In Kirklees, Yorkshire, schools, families and communities are encouraged to engage in mutual support and shared learning to foster collective responsibility.

Some local authorities are demonstrating what reform can look like. Haringey’s Send and Inclusion Improvement Plan (2024–2025) is built on five priorities: early intervention, meeting needs locally, providing choice, working together with families, and preparing children for adulthood.

Providing early, expert support for the 800,000 UK children with lifelong speech and language challenges would transform lives and save £8 billion annually, according to the Disabled Children’s Partnership and the Speech, Language and Communication Alliance.

Universities need to be involved more than ever, equipping teachers and Sencos with neurodiversity-friendly and dyslexia-friendly research and training interweaved in mainstream, holistic instruction that can continue through in-service training and professional development opportunities.

We’ve seen that children are being placed in costly independent schools with their fees paid by the state. Many are owned by private equity firms that have turned special education into a lucrative business. This is draining public funds at an unsustainable rate, while outcomes for pupils remain stubbornly poor.

The question now is whether the government will be brave enough to overhaul a system that has become both inefficient and inequitable, and deliver sustainable reforms, beyond one-off package funds, prioritising inclusion and early support over bureaucracy and profit.

The Conversation

Paty Paliokosta does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. What’s at stake in special educational needs reform – https://theconversation.com/whats-at-stake-in-special-educational-needs-reform-267474

Horses really can smell fear, new study claims, and it changes their behaviour

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Roberta Blake, Professor of Animal Performance Science, Anglia Ruskin University

Inna photographer/Shutterstock

Humans have long believed horses can “smell fear”. Nervous riders are often told to “relax, or the horse will feel it”. Until recently, though, there was little scientific evidence to show whether this was anything more than folklore.

A new study has found that this belief is no myth. Its results show that horses can detect chemical signals linked to human emotions, and that these signals can influence their behaviour and physiology.

Previous research has pointed to a form of emotional contagion between humans and horses. This is a phenomenon in which the emotional state of one person or animal influences the emotional state of another. But this is the first study to find evidence horses can detect human fear using their sense of smell.

Horses rely heavily on their sense of smell to understand the world around them. Their olfactory system is far more sensitive than ours, allowing them to detect subtle chemical differences in the environment.

There is scientific evidence that horses can select the most nutritious food by smelling it. A 2016 found that horses select foods based on nutrient content (such as protein), not just flavour, and that the way their body responds after eating influences future choices they make about food.

So how can horses smell our fear? Well, human emotions come with physiological changes. When people experience fear or stress, their body, face and voice changes. Their body also releases hormones such as adrenaline and cortisol, heart rate increases, and their sweat composition changes. These changes alter the chemical profile of a person’s body odour, which can carry information about their emotional state.

The scent of fear

The new study found evidence horses not only detect but also respond to human emotional odours. Horses in the study were exposed to human body odours collected via cotton pads wiped under the armpits of people.

These research participants watched either an excerpt from the 2012 horror movie Sinister (to induce fear) or clips, like the Singing in the Rain’s dance scene (to induce joy). The researchers also collected control odours with no emotional association.

The horses showed distinct behavioural and physiological changes when exposed to fear-related odours through the cotton pads, which were secured by a nylon mask on the horses’ noses. They were more alert, more reactive to sudden events and less inclined to approach humans.

And they showed increases in maximum heart rate, which indicates stress, during the exposure to the fear smell from sweat. Crucially, these responses happened without any visual or vocal cues from humans displaying fear.

Close up of dark horse's lower face, human hand reaching out to pat it.
Horses have sensitive noses.
Jaromir Chalabala/Shutterstock

This finding shows that smell alone can influence a horse’s emotional state. Horses were not reacting to tense body language, facial expressions or nervous movements – they were responding to chemical signals carried in human scent.

Previous research has shown horses seem to be sensitive to humans’ emotional states. In a May 2025 study, horses were shown videos of humans expressing fear, joy or neutral emotions in their facial expressions and voice.

Researchers measured the horses’ heart rate, behaviour and facial expressions while they watched the videos. The horses showed increased heart rates when exposed to fearful or joyful human expressions compared with neutral ones, which indicates heightened emotional arousal.

Fearful expressions depicted in the videos were associated with alert postures in the horses, like holding their head high and pointing their ears back and stress-related facial movements, like wide eyes. Joyful expressions depicted in the videos were linked to patterns associated with positive emotional states, like relaxed nostrils and ears.

Together, these findings are consistent with emotional contagion. Emotional contagion has been documented between humans and dogs, for instance, and these results suggest horses may also be affected by human emotions.

What this does – and doesn’t – mean

These studies do not suggest that horses understand fear in the same way humans do, or that they know why a person is afraid. Instead, the evidence shows horses are highly sensitive to the chemical, visual and vocal cues associated with emotional states.

Smell is probably just one part of a broader physiological system. Horses are adept at reading human posture, muscle tension, breathing patterns, heart rate and movement – all of which change when a person is anxious. These cues shape how a horse perceives and responds to a human.

Understanding how horses perceive human emotions has important implications for welfare, training and safety. Riders, handlers and therapists working with horses may unintentionally influence an animal’s emotional state through their own stress or calmness.

More broadly, the research challenges outdated assumptions about animal perception. Horses are not passive responders to human commands, as equine professionals and researchers thought until recently. They are sensitive social partners, finely tuned to the emotional signals we give off.

Horses evolved as social prey animals living in large herds on open grasslands, where survival depended on detecting danger quickly. Although humans began domesticating horses around 5,500 years ago, this is evolutionarily recent, meaning modern horses still retain highly sensitive sensory systems adapted for vigilance and social awareness.

So, when people say horses can smell fear, science now suggests they may be closer to the truth than we originally thought. And next time you are close to a horse, try to relax, and make the interaction more enjoyable for both of you.

The Conversation

Roberta Blake does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Horses really can smell fear, new study claims, and it changes their behaviour – https://theconversation.com/horses-really-can-smell-fear-new-study-claims-and-it-changes-their-behaviour-273652

I developed an app that uses drone footage to track plastic litter on beaches

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Gerard Dooly, Assistant Professor in Engineering, University of Limerick

4045/Shutterstock

Plastic pollution is one of those problems everyone can see, yet few know how to tackle it effectively. I grew up walking the beaches around Tramore in County Waterford, Ireland, where plastic debris has always been part of the coastline, including bottles, fragments of fishing gear and food packaging.

According to the UN, every year 19-23 million tonnes of plastic lands up in lakes, rivers and seas, and it has a huge impact on ecosystems, creating pollution and damaging animal habitats.

Community groups do tremendous work cleaning these beaches, but they’re essentially walking blind, guessing where plastic accumulates, missing hot spots, repeating the same stretches while problem areas may go untouched.

Years later, working in marine robotics at the University of Limerick, I began developing tools to support marine clean-up and help communities find plastic pollution along our coastline.

The question seemed straightforward: could we use drones to show people exactly where the plastic is? And could we turn finding the plastic littered on beaches and cleaning it up into something people enjoy – in other words, “gamify” it? Could we also build on other ways that drones have been used previously such as tracking wildfires or identifying shipwrecks.

Building the technology

At the University of Limerick’s Centre for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, my team combined drone-based aerial surveillance work with machine-learning algorithms (a type of artificial intelligence) to map where plastic was being littered, and this paired with a free mobile app that provides volunteers with precise GPS coordinates for targeted clean-up.

The technical challenge was more complex than it appeared. Training computer vision models to detect a bottle cap from 30 metres altitude, while distinguishing it from similar objects like seaweed, driftwood, shells and weathered rocks, required extensive field testing and checks of the accuracy of the detection system.

The development hasn’t been straightforward. Early versions of the algorithm struggled with shadows and confused driftwood for plastic bottles. We spent months refining the system through trial and error on beaches around Clare and Galway so the system can now spot plastic as small as 1cm.

We conducted hundreds of test flights across Irish coastlines under varying environmental conditions, different lighting, tidal states, weather patterns, building a robust training dataset.

How a drone finds plastic litter.

Ireland’s plastic problem

The urgency of this work becomes clear when you look at the Marine Institute’s work. Ireland’s 3,172 kilometres of coastline, the longest per capita in Europe, faces a deepening crisis.

A 2018 study found that 73% of deep-sea fish in Irish waters had ingested plastic particles. More than 250 species, including seabirds, fish, marine turtles and mammals have all been reported to ingest large items of plastics.

The costs go beyond harming wildlife, and the economic impact can be significant.

Our drone surveys revealed that some stretches of coast accumulate plastic at rates five to ten times higher than neighbouring areas, driven by ocean currents and river mouths. Without systematic monitoring, these hotspots go unaddressed.

Making the technology accessible

The plastic detection platform accepts drone imagery from any source, such as ordinary people flying their own drones.

Processing requires only standard laptop software. Users upload footage and receive GPS coordinates showing detected plastic locations. The mobile app, available free on iOS and Android, displays these locations as an interactive map.

A piece of plastic litter on a beach.
Plastic is regularly found on beaches around Europe.
Author’s own.

Community groups, schools and individuals can see nearby plastic pollution and find it, saving a lot of time.

It has already been tested with five community groups around Ireland with positive results, averaging 30 plastics spotted per ten-minute drone flight, varying by location.

Working through the EU-funded BluePoint project, which is tackling plastic pollution of coastlines around Europe, we’ve distributed over 30 drones to partners across Ireland and Europe, including county councils and environmental organisations.

The technology has been deployed in areas including Spanish Point in County Clare, where the local Tidy Towns group (litter-picking volunteers), were named joint Clean Coast Community Group of the Year 2024.

Organising a litter pick. Video by Propeller BIC (Waterford).

The wider waste story

This is part of a broader European effort to address plastic pollution. Partners such as the sports store Decathlon are exploring how to transform recovered beach plastics into new consumer products – sports equipment, textiles and components.

The challenge isn’t just collection. Beach plastics arrive contaminated with sand and salt, in mixed types and grades. Our ongoing research characterises what’s actually found on Irish coastlines, providing manufacturers with data to design appropriate sorting and recycling processes.

The open source software platforms and the drone technology have already been used in nine countries, engaging more than 2,000 people. Pilot programmes are running in France, Spain, Portugal, Brazil and the UK. What began as a question about making beach clean-ups more effective has evolved into a practical system connecting citizen action to environmental outcomes.

Community feedback from pilots has been overwhelmingly positive. Groups report that the drone-derived GPS coordinates transform clean-up work. One participating Tidy Towns group said that volunteers now head straight to flagged locations.

Groups have also reported increased participation, the gamification aspect appeals to families and participants who might not volunteer otherwise. Additionally, the data we’ve gathered so far is being used by local authorities to understand litter patterns and inform policy decisions around waste management and coastal protection.

The Conversation

Gerard Dooly works for the University of Limerick, Ireland. He receives funding under the BLUEPOINT project (EAPA_0035/2022), co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund through the Interreg Atlantic Area Programme.

ref. I developed an app that uses drone footage to track plastic litter on beaches – https://theconversation.com/i-developed-an-app-that-uses-drone-footage-to-track-plastic-litter-on-beaches-272322