Suivre la faune grâce à l’ADN : une percée scientifique en collaboration avec une communauté autochtone

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Valérie S. Langlois, Professor/Professeure titulaire, Eau Terre Environnement Research Centre, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)

Orignaux, caribous, cerfs… Ils traversent les forêts depuis des millénaires et façonnent les écosystèmes autant que les cultures humaines. Mais comment confirmer leur présence sans les observer, les capturer ou les déranger ? La réponse tient parfois à l’invisible : des fragments d’ADN laissés dans la neige, la poussière ou transportés par des insectes.

Cette approche, appelée ADN environnemental (ADNe), transforme le suivi de la faune terrestre, à condition d’en adapter les méthodes aux réalités du territoire.

Au Canada, la protection de la biodiversité se fait sous des pressions croissantes liées à l’exploitation des ressources et aux changements climatiques. Le Cerf de Virginie, par exemple, se déplace vers le nord, empiétant sur les habitats d’orignal et du caribou. Il peut transporter avec lui des maladies qui mettent à risque des populations entières de cervidés. La progression de l’espèce est suivie de près, mais repose sur des informations parfois difficiles à obtenir.

Il en va de même pour le suivi des espèces rares et difficiles à observer, comme le carcajou, dont la présence dans plusieurs régions du nord du Québec demeure incertaine, faute de données tangibles pour la confirmer.

Pour orienter les décisions nécessaires à la protection de la biodiversité, l’ensemble des acteurs — gouvernements, organismes de conservation, industrie et Peuples autochtones — ont besoin de données fiables, comparables et produites de manière socialement responsable. Or, les outils de suivi traditionnels (observation directe, capture, colliers GPS ou pièges photographiques) sont souvent coûteux, intrusifs ou difficiles à déployer dans des régions éloignées.

L’ADN environnemental : promesses et limites

L’ADNe repose sur un principe à la fois simple et puissant : tous les organismes vivants libèrent des fragments de leurs cellules contenant de l’ADN dans leur environnement, notamment par leurs excréments, leur urine, leur salive, leur peau ou leurs poils. En analysant ces traces génétiques présentes dans l’eau, le sol, la neige ou l’air, il devient possible d’identifier les espèces qui fréquentent un milieu donné, sans contact direct ni perturbation des animaux.

Si cette approche est aujourd’hui bien établie pour les espèces aquatiques, son application aux animaux terrestres demeure un défi scientifique majeur. Contrairement aux milieux aquatiques, l’ADNe est dispersé de façon inégale. Sa détection dépend étroitement du comportement des espèces, des conditions climatiques, de la nature des substrats (sol, poussière, neige) et des processus de dégradation de l’ADN dans l’environnement. Ces facteurs rendent le suivi plus complexe et nécessitent des méthodes adaptées aux réalités locales.

Dans ce contexte, un récent article scientifique publié dans la revue Environmental DNA a marqué une avancée majeure pour le suivi de la biodiversité au Canada. Nous y présentons de nouveaux outils permettant de suivre 125 espèces animales d’Amérique du Nord de manière non invasive. Fait marquant, près de la moitié de ces espèces ont été sélectionnées par des partenaires autochtones à travers le pays, pour leur importance culturelle, écologique ou alimentaire. Parmi elles figure le caribou, une espèce emblématique et culturellement centrale pour de nombreuses Nations autochtones.

C’est précisément à l’interface entre ces promesses technologiques et ces défis scientifiques qu’est née une collaboration étroite entre des chercheuses et chercheurs de l’Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS) et la Première Nation Abitibiwinni à Pikogan, au nord d’Amos en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, dans le cadre du projet pancanadien iTrackDNA.




À lire aussi :
Utiliser l’ADN pour suivre avec précision la trace des animaux dans leur milieu naturel


Une recherche co-construite sur le territoire

En 2021, la communauté anicinape s’est jointe au projet iTrackDNA afin de développer des outils de suivi de la faune répondant à ses priorités culturelles et territoriales. Les gardiens du territoire, les biologistes communautaires et les chercheuses et chercheurs ont d’abord identifié des espèces clés, dont l’orignal, le caribou forestier et le cerf de Virginie, qui suscitent des préoccupations sur les plans culturel, écologique et de subsistance.

Une première campagne d’échantillonnage, fondée sur la filtration classique de l’eau, s’est soldée par des résultats décevants. Malgré la présence confirmée des espèces, les taux de détection étaient faibles, voire inexistants. Loin d’être un échec, ce revers a mis en lumière une réalité essentielle : les méthodes standards d’ADNe ne sont pas universelles et doivent être adaptées aux contextes écologiques et sociaux dans lesquels elles sont utilisées.

Repenser les méthodes, ensemble

Plutôt que d’abandonner, l’équipe a choisi de repenser entièrement l’approche. Une étude expérimentale rigoureuse a été menée sur le territoire ancestral de la Nation Abitibiwinni, en forêt boréale au Québec, afin de comparer différentes méthodes de collecte d’ADNe pour le suivi de la faune terrestre. Les protocoles ont été co-développés avec les gardiens du territoire, en privilégiant des matériaux peu coûteux, accessibles et applicables en régions éloignées.

Quatre grandes approches ont été testées : l’échantillonnage de la neige de surface, la collecte de poussières et d’invertébrés (mouches charognardes), l’échantillonnage de l’eau locale et l’échantillonnage de l’eau en aval. Les essais ont été réalisés dans des environnements contrôlés, notamment au refuge faunique Pageau et dans un enclos gouvernemental de caribous, afin de comparer clairement l’efficacité de chaque méthode.

La neige, alliée inattendue du suivi faunique

Les résultats, récemment publiés dans la revue scientifique Journal of Applied Ecology, sont sans équivoque. L’échantillonnage de la neige de surface s’est révélé la méthode la plus performante, avec une détection parfaite de l’ADN des trois espèces ciblées. La neige agit comme un excellent conservateur : froide, sombre et peu perturbée, elle accumule et préserve l’ADNe déposé par les animaux en déplacement.

Les méthodes basées sur les invertébrés et la poussière aérienne ont également montré une forte efficacité. Ces approches sont prometteuses pour les saisons sans neige ou pour les espèces qui ne sont actives que l’été. À l’inverse, l’échantillonnage de l’eau s’est avéré moins fiable pour certaines espèces terrestres, sauf dans des contextes très spécifiques, soulignant la nécessité d’une validation locale préalable.




À lire aussi :
L’étude des forêts anciennes de l’est du Canada indique que le changement climatique a commencé il y a près de 100 ans



Déjà des milliers d’abonnés à l’infolettre de La Conversation. Et vous ? Abonnez-vous gratuitement à notre infolettre pour mieux comprendre les grands enjeux contemporains.


Partager les nouvelles connaissances

Suite à cette collaboration fructueuse, une formation unique sur l’ADNe, co-organisée par l’INRS, la Première Nation Abitibiwinni et l’Institut de développement durable des Premières Nations du Québec et du Labrador, a réuni des membres de 12 communautés et organismes autochtones. L’objectif était de renforcer les capacités locales en matière de suivi de la faune à l’aide d’outils scientifiques adaptés aux réalités du territoire.

Les participantes et les participants ont acquis des compétences concrètes, allant de la conception d’un plan d’échantillonnage à l’interprétation des résultats de laboratoire. Les méthodes enseignées, développées conjointement par des chercheuses, des chercheurs et des gardiens du territoire, sont respectueuses des animaux, fiables et applicables en milieux éloignés avec du matériel accessible. Cette formation illustre comment une technologie de pointe peut être appliquée localement pour soutenir la gestion du territoire, tout en respectant les savoirs, les cultures et les priorités des communautés.




À lire aussi :
Des hivers plus doux, des parasites plus présents : l’orignal est-il en péril face à la tique d’hiver ?


Une science utile, ancrée et durable

Au-delà des résultats techniques, cette recherche montre la force d’une démarche menée conjointement, où les savoirs écologiques autochtones et la génomique moderne se complètent et se renforcent. Les protocoles développés sont désormais accessibles à d’autres organisations autochtones et non autochtones, au Canada comme ailleurs, et contribuent directement à l’élaboration de normes canadiennes pour l’analyse de l’ADNe.

Si l’ADNe n’apporte pas encore toutes les réponses, il constitue un outil puissant et adaptable pour appuyer la gouvernance territoriale et la conservation de la biodiversité. En misant sur la collaboration, l’innovation méthodologique et l’ancrage territorial, cette approche ouvre la voie à un suivi de la faune plus inclusif, plus fiable et mieux aligné avec les défis environnementaux d’aujourd’hui et de demain.

La Conversation Canada

Valérie S. Langlois a reçu des financements de Génome Canada, Génome Québec et du programme de Chaires de recherche du Canada pour effectuer ce projet de recherche.

Annie Claude Bélisle a reçu des financements de Mitacs Élévation et de la Première Nation Abitibiwinni.

ref. Suivre la faune grâce à l’ADN : une percée scientifique en collaboration avec une communauté autochtone – https://theconversation.com/suivre-la-faune-grace-a-ladn-une-percee-scientifique-en-collaboration-avec-une-communaute-autochtone-272110

Winter storms don’t have to be deadly – here’s how to stay safe before, during and after one hits

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Brett Robertson, Associate Professor and Associate Director of the Hazards Vulnerability and Resilience Institute, University of South Carolina

A powerful winter storm that swept across the United States in late January 2026, leaving hundreds of thousands of people without power in freezing temperatures for days, has been linked to at least 70 deaths. And several East Coast states are under a new winter storm warning just days later.

The causes of the deaths and injuries varied. Some people died from exposure to cold inside their homes. Others fell outside or suffered heart attacks while shoveling snow. Three young brothers died after falling through ice on a Texas pond. Dozens of children were treated for carbon monoxide poisoning from improperly used generators or heaters.

These tragedies and others share a common theme: Winter storms pose multiple dangers at once, and people often underestimate how quickly conditions can become life-threatening.

A man stands by the open door of a car stuck on a road with deep snow.
If you plan to drive in a winter storm, be prepared to be stranded, as this driver was in Little Rock, Ark., on Jan. 24, 2026. Cars can slide off roads, slide into each other or get stuck in snow drifts. Having warm winter gear, boots and a charged cell phone can help you deal with the cold.
Will Newton/Getty Images

I’m the associate director of the Hazards Vulnerability and Resilience Institute at the University of South Carolina, where we work on ways to improve emergency preparedness and response. Here is what people need to know to reduce their risk of injury during severe winter weather.

Prepare before the storm arrives

Preparation makes the biggest difference when temperatures drop, and services fail. Many winter storm injuries happen after power outages knock out heat, lighting or medical equipment.

Start by assembling a basic emergency kit. The Federal Emergency Management Agency recommends having water, food that does not require cooking, a flashlight, a battery-powered radio, extra batteries and a first-aid kit, at minimum.

Some basics to go into an emergency kit
In addition to these basics, a winter emergency kit should have plenty of warm clothes and snacks to provide energy to produce body heat.
National Institute of Aging

In wintertime, you’ll also need warm clothing, blankets, hats and gloves. When you go out, even in a vehicle, make sure you dress for the weather. Keep a blanket in the car in case you get stranded, as hundreds of people did for hours overnight on a Mississippi highway on Jan. 27 in freezing, snowy weather.

Portable phone chargers matter more than many people realize. During emergencies, phones become lifelines for updates, help and contact with family. Keep devices charged ahead of the storm and conserve battery power once the storm begins.

If anyone in your home depends on electrically powered medical equipment, make a plan now. Know where you can go if the power goes out for an extended period. Contact your utility provider in advance to ask about outage planning, including whether they offer priority restoration or guidance for customers who rely on powered medical equipment.

What to do if the power goes out

Loss of heat is one of the most serious dangers of winter storms. Hypothermia can occur indoors when temperatures drop, especially overnight.

If the power goes out, choose one room to stay in and close its doors to keep the warmth inside. Cover windows with curtains or blankets. Wear loose layers and a knit hat to keep your own body heat in, even indoors. Remember to also eat regular snacks and drink warm fluids when possible, since the body uses energy to stay warm.

Five people sit around a table, each wrapped up in warm clothes and hats. Two children are studying.
Wearing knit caps, lots of layers and staying together in one room can help with warmth. If you light candles, use them carefully to avoid fires.
SimpleImages/Moment via Getty Images

It might seem tempting, but don’t use camp stoves, outdoor grills or generators inside a home. These can quickly produce carbon monoxide, an odorless and deadly gas. During the January storm, one Nashville hospital saw more than 40 children with carbon monoxide poisoning linked to unsafe heating practices.

If you must use a generator, keep it outdoors and far from windows and doors. Make sure your home’s carbon monoxide detectors are working before storms arrive.

If your home becomes too cold, go to a warmer place, such as a friend’s home, a warming center or a public shelter. You can call 2-1-1, a nationwide hotline, to find local options. The American Red Cross and the Salvation Army also list open shelters on their websites. Several states maintain online maps for finding warming centers and emergency services during winter storms, including Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New York, Tennessee, and Texas.

Be careful outside – ice changes things

Winter storms make everyday activities dangerous. Ice turns sidewalks into slippery hazards. Snow shoveling strains the heart.
Frozen ponds and lakes might look solid but often are not as the ice can change quickly with weather conditions.

Walking on icy surfaces, even your own sidewalk, requires slow steps, proper footwear and full attention to what you’re doing. Falls can cause head injuries or broken bones, and it can happen with your first step out the door.

A group of kids scream as they sled down a hillside, legs flying in the air.
Playing in the snow, like this group was at Cherokee Park in Louisville, Ky., can be the best part of winter, but be sure to do it safely. At least three people died in accidents while being towed on sleds behind vehicles on icy streets during the January 2026 storm.
Jon Cherry/Getty Images

Shoveling snow is a common risk that people often overlook, but it deserves special caution. The actions of shoveling in cold weather can place intense strain on the heart. For people with heart conditions, it that extra strain can trigger heart attacks.

Why shoveling snow is more stressful on your heart than mowing your lawn. Mayo Clinic.

If you’re shoveling, take frequent breaks. Push snow instead of lifting when possible. And stop immediately if you feel chest pain, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

Communication saves time and lives

Winter storms disrupt information flows. Cell service fails. Internet access drops. Power outages silence televisions.

In my research on heat and storm emergencies, people frequently rely on personal networks to share updates, resources, and safety information. With that in mind, check on family, friends and neighbors, especially older adults and people who live alone.

Research I have conducted shows that nearby social ties matter during disasters because they help people share information and act more quickly when services are disrupted. Make sure that the information you’re sharing is coming from reliable sources – not everything on social media is. Also, let others know where you plan to go if conditions worsen.

A woman in a puffy jacket, hat and scarf walks up snow-covered subway stairs.
Walk carefully on snow and ice, particularly stairs like these in a New York subway station on Jan. 25, 2026. At home, be sure to clear snow off your steps soon after a storm so ice doesn’t build up.
Spencer Platt/Getty Images

Use multiple sources for information. Battery-powered radios remain critical during winter storms. Sign up for local emergency alerts by email or text. Studies have found that in regions accustomed to frequent hazardous weather, people often take actions in response to risks more slowly when they don’t have reliable local updates or clear alerts.

Practice matters

Many injuries happen because people delay actions they know they need to take. They wait to leave a house that’s getting too cold or at risk of damage by weather, such as flooding. They wait to ask for help. They wait to adjust plans.

In research I contributed to on evacuation drills involving wildfires, people who practiced their evacuation plan in advance were more likely to react quickly when conditions changed. Talking through evacuation plans for any type of emergency, whether a hurricane or a winter storm, builds people’s confidence and reduces their hesitation.

Take time each winter to review your emergency supplies, communication plans, and heating options.

Winter storms will test your preparation, judgment, and patience. You cannot control when the next one arrives, but you can decide how ready you will be when it does.

The Conversation

Brett Robertson receives funding from the National Science Foundation (Award #2316128). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

ref. Winter storms don’t have to be deadly – here’s how to stay safe before, during and after one hits – https://theconversation.com/winter-storms-dont-have-to-be-deadly-heres-how-to-stay-safe-before-during-and-after-one-hits-274605

Les inégalités économiques croissantes pavent la voie à la montée des autoritarismes

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Jonathan Martineau, Professeur de philosophie, Liberal Arts College, Université Concordia, Concordia University

En concentrant la richesse et le pouvoir entre les mains d’une minorité, le système économique dominant fragilise les démocraties et ouvre la voie aux autoritarismes, révèle le dernier rapport d’Oxfam, publié la semaine dernière en marge de l’ouverture du Forum économique mondial de Davos, un choix de calendrier loin d’être anodin.


Alors que les élites économiques et politiques mondiales s’y réunissaient pour débattre du « nouvel ordre mondial » et de stratégies pour diversifier les marchés et maintenir la croissance économique mondiale à flots, le rapport d’Oxfam dresse quant à lui un constat accablant : le système économique dominant produit des niveaux d’inégalités sans précédent historique.

Loin d’être des anomalies conjoncturelles, ces inégalités apparaissent comme le symptôme structurel d’un modèle économique fondé sur l’exploitation, dont les effets menacent de plus en plus la stabilité démocratique à l’échelle mondiale.

Professeur de philosophie au Liberal Arts College de l’Université Concordia, mes recherches portent sur le temps, la technologie et l’économie politique du capitalisme contemporain.




À lire aussi :
Voir le monde tel qu’il est : le message (réaliste) de Carney à Davos


Un système inégalitaire

Le rapport souligne d’abord l’extrême concentration de la richesse. Les 12 milliardaires les plus riches de la planète possèdent aujourd’hui une richesse équivalente à celle détenue par la moitié la plus pauvre de l’humanité, soit environ 4 milliards de personnes. Ce chiffre, déjà frappant en soi, illustre une dynamique propre au capitalisme contemporain. Les inégalités ne sont pas qu’un résultat indésirable du système, mais une structure fondamentale de son fonctionnement.

Les marchés mondiaux reposent sur une série de relations sociales structurées par des rapports de propriété et de pouvoir asymétriques entre les personnes et les pays. Le système ne fait pas que concentrer la richesse une fois qu’elle est produite, il « crée » de la richesse sur la base de rapports sociaux inégaux. La richesse des uns dépend de la pauvreté des autres.

L’un des constats les plus préoccupants du rapport réside justement dans cette mise en parallèle de l’augmentation de la richesse des milliardaires et de la progression de l’insécurité alimentaire à l’échelle mondiale. Les données présentées indiquent que ces deux phénomènes suivent des trajectoires similaires. Alors qu’une fraction infinitésimale de la population mondiale voit sa richesse croître de manière exponentielle, des centaines de millions de personnes basculent ou demeurent dans des situations de précarité alimentaire.

Cette relation n’est pas fortuite : le système privilégie la maximisation du profit plutôt que la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux, et l’accès aux nécessités dépend de la capacité de payer, et non d’un droit humain.

De l’économique au politique

L’évolution récente de la fortune des milliardaires renforce ce diagnostic, et ouvre également sur les dimensions politiques du problème des inégalités.

Depuis la seconde élection de Donald Trump en novembre 2024, la richesse des milliardaires a augmenté à un rythme trois fois supérieur à la moyenne observée au cours des cinq années précédentes. Cette accélération ne peut être comprise indépendamment des choix politiques favorables au capital : déréglementation, baisses d’impôts sur les hauts revenus et le capital, affaiblissement des mécanismes de redistribution et du pouvoir de négociation du travail.

Aux États-Unis, la convergence entre les intérêts des milliardaires de la tech et les politiques économiques de l’administration Trump illustre également cette dynamique. Le rapport met ainsi en lumière l’imbrication étroite entre la sphère politique et les inégalités économiques.

Ces inégalités économiques ont également des conséquences majeures sur les processus démocratiques. Le rapport d’Oxfam montre que les milliardaires ont environ 4000 fois plus de chances d’occuper un poste politique que les citoyennes et citoyens ordinaires. Cette surreprésentation des élites économiques dans les sphères du pouvoir contribue à orienter les politiques publiques en fonction de leurs intérêts propres.

Dans un tel contexte, les institutions démocratiques tendent à fonctionner de manière formelle, tandis que leur substance – l’égalité politique et la souveraineté populaire – s’érode progressivement.

Les données comparatives présentées dans le rapport renforcent ce constat : les pays caractérisés par les niveaux d’inégalités économiques les plus élevés présentent un risque sept fois plus important de voir leur démocratie s’affaiblir que ceux où les inégalités sont les moins prononcées. Loin d’être un simple enjeu de justice distributive, l’inégalité apparaît ainsi comme un facteur structurel de déstabilisation démocratique.

Lorsque de larges segments de la population sont exclus des bénéfices économiques et privés de toute influence politique réelle, la confiance envers les institutions décline, ouvrant la voie à des formes politiques autoritaires.




À lire aussi :
Les États-Unis seront-ils contrôlés par une clique de milliardaires ? Le risque de glissement vers une oligarchie est réel


La parade des CEO à Davos

Contrôle, répression et délégitimation

Dans ce contexte, l’argument selon lequel le capitalisme contemporain engendre des formes politiques autoritaires mérite une attention particulière. Plus les inégalités se creusent, plus le maintien de l’ordre social existant requiert des dispositifs de contrôle, de répression et de délégitimation des revendications populaires.

Par exemple, les discours anti-immigration de ce point de vue peuvent servir de diversion afin de canaliser la grogne populaire non pas envers les classes dominantes, mais envers des boucs-émissaires vulnérables. La montée des droites autoritaires dans de nombreux contextes nationaux peut ainsi être interprétée non pas comme une rupture avec le système économique dominant, mais comme l’une de ses modalités de stabilisation politique face à des contradictions internes croissantes.

En dernière analyse, le récent rapport d’Oxfam met en évidence un enchaînement préoccupant : concentration extrême de la richesse, aggravation de la précarité matérielle, captation du pouvoir politique et érosion démocratique. Le rapport invite donc à dépasser une lecture strictement morale ou technocratique des inégalités.


Déjà des milliers d’abonnés à l’infolettre de La Conversation. Et vous ? Abonnez-vous gratuitement à notre infolettre pour mieux comprendre les grands enjeux contemporains.


Celles-ci ne sont pas de simples « excès » qu’il suffirait de corriger à la marge par des ajustements fiscaux. Elles constituent le produit normal d’un système économique fondé sur l’exploitation et la précarité du plus grand nombre, et la subordination de la démocratie aux intérêts économiques.

Dans ce cadre, la défense de la démocratie ne peut se limiter à la protection des procédures électorales ; elle suppose également une transformation plus profonde des structures économiques qui conditionnent l’exercice effectif de la citoyenneté.

Résister à la montée des autoritarismes implique dès lors de s’attaquer aux causes structurelles de ces dynamiques. Cela passe non seulement par des politiques de redistribution ambitieuses, mais aussi par le développement de formes d’organisation économique et sociale alternatives au capitalisme, plus à même de mettre l’économie et le travail au service des besoins de tous et toutes, plutôt qu’à l’accumulation privée des richesses par une poignée de milliardaires.

La Conversation Canada

Jonathan Martineau a reçu des financements du Conseil de recherche en sciences humaines du Canada (CRSH), du Fonds de recherche du Québec, Société et Culture (FRQ-SC), et de l’Observatoire international sur les impacts sociétaux de l’intelligence artificielle (Obvia).

ref. Les inégalités économiques croissantes pavent la voie à la montée des autoritarismes – https://theconversation.com/les-inegalites-economiques-croissantes-pavent-la-voie-a-la-montee-des-autoritarismes-274520

CAN 2025 de football : les réussites et les ratés de l’édition marocaine

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Chuka Onwumechili, Professor of Communications, Howard University

La 35e édition de la Coupe d’Afrique des nations (CAN) 2025, organisée par le Maroc, a été riche en frissons et en rebondissements avec du bon et du moins bon. Elle s’est terminée par une victoire du Sénégal, qui remporte ainsi son deuxième titre de champion d’Afrique. Si la victoire 1-0 contre le Maroc était méritée, la finale s’est terminée sur une note amère. Les supporters ont envahi le terrain et l’équipe victorieuse a quitté le terrain pendant 16 minutes.

Je suis chercheur en communication sportive et auteur de plusieurs ouvrages sur le football en Afrique.

Les quatre points positifs du tournoi ont été les suivants :

  • des matchs de qualité disputés sur des terrains impeccables

  • une couverture médiatique élargie

  • un intérêt mondial accru

  • une augmentation du nombre de supporters.

En revanche, nous avons assisté à l’abandon de l’équipe sénégalaise lors de la finale, à de mauvaises décisions arbitrales, en particulier dans les matchs impliquant le Maroc, et à des problèmes de billetterie.

Cette CAN 2025 a offert des exemples à suivre comme la qualité des terrains et le marketing réussi, dont les futurs pays organisateurs devraient s’inspirer. Cependant, la Confédération africaine de football (CAF) doit tirer les leçons de ce tournoi en matière de sécurité autour du terrain et de formation des arbitres.

Ce qui a bien fonctionné

Les infrastructures de la CAN ont démontré que le Maroc était prêt à accueillir la Coupe du monde plus tard dans l’année. Rien que pour les six stades, le pays a dépensé 1,4 milliard de dollars américains. Pas moins de 10 milliards de dollars américains ont été dépensés pour les infrastructures publiques connexes dans le domaine des transports. Les matchs ont été de grande qualité et se sont déroulés sur d’excellentes pelouses.

Les supporters qui ont assisté à ce spectacle de football ont été transportés par un système ferroviaire à grande vitesse et d’autres moyens de transport fluides.

La qualité des surfaces a peut-être contribué au fait qu’il y ait eu moins de surprises ou de bouleversements. Les quatre équipes qui ont atteint les demi-finales – l’Égypte, le Maroc, le Nigeria et le Sénégal – étaient toutes en tête de leur groupe.

Finalement, la finale a opposé les deux équipes africaines les mieux classées. Le match a été exceptionnel, les grands noms ayant produit un football mémorable tout au long du tournoi.




Read more:
CAN 2025 de football : quand l’image du sport influence le business et l’économie


Couverture médiatique élargie

La décision de s’étendre à d’autres marchés a conduit à une couverture médiatique élargie en Chine, au Brésil et sur les principaux marchés européens. La participation de plusieurs joueurs de renom issus de clubs européens a permis d’assurer une audience mondiale au tournoi. Des équipes telles que le Real Madrid, le PSG, le Bayern Munich, Manchester United et Liverpool ont vu certains de leurs joueurs participer à la compétition.

À ceux-ci s’ajoutaient des joueurs de renommée mondiale tels que Sadio Mané, Riyad Mahrez et Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang. Ces noms étaient assurés d’attirer l’attention des médias du monde entier.

L’audience a globalement augmenté, avec des hausses remarquables en Europe. La France a enregistré 3,4 millions de téléspectateurs et le Royaume-Uni 1,7 million de téléspectateurs.

Intérêt mondial accru

La CAF a annoncé une augmentation de 90 % de ses revenus. Le chiffre d’affaires s’est élevé à 192,6 millions de dollars (114 millions de dollars américains de bénéfices), contre 105,6 millions de dollars dont 72 millions de bénéfices lors de la précédente CAN. Cela montre une augmentation constante, avec le nombre de partenaires qui passe de 9 à 17 entre 2021 et 2023. Une plus grande couverture médiatique a suscité l’intérêt commercial autour du tournoi.

L’affluence dans les stades a aussi nettement progressé. Les chiffres annoncés à la fin de la compétition ont montré que 1,34 million de personnes ont assisté aux matchs. En 2023, en Côte d’Ivoire, le nombre de spectateurs était de 1,1 million.

Cela montre clairement l’intérêt croissant pour le tournoi. La proximité du Maroc avec l’Europe a également été un facteur déterminant. Davantage de spectateurs ont fait le déplacement depuis le continent et d’ailleurs.

Les primes remises aux équipes lors du tournoi ont également battu des records, le Sénégal remportant 11,6 millions de dollars. Les équipes éliminées lors de la phase de groupes ont reçu chacune 1,3 million de dollars américains.




Read more:
Le football africain a remporté la 34e édition de la CAN, suivi de près par la Côte d’Ivoire


Erreurs

Scènes de colère : La finale a été gâchée par un retrait du terrain des Sénégalais, qui protestaient contre un penalty accordé au Maroc pendant les arrêts de jeu. Le match a été suspendu pendant 16 minutes. Les Sénégalais étaient furieux suite à l’annulation de leur but dans les dernières minutes du temps réglementaire. Les protestations contre le penalty accordé au Maroc ont duré jusqu’à ce que l’une des figures emblématiques de l’équipe, Sadio Mané, demande à ses coéquipiers de poursuivre le match.

À ce moment-là, les supporters sénégalais en colère avaient arraché des sièges dans les tribunes et de nombreuses bagarres ont éclaté. Finalement, le Maroc n’a pas réussi à convertir le penalty et le Sénégal a marqué un but mémorable pour remporter la victoire.

Questions relatives à l’arbitrage : Tout au long du tournoi, le Maroc a semblé être favorisé par plusieurs décisions et absences de décision arbitrales. La CAF devrait envisager des programmes d’échange d’arbitres avec d’autres confédérations afin d’améliorer l’arbitrage. Cela aiderait non seulement la CAN, mais permettrait également aux arbitres de découvrir d’autres événements continentaux.

Il est également préoccupant que des ramasseurs de balles marocains aient été vus en train d’arracher les serviettes des gardiens de but des équipes adverses lors des matchs Nigeria-Maroc et Sénégal-Maroc.

Problèmes de billetterie : Il y a également eu des problèmes de billetterie. Alors que les billets étaient tous vendus, plusieurs stades étaient déserts pendant les matchs de groupe. Cela peut s’expliquer par des problèmes liés au fait que les revendeurs secondaires ont peut-être acheté plus de billets qu’ils ne pouvaient en revendre. Néanmoins, chaque match a attiré en moyenne 21 167 spectateurs. La présence des médias a également augmenté pendant le tournoi. Selon certaines informations, plus de 3 800 journalistes ont couvert l’événement depuis le Maroc.

Perspectives

La compétition a démontré que le Maroc était prêt à accueillir les matchs de la Coupe du monde en 2030. Le Maroc, ainsi que l’Espagne et le Portugal, accueilleront les matchs, auxquels participeront 48 équipes. Les six villes utilisées pour la CAN 2025 accueilleront le monde entier en 2030. Le Portugal n’aura que deux villes hôtes et l’Espagne fournira neuf sites.




Read more:
Coupe d’Afrique des nations : les diasporas, une aubaine pour le football africain ?


Il sera difficile pour les pays hôtes de la CAN 2027 d’égaler la réussite du Maroc.

Les trois pays hôtes de la CAN 2027 – le Kenya, la Tanzanie et l’Ouganda – devraient au moins atteindre le niveau de la Côte d’Ivoire qui avait accueilli l’édition de 2023.

Ils peuvent au moins s’inspirer de la Côte d’Ivoire en cherchant à améliorer le système de billetterie, la sécurité autour des stades et former les ramasseurs de balles afin de protéger les équipes en déplacement.

Mais les perturbations sur le terrain ne doivent occulter ni les nombreuses réalisations de ce tournoi ni les infrastructures déployées.

The Conversation

Chuka Onwumechili does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. CAN 2025 de football : les réussites et les ratés de l’édition marocaine – https://theconversation.com/can-2025-de-football-les-reussites-et-les-rates-de-ledition-marocaine-274558

African migration: focusing on Europe misses the point – most people move within the continent

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Nadine Biehler, Researcher, German Institute for International and Security Affairs

Images of rubber dinghies overcrowded with refugees heading for Europe and narratives about mistreatment and exploitation of migrants on unsafe migration routes have come to dominate how African migration is perceived in European public and policy debates.

They suggest a continent on the move, driven mainly by conflict and heading to the global north. These narratives are deeply misleading. Nevertheless, they shape public opinion and political decision-making.

Fears of large-scale migration from Africa to Europe are exaggerated. Data shows migration from Africa has been growing, but more slowly compared to growth rates of migration worldwide – and largely takes place on the continent.

Because migration from Africa is seen primarily as a looming crisis for Europe, policy responses tend to focus on border control and deterrence, rather than on cooperation, the development potential of migration or protection.

We are researchers working on migration, forced displacement and data analysis. We combined our expertise in a new working paper to analyse the latest data from the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) on global migration. We also looked at current data on forced displacement.

We found that:

  • most African migration happens within Africa

  • the majority of African migrants moving across borders are not fleeing violence

  • the vast majority of those forced to flee never leave their own country or region, let alone the continent.

Understanding these mobility patterns is essential for more realistic and effective European migration policies.

The data

The UN DESA migration estimates that our paper is based on are the most comprehensive global data source available on migration. The estimates measure how many migrants live in a country at a given point in time (stock data). However, they don’t capture when they moved (flow data) or why. In addition, UN DESA figures exclude movements within countries.

Our paper complements these estimates with data provided by the UN Refugee Agency and the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre on forced displacement. This includes internal displacement, which is particularly widespread in Africa.

This research found that most African migration takes place within Africa.

Globally, there were about 304 million international migrants in 2024. Africans made up around 15% of that total.

In other words, the majority of the world’s migrants are not from Africa.

Even more striking is where African migrants actually go.

In 2024, around 25 million Africans were living in an African country outside the one they were born in or held citizenship of. This exceeded the number of Africans living outside the continent (20.7 million) by around 21%.

This means that African migration is predominantly intracontinental, a long-standing trend that has become even more pronounced over time.

Several factors help explain this.

Travel within Africa is often cheaper and safer than journeys to other continents. Regional free movement agreements, such as those in west and east Africa, enable cross-border mobility. At the same time, legal pathways to Europe, North America or Asia remain limited and costly for most Africans, with high visa rejection rates and few opportunities for regular migration.

African migration is also gendered. Men are more likely to migrate than women, especially when moving beyond the continent. This gap is smaller for migration within Africa. This suggests that more accessible legal routes and less dangerous journeys help with overcoming migration barriers for women.

Forced displacement

War and conflict are forcing more people to leave their homes worldwide, and Africa is no exception.

By the end of 2024, more than 120 million people globally were forcibly displaced by war and violence. However, the majority of them (73.5 million, or 60% of the forcibly displaced globally) never left their own country to seek asylum elsewhere. They remained internally displaced in their countries of origin.

This is particularly true for the African continent, where almost half of all internally displaced people worldwide lived.

Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo account for almost 80% of internal displacement in Africa.

Even when Africans do cross borders to seek protection, they usually stay close to home.

In 2024, almost 87% of the 12.2 million African refugees and asylum seekers worldwide lived on the African continent. Only a small minority sought protection outside Africa.

This challenges the widespread idea that forced displacement in Africa automatically translates into large-scale migration to Europe.

In reality, neighbouring countries – often themselves affected by poverty or instability, and sometimes both countries of origin and destination for forcibly displaced people – carry most of the responsibility for hosting displaced populations.

Even when taking into account future displacement scenarios driven by the climate crisis, the World Bank estimates that affected people will remain within their regional neighbourhoods.

Still, globally, as well as in Africa, voluntary migration dominates: out of 45.8 million African migrants globally, refugees and asylum seekers make up 12.2 million.

This is also true for African migration to countries of the European Union, where residence permits for work, education or family reasons (2024: about 670,000) significantly exceed first-time asylum applications (2024: about 240,000).

Why these findings matter

First, the data shows clearly that African migration is not primarily about Europe. It is, above all, about Africa itself. For European and other global north policymakers, our findings suggest a need to rethink priorities. Supporting refugee-hosting countries in Africa, expanding legal migration pathways and investing in reliable migration data may ensure more effective migration management. Focusing narrowly on deterrence is misplaced.

Second, our findings highlight the importance of African countries and regions as migration destinations and refugee hosting states. Countries such as Uganda, Côte d’Ivoire, South Africa or Nigeria host millions of migrants and refugees, often with far fewer resources for integration and protection than wealthier states. For African governments, this means continuing to strengthen regional and continental mobility frameworks. These would allow people to move safely and legally for work, education or family reasons. Intra-regional migration is already the backbone of African mobility. It is likely to remain so.

Third, the analysis demonstrates that UN DESA data is indispensable but incomplete. It excludes domestic migration, undocumented migration and many forms of temporary or circular mobility common in Africa. Funding cuts to international data-collection institutions risk further weakening evidence-based policymaking.

Understanding how people actually move – and why – is essential for designing fair and realistic migration policies.

The Conversation

Nadine Biehler works at SWP for the research project “Strategic Refugee and Migration Policy”, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Emma Landmesser works at SWP for the research project “Strategic Refugee and Migration Policy”, funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).

Rebecca Majewski does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. African migration: focusing on Europe misses the point – most people move within the continent – https://theconversation.com/african-migration-focusing-on-europe-misses-the-point-most-people-move-within-the-continent-273679

Inside the challenges faced by journalists covering Iran’s protests

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Sanam Mahoozi, Research Associate, City St George’s, University of London

Iran is enduring one of the darkest periods in its modern history. Protests that erupted in late December initially over economic hardship have clearly transformed into a nationwide rejection of the Islamic Republic and a call for regime change.

Thousands of people have been killed by Iranian security forces, with human rights organisations saying many more are injured, detained or missing. In moments like these, journalism plays a critical role in informing the Iranian public and the international community about what is happening inside the country.

Yet Iran is not like most other countries. Reporting on it comes with extraordinary personal and professional risks and obstacles, particularly for journalists who are Iranian themselves with personal ties to the country and family and friends still living there.

This is something I am acutely aware of as a journalist and media researcher who has been covering Iran’s anti-government protests for years.

One of the most significant obstacles is the Iranian government’s repeated shutdown of the internet and communications networks during periods of unrest. On January 8, more than a week after the protests began, the authorities imposed one of the most severe and prolonged internet shutdowns in the country’s history.

More than 90 million people have effectively been cut off from the outside world since then, with limited access to the internet only possible through circumvention tools like virtual private networks (VPNs). Some “vetted” individuals, who are largely government loyalists or regime officials, are able to access the unfiltered global internet.

For journalists outside Iran, this makes reporting difficult. Access to local news outlets and on-the-ground sources vanished almost overnight. Information has had to be pieced together through a handful of people who have access to satellite internet services, such as Starlink and are willing to speak, alongside activist networks operating from outside the country.

The only media currently able to operate openly inside Iran are state and conservative outlets such as Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting and Tasnim, often through Telegram channels. These platforms offer a highly controlled narrative aligned with the government’s position. Senior Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi and parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani, have described the protests as “riots” and have labelled protesters as “terrorists”.

For journalists trying to counter this narrative, human rights organisations such as the Human Rights Activists News Agency and Hengaw have become crucial sources. Their daily reports on deaths, arrests and injuries have helped document the scale of the crackdown. Diaspora media outlets such as BBC Persian and IranWire have also played a vital role, as videos and eyewitness accounts slowly emerge despite the blackout.

The information vacuum created by the shutdown has, at the same time, also enabled disinformation. Regime supporters have actively created fake accounts on social media to sow division among opposition groups, while AI-generated videos purportedly depicting the protests have flooded the web. This has impeded the ability of journalists to trust social media as a source of news gathering and information.

Deeply polarised opposition

Another defining feature of the current protest movement has been the emergence of calls for an alternative leadership. Unlike previous protests – including those in 2021 over water shortages and the 2022 nationwide Woman, Life, Freedom movement – this wave has included chants calling for the return of Iran’s former crown prince, Reza Pahlavi. Slogans such as “long live the king” and “Pahlavi will return” have been heard across most provinces.

But Iran’s opposition landscape is deeply polarised, and this presents a further challenge for journalists. Feelings on all sides are intense. Iranian journalists and their families face harassment, threats and coordinated attacks not only from the authorities, but also from opposition supporters.

This dynamic is particularly difficult to navigate. Quoting government officials in a news article, or interviewing them, can prompt accusations of “platforming the regime”. Yet accurate journalism requires reporting on those still in power as well as on opposition figures and possible successors. If I had to identify the single most exhausting challenge of reporting on Iran, this would be it.

The hatred towards the regime is entirely warranted. But it has created an environment in which any coverage of state officials – even when critical or contextual – is treated by Iranian opposition supporters as betrayal. For Iranian journalists, this pressure is constant. Many argue with friends and family, lose relationships and, in some cases, miss out on professional opportunities simply for doing their jobs.

There also seems to be a broader misunderstanding about how journalism works. Critics often expect a single article to address all of Iran’s problems at once and on a 24/7 rotation. But news has limits and each country has a dedicated space in international news cycles.

A short article cannot fully explore Iran’s economic collapse, environmental crises, human rights abuses, regional conflicts and internal repression simultaneously. Journalists must make difficult decisions about focus and framing.

Recognising these points does not mean lowering expectations of the media, particularly in turbulent times when news is a vital source of information. But it can help provide a small window into the challenges journalists face while covering Iran.

The Conversation

Sanam Mahoozi is a freelance reporter for The New York Times focused on Iran.

ref. Inside the challenges faced by journalists covering Iran’s protests – https://theconversation.com/inside-the-challenges-faced-by-journalists-covering-irans-protests-274130

Did the US ever ‘give back’ Greenland to Denmark, as Trump claims?

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Rikke Lie Halberg, PhD Candidate in History, Lund University

American servicemen in Greenland during the second world war. Signal Corps Archive / Wikimedia Commons

When Nazi Germany began its occupation of Denmark in April 1940, Greenland suddenly found itself cut off from its colonial power and thrust into the centre of North Atlantic wartime strategy. The US took control of Greenland temporarily, establishing bases and defence perimeters there to prevent Germany from using the island.

More than 80 years later, Donald Trump invoked that moment at the World Economic Forum in Davos. In his speech on January 21, the US president claimed his country “gave Greenland back” to Denmark after the second world war. This history, Trump implied, still gives the US a claim to Greenland today.

Trump’s claim rests on a selective reading of wartime history. It also reflects a colonial and imperial way of thinking about territory, sovereignty and ownership. To understand why his claim is misleading, it helps to follow the sequence of agreements that governed Greenland before, during and after the war.

In 1916, Denmark sold its Caribbean colony, the Danish West Indies, to the US (which then changed its name to the US Virgin Islands). That same convention included an explicit American declaration that the US would not object to Denmark extending its “political and economic interests to the whole of Greenland”. As one colony was transferred, sovereignty over another was reaffirmed.

But during the second world war, wartime circumstances and US strategic needs drove another agreement between Denmark and the US that allowed the Americans to assume responsibility for Greenland’s defence. That arrangement was formalised in the 1941 Greenland Defense Agreement, drawn up by the American state department and signed by Henrik Kauffmann, the Danish envoy in Washington.

The agreement explicitly stated that the US government “fully recognizes the sovereignty” of Denmark over Greenland. It added that the US is “animated by sentiments of the completest friendliness for Denmark and believes that by taking these steps, it is safeguarding the eventual re-establishment of the normal relationship between Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark”.

In practice, the US did defend Greenland during the war. It built airstrips and military installations there, while also running patrols and integrating the island into wider allied logistics.

A rusting vehicle surrounded by mountains in Greenland.
An abandoned US military vehicle in Ikateq, eastern Greenland.
Michelle van Dijk / Shutterstock

In 1945, after the end of the war, Kauffmann wrote a diplomatic note to the US. He declared that it had “been a source of great satisfaction to the Danish people” that Denmark had an “opportunity to contribute to the war effort through the placing of Danish territory at the disposal of the United States in the fight against the common enemy”.

Kauffmann added that Denmark did not wish “to receive any payment” for the US military’s use of Greenland during the war. The note framed Denmark’s wartime cooperation as a voluntary contribution, again affirming Danish sovereignty over Greenland.

The wartime arrangement was later translated into a post-war security relationship. In 1951, with Denmark and the US now formal allies within the UN and Nato, the two countries concluded a new defence agreement. This granted the US extensive and permanent military rights in Greenland, now within the framework of peacetime alliance politics.

The post-war period represented a legal consolidation of a US presence in Greenland that had begun under wartime exception. This included the construction of installations such as the Thule Air Base (now Pituffik Space Base) on Greenland’s north-west coast. The base became a cornerstone of US strategic operations in the Arctic, and remains the only active American base in Greenland today.

The construction and expansion of Thule entailed the forced relocation of the local Inuit population in 1953. This move was later recognised as unjust by the Danish court system, leading to compensation awarded by the Danish state in 1999.

Colonial entanglements

These arrangements stabilised Danish sovereignty over Greenland and bolstered the island’s security. But they left the colonial relationship itself largely unexamined. In 1953, in the context of emerging UN norms on decolonisation, Greenland’s colonial status was formally lifted, and the territory was integrated into the Danish state.

This administrative transformation allowed Denmark to present its relationship with Greenland as post-colonial, without engaging in a broader reckoning with the political, cultural and economic legacies of colonial rule. Subsequent reforms can be understood as belated attempts to address this unresolved colonial relationship.

These include home rule in 1979, which transferred responsibility for most domestic affairs from Denmark to a Greenlandic parliament. Self-government in 2009 further expanded Greenland’s political autonomy and recognised Greenlanders as a people under international law.

Recent developments underline just how new the participation of Greenlanders in their own affairs is. The inclusion of Greenland’s foreign minister, Vivian Motzfeldt, in high-level January talks in Washington marks a clear break with earlier practice, where Greenland’s strategic future was negotiated without Greenlandic representatives at the table.

Trump’s attempt to revive imperial language of ownership sharpens the contrast between older colonial ways of thinking and emerging efforts to include Greenlandic political voices in discussions over their future. On this terrain, the contest is no longer only about the past, but also which parties will be part of the discussion about the future.

The Conversation

Rikke Lie Halberg receives funding from Lund University for her PhD research on the Fireburn revolt in the Danish West Indies.

ref. Did the US ever ‘give back’ Greenland to Denmark, as Trump claims? – https://theconversation.com/did-the-us-ever-give-back-greenland-to-denmark-as-trump-claims-274335

How Iran shut down the internet and built a sophisticated system of digital control

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Gemma Ware, Host, The Conversation Weekly Podcast, The Conversation

On January 8, as thousands of Iranians took to the streets in nationwide protests, the government cut off the internet.

Under cover of digital darkness, the Iranian regime launched a brutal and deadly crackdown against anti-government protesters. What information has got out, including testimony from morgues, graveyards and doctors who treated the injured, suggests thousands of people have been killed.

 Iran has shutdown the global internet before, but never for this long.  Without the internet, trading has slumped.  Many entrepreneurs who rely on Instagram to do business can’t post. Lorry drivers are struggling to cross borders because they can’t access digital documents. By some estimates, internet shutdown can cost more than US$37 million a day.




Read more:
Iran’s latest internet blackout extends to phones and Starlink


After three weeks of internet blackout, reports from web traffic monitor Netblocks suggest that the internet is slowly coming back online but the connection is predominantly for government-approved users.

Yet for most of the shutdown, banks and some local government websites and apps still worked. And that’s because Iran is developing its own, national internet, cut off from the rest of the world.

In this episode of The Conversation Weekly podcast, we speak to Amin Naeni, a PhD candidate researching digital authoritarianism at Deakin University in Australia, about how Iran built one of the world’s most sophisticated systems of digital control.


This episode of The Conversation Weekly was written and produced by Mend Mariwany and Gemma Ware. Mixing by Michelle Macklem and theme music by Neeta Sarl. Gemma Ware is the executive producer.

Newsclips in this episode from The Guardian, Al Jazeera English, DW News, CNA, CBS News, CNN, CBC News and BBC News.

Listen to The Conversation Weekly via any of the apps listed above, download it directly via our RSS feed or find out how else to listen here. A transcript of this episode is available via the Apple Podcasts or Spotify apps.

The Conversation

Amin Naeni does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. How Iran shut down the internet and built a sophisticated system of digital control – https://theconversation.com/how-iran-shut-down-the-internet-and-built-a-sophisticated-system-of-digital-control-274570

Student well-being comes from care, but is caring enough? Academics reflect on 3 stumbling blocks

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Martina van Heerden, Senior Lecturer in English for Educational Development, University of the Western Cape

Christina @ wocintechchat.com via Unsplash, CC BY

Students’ well-being in higher education has been a growing concern globally since the coronavirus pandemic, which disrupted learning and lives generally.

Well-being has been described as “the combination of feeling good and functioning well; experiencing positive emotions such as happiness and contentment as well as the development of one’s potential, having some control over one’s life, having a sense of purpose, and experiencing positive relationships”.

Well-being is important for student engagement, achievement and belonging, which all make for a more positive learning and teaching experience.

We teach in an academic literacy module at a historically disadvantaged university in South Africa. Since the pandemic, we’ve continued to see that students’ well-being is often neglected, especially by students themselves. This neglect could potentially lead to lack of motivation, lack of interest and burnout.

In South Africa, first-year students’ well-being is often precariously placed, as they have to navigate socioeconomic and familial stresses, while adjusting to the demands of higher education. One of the many hurdles that students face is due to the “digital divide”, and it includes having to learn how to use unfamiliar technological resources. There are high dropout rates for first-year students.

That’s despite the efforts of universities to support them.

As academic literacy practitioners, we aim to help students to understand what’s required of them academically. In the last five years, since the pandemic, we’ve revised our module to foster a more caring, responsive and engaging environment. The idea is to smooth the way into university studies and to enhance student well-being.

We recently published a paper on what we’ve learnt so far. Our main finding is that creating a “care-full” environment for learning is not as simple as it sounds. Care has to be offered at various levels – and also received. Universities, lecturers and students still need to overcome some barriers to receiving care.

Getting to know students

Our academic literacy module is offered to first-year undergraduate students and runs for both semesters, with a different group of students each semester. In line with the university’s mandate, the module is concerned with student flourishing and success.

During the pandemic (2021-2022), we became aware of our students being in emotional distress, and so, to focus more deliberately on student well-being, we adopted a more “care-full” approach to learning and teaching. We embedded “care” into our module, by considering how we might equip students better to deal with the demands of higher education. We listened to our students’ experiences and needs and made the necessary adjustments to provide a more supportive, holistic, care-full classroom. This continued in our post-pandemic classroom.




Read more:
During lockdown, South African students wrote a book about ‘a world gone mad’


The changes included adding assignment-specific guides, more resources, more focused discussions on time management and organisation, regular reminders of due dates, and links to work apps.

We also had regular conversations with the students as our way of getting to know them and finding out how they were coping. We wanted them to know that we were there to care for them, not just to impart knowledge.




Read more:
Lecturers reflect on their efforts to ensure no student gets left behind


But we came to realise that by 2023 students were still struggling with the same issues as before, despite the changes we had made. This became clear from student questionnaires, end-of-semester feedback forms, and the informal conversations we had with them.

An analysis of our data showed that certain challenges acted as impediments to care and negatively affected students’ well-being. The three main impediments were:

  • resources

  • time management

  • anxiety.

In other words, these problems prevented students from “receiving” and benefiting from the care we offered.

Resources

Resources present a dual impediment to students’ well-being. Firstly, students might not have access to resources like laptops and a stable internet connection. Secondly, they might not know how to use the available resources efficiently.

For example, many of our students indicated that they struggled to find lecture content or to submit assignments on the university’s Learning Management System. This was even though we had made “how-to” guides for students showing step-by-step instructions and the university scheduled workshops on how to navigate it. Resources became another hurdle instead of helping as intended.

Organisation and time management skills

Many students struggle with meeting deadlines and balancing their social and university lives. During the pandemic, the online environment provided little structure to their days, so some of them struggled with managing their workload. This continued when classes were back on campus. It is not a problem that is unique to South Africa, but time management is important for well-being (and thus student success).

Feelings of inadequacy and anxiety

The last impediment we identified related to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety. These feelings may be a result of struggles with resources and time management skills, but they might also be related to students’ own perceived competence in their studies. Anxiety has become a challenge for many students in university, not just in South Africa, but globally. These feelings may stop students from reaching out for help.




Read more:
Mental health: almost half of Johannesburg students in new study screened positive for probable depression


Getting past the impediments

We’ve realised these challenges act as impediments to care. That is, despite the efforts educators may put into creating a “care-full” environment, certain challenges can hamper their effectiveness. In our context, we weren’t able to make all our students feel cared for. This realisation could negatively affect the well-being of students and educators alike. Academics are at risk of burnout too.

We still think academics have to be “care-full” with students, but they can’t do it alone, and their care has to be reciprocated if it’s to result in academic success and well-being. Care requires input from both the educators (the carers) and the cared-for (the students). When it works both ways, a “care-full” approach might improve students’ well-being.

Both parties need to take responsibility. Students must be willing to receive care by taking care (that is, asking for advice, accepting the advice and resources that have been made available, doing what they can).

We understand that they might feel uncomfortable or anxious; we are not blaming them. Educators must take care in interactions with students, in pedagogical choices, and in content. University structures and processes are also involved in care. And the issue extends beyond the confines of the university into the national health, welfare and safety landscape. Care requires buy-in from all parties. Otherwise there may be limits to how care is received.

The Conversation

Martina van Heerden is a member of the South African Association of Academic Literacy Practitioners.

Sharita Bharuthram does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Student well-being comes from care, but is caring enough? Academics reflect on 3 stumbling blocks – https://theconversation.com/student-well-being-comes-from-care-but-is-caring-enough-academics-reflect-on-3-stumbling-blocks-274066

Africa, rating agencies and the cost of debt

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Caroline Southey, Founding Editor, Africa, The Conversation

How much we pay for the debt that we incur determines a great deal in our lives. This is true of countries too. In the world of sovereign debt – money raised or borrowed by governments – the cost of debt is dependent on, among other factors, how rating agencies “grade” a country.

It’s a sensitive issue. Three agencies dominate the rating business. A criticism often meted out is that they judge African countries more harshly than others, which pushes up borrowing rates. These tensions lie behind the acrimonious fall-out between one of the big three – Fitch – and the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank).

On 28 January 2026 Fitch announced it had downgraded the bank’s credit rating to junk status, and that it was ending its relationship with the bank.

Fitch’s decision was preceded by Afreximbank announcing that it was severing all ties with the rating agency. A few days later the African Union weighed in, issuing a statement from its watchdog, the African Peer Review Mechanism, backing the bank’s decision, and warning Fitch not to issue any credit assessments of the bank. The rating agency clearly chose to ignore the warning.

Below you can find articles from our archives that examine various dimensions of Africa’s debt challenges.


Africa’s development banks are being undermined: the continent will pay the price

African countries need strong development banks: how they can push back against narratives to weaken them

Africa’s new credit rating agency could change the rules of the game. Here’s how

Eurobonds issued by African countries are popular with investors: why this isn’t good news

African countries are bad at issuing bonds, so debt costs more than it should: what needs to change

African finance ministers shouldn’t be making bond deals: how to hand over the job to experts

Senegal’s rating downgrade: credit agencies are punishing countries that don’t check their numbers

South Africa’s debt has skyrocketed – new rules are needed to manage it

The Conversation

ref. Africa, rating agencies and the cost of debt – https://theconversation.com/africa-rating-agencies-and-the-cost-of-debt-274676