La selección: adolescencia de chicas, adolescencia de chicos

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Eva Catalán, Editora de Educación, The Conversation

Tanatat/Shutterstock

Está claro que no todos damos la misma importancia a nuestro aspecto físico, pero también que es un factor bastante clave de nuestro bienestar mental. Imaginemos lo fundamental que puede llegar a ser verse y sentirse bien para un adolescente, en esa etapa en la que la aceptación de los iguales es tan vital, cuando la opinión de nuestra abuela (que siempre nos encuentra los más guapos) deja de resultar tan convincente.

Y ahora situémonos en el mundo mental y el contexto real de una chica adolescente de hoy. A las inseguridades que conllevan los cambios físicos y emocionales de la pubertad se une un bombardeo mediático y publicitario mucho más agresivo, cuantitativa y cualitativamente, de lo que adultos de otras generaciones hemos experimentado.

No es la misma presión que la que reciben los chicos. Tampoco influye igual en la construcción de la sexualidad de unos y otros el consumo de pornografía en la adolescencia. Estos contenidos, a los que cada vez más se accede mucho antes de tener la capacidad de gestionarlos, enseñan a las jóvenes “que el reconocimiento social depende de su capacidad de exposición, generando una socialización basada en la autosexualización. La pornografía no solo moldea cómo los varones aprenden a desear, sino cómo las adolescentes aprenden a ser deseadas”. Así nos lo explica Mario Ramírez de la UNIR, después de revisar las últimas investigaciones.

Y todo esto tiene un efecto. Las chicas sufren más que los chicos a partir de la pubertad. Duermen peor. Experimentan más ansiedad y depresión, perciben menos control sobre sus cuerpos y sus sentimientos, se juzgan con más dureza y se gustan menos. Tras un estudio con más de 10 000 adolescentes españoles, los investigadores de la universidad de Zaragoza Alejandro Legaz Arrese y Carmen Mayolas-Pi, y Joaquin Reverter Masia, de la Universitat de Lleida, llegan a la siguiente conclusión: “La pubertad femenina llega antes y con cambios hormonales más intensos(…). Pero estos cambios son naturales y ocurren en ambos sexos; no son la causa ni la solución por sí solos. La diferencia está en cómo se viven y qué significan esos cambios en un entorno social lleno de expectativas sobre el cuerpo femenino”.

Hablan de un contexto marcado por presión estética, la exposición continua a redes sociales y las expectativas de “ser perfecta” en múltiples dimensiones. “La pubertad”, explican, “se convierte así en un cruce biológico y cultural particularmente exigente para ellas”. Y además, esta brecha en el bienestar mental no desaparece con los años: las mujeres adultas siguen presentando peores niveles de sueño, mayor ansiedad y depresión, y más insatisfacción corporal que los hombres.

La adolescencia parece el momento más oportuno para establecer las bases de una relación sana con la propia imagen, física y mental. ¿Podemos ayudar los adultos? Sí, si prestamos atención a los mensajes que chicos y chicas reciben, a los influencers que siguen, ofreciendo alternativas positivas, comentando con ellos los mensajes y las imágenes que ofrecen. El deporte es una manera excelente de mejorar el bienestar en la adolescencia, al igual que enseñar a resolver conflictos de manera constructiva e incluir la educación emocional en la escuela: tanto para chicos como para chicas. Hay mucho que se puede hacer desde diferentes ámbitos para que las chicas no estén condenadas a sufrir más simplemente por el hecho de serlo.

The Conversation

ref. La selección: adolescencia de chicas, adolescencia de chicos – https://theconversation.com/la-seleccion-adolescencia-de-chicas-adolescencia-de-chicos-269199

Enseigner le français langue étrangère : un monde aux mille accents

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Grégory Miras, Professeur des Universités en didactique des langues, Université de Lorraine

Apprendre une nouvelle langue, c’est s’initier à de nouvelles sonorités et façons de prononcer. Mais cela suppose-t-il de gommer son accent ? La recherche montre qu’enseigner le français en tant que langue étrangère ne consiste pas forcément à imposer un modèle unique mais s’enrichit de la diversité de ses locuteurs. Explications.


Pourquoi entend-on si peu d’accents dans les médias français ? C’est une question qui a interrogé l’Institut national de l’audiovisuel (INA) à l’occasion des derniers Rendez-vous de l’histoire, organisés à Blois, en octobre 2025. Le mythe d’une langue « standard » s’oppose à la diversité des parlers français dits régionaux, de la francophonie et plus largement à la pratique du français dans le monde.

Ce constat invite à s’interroger sur la manière dont l’enseignement du français dans différents pays prend en compte la variété des accents des apprenants. Quelle place la prononciation tient-elle dans l’apprentissage du français comme langue étrangère ? Comment son approche évolue-t-elle à l’heure de l’IA ?

Exercices de prononciation et « surdité » phonologique

La didactique de la prononciation a particulièrement évolué au cours du temps au regard des technologies disponibles permettant à la phonétique, l’étude des sons, de se perfectionner. Enrica Galazzi, professeure à l’Université catholique du Sacré-Cœur (Italie), souligne que, même si la phonétique expérimentale allait devenir essentielle pour l’étude de la parole, sa naissance à la fin du XIXe siècle a été accueillie avec méfiance par les chercheurs français de l’époque. L’usage d’appareils scientifiques semblait alors mystérieux et suscitait la prudence, alors même que cette approche reposait sur un projet profondément humaniste.

Très tôt, l’étude systématique des sons de la parole dans une vision comparée s’est focalisée sur les difficultés rencontrées par les locuteurs d’une langue qui apprennent le français, par exemple de l’espagnol au français. Ces travaux vont permettre de sensibiliser à ce que le chercheur Nikolaï Troubetzkoy a appelé le « filtre » ou la « surdité » phonologique. Cette dernière fait référence à la difficulté à percevoir et donc à produire de nouveaux sons d’une langue étrangère.

Cependant, cette approche a partiellement été remise en question par des modèles ultérieurs qui démontrent – de manière contre-intuitive – qu’il est parfois plus difficile d’acquérir des sons qui se rapprochent de ceux de sa langue première plutôt que ceux qui sont très différents. Toutefois, la plupart des manuels de prononciation en français langue étrangère continuent de se focaliser sur des exercices de répétition qui postulent que répéter permet d’apprendre.

« Joey Can’t Learn French », (série Friends).

En parallèle, d’autres méthodes ont mis l’accent sur des techniques spécifiques : association des voyelles et de couleurs, modulation des gestes du corps pour aider à l’articulation ou à l’intonation, répétition rapide de texte en même temps qu’un locuteur, etc.

De récentes méta-analyses ont montré que l’enseignement de la prononciation en langue étrangère est globalement efficace, surtout lorsqu’il est sur le temps long, accompagné de retours formatifs individualisés et mené par des enseignants avec un recours raisonné aux technologies numériques.

Toutefois, les études se concentrent encore majoritairement sur des sons isolés (des voyelles ou des consonnes), ne permettant pas de s’assurer d’une capacité à réinvestir ce travail dans des interactions en situation réelle. Produire des phonèmes ne garantit pas la capacité à être compris et à faire vivre le discours.

Être à l’écoute de la diversité des accents

En parallèle de ces techniques de correction, certains chercheurs en appellent à une médiation de la prononciation qui partirait de l’apprenant lui-même et des ses envies plutôt que d’imposer un seul modèle à atteindre, souvent celui imaginaire du « natif ».

Il s’agit de reconnaître que chaque individu qui apprend le français devient un locuteur légitime de cette langue et contribue donc à enrichir l’éventail des accents de la francophonie. Il peut donc déterminer son propre objectif en termes d’accents. Des auteurs comme Jacques Maurais défendent l’idée de la nécessité d’accepter toute la diversité en francophonie pour se décentrer d’une norme standardisée de la France hexagonale.

En effet, loin de compliquer la communication entre francophones (toute personne qui parle français), ces perspectives pourraient élargir les capacités du français à constituer un pont entre de nombreuses langues, et de nombreux individus.




À lire aussi :
« L’envers des mots » : Glottophobie


Dans sa thèse de doctorat, Aleksandra D. Savenkova a montré qu’il était possible d’intégrer des variations régionales du français (Sud-Ouest, Québec, Mauritanie, Guadeloupe, etc.) dans l’enseignement du français langue étrangère en Roumanie, même chez des débutants. Il est important de noter que des chercheurs comme Munro et Derwing ont démontré que tout ce qui contribue à la perception d’un accent dans une langue étrangère n’affecte pas forcément l’intelligibilité (capacité à transcrire ce qui est dit) ou la compréhensibilité (le sentiment d’effort pour comprendre).

Ils défendent l’idée de mieux éduquer tous les locuteurs à percevoir la diversité dans les langues plutôt que de se focaliser sur la seule correction de celui qui parle. Cela peut prendre, par exemple, la forme d’exercices d’écoute dans différentes langues présentant une variété d’accents. Le cerveau apprend ainsi à réduire le poids cognitif de la variation et facilite donc la compréhension.

Quelle place pour l’intelligence artificielle ?

La didactique de la prononciation est impactée par l’intelligence artificielle (IA) au même titre que les autres domaines. La plupart des plateformes d’apprentissage en ligne promettent de travailler sur votre prononciation via des modèles de reconnaissance de la parole offrant un retour formatif en temps réel.

Or ces modèles – majoritairement privés – ne permettent pas de savoir ce qui s’y cache en termes d’algorithme et de données d’entraînement. En effet, très souvent ce sont des modèles de voix à texte – une transcription de l’oral. Le retour formatif est fait à partir d’une comparaison de l’audio ainsi transcrit avec un modèle lui aussi écrit.

Par ailleurs, les IA génératives sont des technologies humaines qui produisent des biais liés à des erreurs reproduisant ainsi certaines discriminations, incluant celles sur l’accent.

Si les outils technologiques ont toujours été un support d’aide à l’individualisation pédagogique, ils ne peuvent constituer le centre de l’enseignement et l’apprentissage. C’est d’autant plus vrai pour la prononciation qui nécessite de co-construire l’intelligibilité et la compréhensibilité entre deux partenaires d’une même danse.

« Les multiples prononciations de la lettre R » (TV5 Monde Info, mars 2024).

Actuellement, les recherches sur le langage tendent à mieux valoriser le fait que les locuteurs plurilingues mélangent les langues qu’ils maitrisent (le translanguaging) et qu’ils disposent d’un éventail de sons qu’ils mobilisent en fonction de leurs interlocuteurs et des contextes (la pluriphonie). Cela va donc dans le sens de faire entrer la diversité des accents dans les classes, les manuels et les applications de nos téléphones.

Penser la diversité des prononciations et des accents, c’est aussi réfléchir aux rapports de pouvoir entre les personnes. Mélanger les langues n’est pas neutre : le français, langue dominante marquée par une histoire coloniale, peut parfois affaiblir des langues minorisées ou menacées. Valoriser la diversité des sons des langues, c’est donc permettre à chacun d’être légitime dans le français qu’il apprend ou d’autres langues qu’il parle.

The Conversation

Grégory Miras ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Enseigner le français langue étrangère : un monde aux mille accents – https://theconversation.com/enseigner-le-francais-langue-etrangere-un-monde-aux-mille-accents-267483

A-League women: Wellington Phoenix players happy but fans stay away

Source: Radio New Zealand

Phoenix Mackenzie Barry (R with Melbourne City Leticia Mckenna during the A-League Women - Wellington Phoenix v Melbourne City FC at Porirua Park, Wellington on the 30 March 2025

Phoenix Mackenzie Barry during a game against Melbourne City FC at Porirua Park on 30 March 2025. Photo: Photosport

The Wellington Phoenix women lost more than half of their attending fans last season compared to the season prior.

On average the Phoenix had 739 people at their home games at Porirua Park in the 2024/25 A-League Women season. This was 61 percent fewer fans than the 2023/24 season and the biggest decline in the 12-team competition.

A report by Professional Footballers Australia (PFA) showed Adelaide United had the most supporters at home games with an average crowd of 2731.

Adelaide was one of two clubs to have have grown their attending fan base season-on-season with a 58 percent increase. Brisbane Roar had a minor increase of 1 percent to an average of 2344 supporters.

Western United, a club currently in hibernation, had an average of 676 fans, the lowest of all clubs.

Across the A-League Women the average attendance was 1559 in 2024/25, down by 26 percent.

The Wellington Phoenix women opened their current season on Saturday, as part of the double-header with the men’s New Zealand derby, and the club reported 4655 fans in attendance at Sky Stadium. It was the second highest women’s attendance in the club’s history.

The Phoenix have nine more home games this season to prove this was not an anomaly.

The A-League Women peaked at an average attendance of 2139 in the 2017/18 season and had been in a decline until the 2023/24 season.

The PFA report noted the biggest factor in the downturn last season was likely that the Women’s World Cup-driven boost in the the 2023/24 season crowds had not been sustained.

“These findings change the narrative around the league’s trajectory. Instead of asking whether the league is growing fast enough, the question now is whether the league is in fact growing,” the PFA report said.

In August Auckland FC announced it would now not enter the A-League Women until at least the 2027/28 season as the APL, who run the league, wanted to review the competition before committing to expanding.

“It is important we take into consideration the challenges unique to our women’s game, and we expand the league at the right pace and with the right investment to ensure long-term sustainable growth,” APL executive chairperson Stephen Conroy said.

Fans during the A-League Women - Wellington Phoenix v Melbourne City FC at Porirua Park on the 30 March 2025.

Fans during the A-League Women – Wellington Phoenix v Melbourne City FC at Porirua Park on the 30 March 2025. Photo: Photosport

A survey of Australian fans by Gemba and included in the PFA report claimed “…the women’s supporter experience is really quite second rate”.

Fans were asked to rank factors that would attract supporters to games. At the bottom of the list was high quality on-field performance. At the top was access to players in-person and through digital content.

While fans were not flocking to Phoenix games the players ranked their own satisfaction in the club environment very highly.

The PFA report showed the Phoenix players had seen a large improvement in scores for club operations and culture last season.

The Phoenix women believed their integration with the men’s side of the club was better than it had ever been. The Phoenix were the top of the league in this category and still quite a way ahead of the next best Melbourne City.

“Given that Wellington finished ninth, this result is evidence that the players’ survey feedback is not simply a reflection of the vibes created by on-field results, but a genuine attempt to assess distinct elements of their experiences. The club deserves credit for the environment it has created,” the PFA report said.

Not everything was rosy for players across the league. According to the report 67 percent of players experienced sport-related psychological distress last season.

The share of players experiencing global (general) psychological distress, anxiety, and depression was also significantly higher in 2025 than in 2020.

In 2024/25, 41 percent of the women experienced disordered eating, 34 percent experienced alcohol misuse and 28 percent had disturbed sleep.

Players across the A-League Women would also rather be playing in a different competition. Results showed the players were eyeing the WSL in the United Kingdom, the NWSL in the United States or another overseas league, making the A-League the competition they least wanted to be playing in.

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

A portrait of a ‘tragic’ heiress is expected to sell for more than $265 million

Source: Radio New Zealand

Two years ago, Gustav Klimt’s final portrait – a vibrant portrait of an unidentified woman with a fan – topped the artist’s auction record when it sold for a staggering US$108 million (NZ$191m).

The Austrian painter’s record is expected to be shattered again by a monumental, six-foot-tall portrait of a young heiress that was looted by the Nazis and nearly destroyed during World War II.

Rarely seen for decades, it hung in the home of the Estée Lauder heir Leonard A. Lauder until the last years of his life (he passed away in June).

Leonard Lauder at the Elton John AIDS Foundation's 17th Annual An Enduring Vision Benefit on 5 November, 2018 in New York City.

Leonard Lauder at the Elton John AIDS Foundation’s 17th Annual An Enduring Vision Benefit on 5 November, 2018 in New York City.

AFP / Angela Weiss

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

Israel thanks Fiji and PNG for opening Jerusalam embassies

Source: Radio New Zealand

An Israeli minister touring the Pacific to discuss defence and cooperation says Fiji and Papua New Guinea are “great friends”.

Israeli deputy foreign minister Sharren Haskel recently visited the two countries. RNZ Pacific spoke with her during a brief stop in Auckland.

She said the main goal of her trip was to thank PNG and Fiji for their support, including the opening of embassies in Jerusalem.

James Marape, left, and Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem on 6 September 2023.

Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem on 17 September 2025. Photo: Facebook.com / The Prime Minister of Israel

Fijian Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka and Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu officially inaugurated Fiji’s resident embassy in Jerusalem. 17 September 2025

PNG Prime Minister James Marape and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem on 6 September 2023. Photo: Fiji Government

“It was an important message for our people and it was a great opportunity for me to thank them in person and to see how we can strengthen our friendship.”

The countries were “strategic allies” who worked together in the areas of agriculture, water technology and cybersecurity, Haskel said.

She pointed to the agricultural industry in PNG.

“They used to import almost all of their products, vegetables, fruits,” she said.

“There are a few Israeli companies that went into the industry, developing a lot of the agricultural aspect of it to the point where all of the products they’re eating are local and they’re even exporting some of these products.”

Israeli farms there had also helped with the growth of the local dairy industry, she said.

“This is part of the collaboration that we want to do,” she said. “I came with a delegation of businessmen coming from those industries to see how can continue and develop it, it’s a win-win situation.”

An agreement with Fiji has been expanded to see more agricultural students sent to Israel for an 11-month paid internship.

Also while in Fiji, Haskel signed a memorandum of understanding on cybersecurity.

She said that came after three hacking events of the Fijian government’s system.

“[The MOU] starts a dialogue between our cybersecurity agency and between the proper agencies in Fiji as well,” she said.

“This is something that they’re starting to build, we’ve got a lot of experience with it and I think the dialogue can give them and lot of advice and also to connect them to quite a few Israeli companies.”

Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Sharren Haskel speaks with RNZ Pacific reporter Kaya Selby about her recent trip to Fiji & The Solomon Islands as well as the Israel-Palestine war and the world's response.

Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Sharren Haskel Photo: RNZ/Nick Monro

A representative from Israeli defence and security firm Elbit was among the delegation.

“They have a lot of cybersecurity systems so it’s a start of a building of a relationship,” Haskel said.

Israel’s relationships with PNG and Fiji had been going for many decades, and were not about the amount of aid given, she said.

“Israel is not a major economical power that has a lot of money to spend, especially during times of war,” she said.

“It’s not about the amount of money that we can invest but the quality and the things and how it affects the people.”

Asked about aid projects that had been cancelled, Haskel said Israel had honoured any commitments it made. It was not responsible for changes to United States policy that had seen trilateral agreements cut, she said.

“There were many projects that were committed in many different countries, together Israel and the Americans, some are continuing and some are cancelled,” she said.

“This is part of [US President Donald] Trump’s policy. We can’t predict that.”

Haskel also met with people from indigenous, Christian and farming communities while in Fiji and PNG and she said Israel is also hoping to become and observer of the Pacific Islands Forum next year.

The PNG government said it continued to regard Israel as a valuable partner in advancing shared development goals.

Meanwhile, Fiji’s government said the “historic” visit between the nations would foster continued cooperation, innovation and friendship.

Prime Minister Rabuka said the cybersecurity agreement was “a strategic step forward to strengthen Fiji’s security framework and promote deeper cooperation across sectors”.

Israel’s influence in the Pacific has been under the microscope recently, including around the United Nations vote on Palestinian statehood.

It follows years of wrangling between super powers China and the United States over aid and influence in the region.

Oliver Nobetau, a Papuan development expert at the Australian Lowy Institute, told RNZ Pacific that Israel wanted to lock in UN support for the future.

“I think have demonstrated their support, but also may have an ability to sort of sway between votes,” he said.

“We’ve seen it, between the switching from recognition from China to Taiwan. And this can be another instance now where they can be persuaded to vote in a different way.”

On aid, Nobetau said there would now be a hope that Israel increased its aid to the region.

“I would say there’s an expectation on Israel to carry on or fill in that funding gap,” she said.

“The question now falls on the Pacific governments themselves, if this is something that’s worth pursuing … they would prefer, if the USA are now is out of the picture, if Israel can continue to fill that.”

Nobetau expected Israel to look at bringing its military and intelligence services closer to the Pacific.

“From what I recall, when I was working with the government, there were institutional exchanges with the Mossad: internal capabilities to collect intelligence is something that’s that’s needed within Pacific countries,” he said.

“So I think that could be another area as well.”

– Published by EveningReport.nz and AsiaPacificReport.nz, see: MIL OSI in partnership with Radio New Zealand

How number systems shape our thinking and what it means for learning, language and culture

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Jean-Charles Pelland, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen

Most of us have little trouble working out how many millilitres are in 2.4 litres of water (it’s 2,400). But the same can’t be said when we’re asked how many minutes are in 2.4 hours (it’s 144).

That’s because the Indo-Arabic numerals we often use to represent numbers are base-10, while the system we often use to measure time is base-60.

Expressing time in decimal notation leads to an interaction between these two bases, which can have implications at both the cognitive and cultural level.

Such base interactions and their consequences are among the important topics covered in a new issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society journal, which I co-edited with colleagues Andrea Bender (University of Bergen), Mary Walworth (French National Centre for Scientific Research) and Simon J. Greenhill (University of Auckland).

The themed issue brings together work from anthropology, linguistics, philosophy and psychology to examine how humans conceptualize numbers and the numeral systems we build around them.

What are bases, and why do they matter?

Despite using numeral bases on a daily basis, few of us have reflected on the nature of these cognitive tools. As I explain in my contribution to the issue, bases are special numbers in the numeral systems we use.

Because our memories aren’t unlimited, we can’t represent each number with its own unique label. Instead, we use a small set of numerals to build larger ones, like “three hundred forty-two.”

That’s why most numeral systems are structured around a compositional anchor — a special number with a name that serves as a building block to form names for other numbers. Bases are anchors that exploit powers of a special number to form complex numerical expressions.

The English language, for example, uses a decimal system, meaning it uses the powers of 10 to compose numerals. So we compose “three hundred and forty-two” using three times the second power of 10 (100), four times the first power of 10 (10) and two times the zeroth power of 10 (one).

This base structure allows us to represent numbers of all sizes without overloading our cognitive resources.

Languages affect how we count

Despite the abstract nature of numbers, the degree to which numeral systems transparently reflect their bases has very concrete implications — and not just when we tell time. Languages with less transparent rules will take longer to learn, longer to process and can lead to more calculation and dictation errors.

Take French numerals, for example. While languages like French, English and Mandarin all share the same base of 10, most dialects of French have what could politely be called a quirky way of representing numbers in the 70-99 range.




Read more:
How counting by 10 helps children learn about the meaning of numbers


Seventy is soixante-dix in French, meaning “six times 10 plus 10,” while 80 uses 20 as an anchor and becomes quatre-vingts, meaning “four twenties” (or “four twenty,” depending on the context). And 90 is quatre vingt dix, meaning “four twenty ten.”

French is far from being alone in being quirky with its numerals. In German, numbers from 10 to 99 are expressed with the ones before the tens, but numbers over 100 switch back to saying the largest unit first.

Even in English, the fact that “twelve” is said instead of “ten two” hides the decimal rules at play. Such irregularities spread far beyond languages.

How bases shape learning and thought

Base-related oddities are spread out across the globe and have very real implications for how easily children learn what numbers are and how they interact with objects such as blocks, and for how efficiently adults manipulate notations.

For example, one study found that lack of base transparency slows down the acquisition of some numerical abilities in children, while another found similar negative effects on how quickly they learn how to count.

Another study found that children from base-transparent languages were quicker to use large blocks worth 10 units to represent larger numbers (for example, expressing 32 using three large blocs and two small ones) than children with base-related irregularities.

While Mandarin’s perfectly transparent decimal structure can simplify learning, a new research method suggests that children may find it easier to learn what numbers are if they are exposed to systems with compositional anchors that are smaller than 10.

In general, how we represent bases has very concrete cognitive implications, including how easily we can learn number systems and which types of systems will tend to be used in which contexts.

A group of people in white protective suits and head protectors stand in front of a robotic spacecraft
Technicians lower the Mars Climate Orbiter onto its work stand in the Spacecraft Assembly and Encapsulation Facility-2 in 1998.
(NASA)

At a cultural level, base representation influences our ability to collaborate with scientists across disciplines and across cultures. This was starkly illustrated by the infamous Mars Climate Orbiter incident, when a mix-up between metric and imperial units caused a $327 million spacecraft to crash into Mars in 1999.

Why understanding bases matters

Numeracy — the ability to understand and use numbers — is a crucial part of our modern lives. It has implications for our quality of life and for our ability to make informed decisions in domains like health and finances.

For example, being more familiar with numbers will influence how easily we can choose between retirement plans, how we consider trade-offs between side-effects and benefits when choosing between medications or how well we understand how probabilities apply to our investments.

And yet many struggle to learn what numbers are, with millions suffering from math anxiety. Developing better methods for helping people learn how to manipulate numbers can therefore help millions of people improve their lives.

Research on the cognitive and cultural implications of bases collected in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society journal can help make progress towards our understanding of how we think about numbers, marking an important step towards making numbers more accessible to everyone.

The Conversation

Jean-Charles Pelland’s work has been made possible by financial support from the ‘QUANTA: Evolution of Cognitive Tools for Quantification’ project, which has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 951388).

ref. How number systems shape our thinking and what it means for learning, language and culture – https://theconversation.com/how-number-systems-shape-our-thinking-and-what-it-means-for-learning-language-and-culture-268168

The Running Man is the most fun you’ll have at the cinema this year

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Matt Jacobsen, Senior Lecturer in Film History in the School of Society and Environment, Queen Mary University of London

Nearly four decades after Arnold Schwarzenegger’s muscle-bound version sprinted across screens, The Running Man returns to cinemas. In Edgar Wright’s hands, this adaptation is a sharper, smarter reflection of a culture that still can’t look away from spectacle.

Following The Long Walk, this is the second film adaptation in 2025 of a Stephen King novel originally published under the pseudonym Richard Bachman. Both films are set in a near-future America under a totalitarian regime whose oppressed population glue themselves to violent televised contests.

Schwarzenegger’s dreadful version of The Running Man in 1987 used the title of King’s novel and the concept of deadly game shows in a future America – but the similarities ended there. Director Edgar Wright’s hugely entertaining new adaptation is more faithful to the plot of King’s book, if not the tone.




Read more:
How Stephen King’s Bachman stories are fuelling 2025’s dark cinematic moments


In The Running Man, America is effectively run by television syndicate The Network. They keep the population entertained and obedient through life-and-death TV game shows. Participants in the most popular show play a game of hide-and-seek against a team of armed hunters. The public are promised cash rewards if they report a sighting of the contestant that leads to their capture and killing.

Ben Richards (Glenn Powell) is a blue-collar worker who wants to compete to win money for his sick daughter’s medication. The film follows Richards as he encounters eccentric citizens (with cameos by Michael Cera, William H Macy and an unhinged Sandra Dickinson) who are either keen to help or hinder him as he flees north from New York City along the east coast of America.

Trailer for The Running Man.

The Running Man’s opening scenes vividly show a stratified America, a vast poverty gap dividing the complacent ultra rich from a working class without basic comfort and sustenance. Richards, like many of King’s Bachman book protagonists (and King himself when writing the first draft of this novel in 1972) is driven by a deep-seated rage at the injustices in the American system.

The Network’s oily executive Dan Killian (a typically brilliant Josh Brolin) knows Richards will make great cathartic TV for an impotent, rage-filled population – he’s “the angriest man he’s ever seen”. The overarching theme is that the populace likes it this way and can’t imagine an alternative. The Network’s programming offers a satisfying pound of flesh to their frenzied viewers, whose primal urges are kept at bay by the spectacle of violence. As Killian hammily asserts, for Americans: “Bloodlust is our birthright!”

Tuning into current debates, The Network heavily edits its programmes with use of seamless AI. The film suggests the population is uninterested in whether their entertainment and news are authentic or faked. As clearly doctored footage of Richards is screened, the crowd bays aggressively for his blood. In the film’s final act, there is the suggestion that this fervour could be redirected with hostility towards the hand that feeds.




Read more:
‘AI actor’ Tilly Norwood is dividing Hollywood – but real acting requires humanity


The film’s early depiction of the technology saturated sprawl of New York City is a superbly realised absurdist vision of an oppressive media-run state. It strongly evokes the style and tone of influential weekly British Science Fiction comic 2000 AD (1977-present), with its towering, neon-lit concrete structures. The overpowered and excessively violent police force particularly resembles the futuristic satire of the comic’s most famous character, Judge Dredd.

Wright and frequent collaborator Simon Pegg have expressed their admiration for the comic and its amplified visions of contemporary politics and society. Like 2000 AD, The Running Man is social commentary that delivers its message through aggressive, fast-paced action and explosive violence.

Edgar Wright and genre cinema

This is a great year for King adaptations, and while The Long Walk’s publicity campaign promoted his name heavily, The Running Man features Wright’s name and rising star Powell with no mention of the writer. This choice is likely to avoid misconceptions that this could be a horror film. Rather this is a breathless, hyper-kinetic action film that, like the smaller scale Baby Driver (2017) showcases Wright’s ability to beautifully direct explosive car chases and gun battles.

At the heart of Wright’s films is a love of genre cinema. In his last film, Last Night in Soho (2021), he paid tribute to gothic London films and to the cinematic myth of the swinging 60s. Here he shifts gears and celebrates the uncomplicated pleasures of the high-speed thrills of 1980s and 1990s action films in the vein of Die Hard (1988). It is an interpretation of King’s work that replaces the dour, bitter tragedy of the source material with a satirical, cartoonish absurdism.

This comedic approach works superbly in the film’s first half but can’t quite sustain the more serious critiques of American politics and media culture that the script tries to deliver in the final act.

The Running Man loses tension and nuance in its second half, especially with the late introduction of poorly conceived character Amelia Williams (Emilia Jones). She’s a young woman and member of society’s comfortable class who is embroiled in Richards’ escape plans. Her encounter with Richards leads her unconvincingly to reflect on her privilege and the injustices of her society.

The film wants viewers to imagine that there is potential for the entitled and complacent to reflect and for resistance against totalitarian control to blossom with the right catalyst. This is a deliberate choice to run counter to King’s original nihilistic vision. But it does not ring true in the face of what we’ve been shown about the film’s grim world. The final act messaging feels rote and unearned. Richards delivers a clunky, didactic dialogue that sits at odds with the film’s more interesting questions around the nature of violent spectacle and human nature – and our own enjoyment of the film’s violence.

Taken as a feather-light, fugitive-on-the-run film, this is an extraordinarily entertaining piece of mainstream action cinema. If you overlook messy plotting in the final act, it’s the most fun you are likely to have in the cinema this year. As a more focused and coherent critique of the threat of totalitarianism and media dominance, however, The Long Walk has the distinct edge over this film. Those looking for a more revealing social commentary may be left disappointed.


Looking for something good? Cut through the noise with a carefully curated selection of the latest releases, live events and exhibitions, straight to your inbox every fortnight, on Fridays. Sign up here.


The Conversation

Matt Jacobsen does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. The Running Man is the most fun you’ll have at the cinema this year – https://theconversation.com/the-running-man-is-the-most-fun-youll-have-at-the-cinema-this-year-269314

How China’s latest aircraft carrier will challenge western maritime dominance

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Basil Germond, Professor of International Security, School of Global Affairs, Lancaster University

China’s new Fujian aircraft carrier, unveiled recently by president Xi Jinping with great fanfare, has been hailed by Chinese state media as a major milestone in the country’s naval modernisation programme and a key development in the counry’s aspirations to become a maritime power.

In the context of Beijing’s sustained seapower strategy, the long-term implications for the security and leadership of the global maritime order are certainly significant and enduring.

The launch means China now has three aircraft carriers in service and is capable of maintaining a continuous carrier presence at sea. And there have been reports of satellite images which suggest construction has already begun on China’s fourth carrier.

This will increase Beijing’s ability to preventatively deploy warships to faraway locations it considers important. It gives China the potential to control the airspace wherever their battle group is operating, as well as the ability to project air power in more distant theatres of conflict.

The new carrier also means China can launch heavier and specialist aircraft, for example with airborne early-warning systems and fighter jets equipped with greater fuel and payload capacity.

This expands Beijing’s operational options. It elevates China into a select group of four nations (US, UK, France, China) capable of independently operating a carrier battle group with the capacity to generate substantial strategic advantages from the sea.

Among this group, however, the US remains far ahead. It enjoys a significant lead in terms of carrier fleet size, technological sophistication, operational experience, global reach and sustained carrier strike capabilities.

Aircraft carriers are obviously key naval assets in confrontations between comparable nations in open ocean environments – known as “blue-water engagements”. But they are also important in controlling the maritime battlespace – particularly through air superiority – and in projecting power ashore.

The Fujian does not dramatically shift the global balance of power in China’s favour. But its enhanced land-attack capabilities nonetheless expand Beijing’s operational toolkit, allowing a more flexible and assertive naval strategy.

A strong symbolic power

Since the second world war, aircraft carriers have replaced battleships as the capital ships, the principal and most powerful warships in any country’s navy that are designed to form the core of a fleet and deliver decisive combat power.

Such capital ships carry strong symbolic weight. They signal a state’s ability to mobilise the resources required to procure, sustain and operate such complex platforms, as well as its intent to function as an ocean-going naval power.

In this light, China’s aircraft carrier programme has considerable symbolic resonance. It reflects both Beijing’s intrinsic naval capabilities and its extrinsic power – that is, its increasingly elevated status within the international pecking order.

China’s comprehensive seapower strategy

China’s carrier programme needs to be understood as part of Beijing’s wider seapower strategy. Unlike other authoritarian states such as Russia or Iran, the power base of China’s regime is much more dependent on international trade and so on freedom of navigation. Consequently, China does not seek to disrupt the global maritime order. It wants to lead it and initiate a new cycle of global dominance.

To that end, Beijing is not only expanding its naval power but, perhaps more significantly, its civilian seapower. This includes a robust shipbuilding industry, a large and growing merchant marine registered as Chinese. And it has made substantial direct investments in critical western infrastructure, such as ports.




Read more:
Maritime power shapes the world order – and is undergoing a sea change


Many of these investments have been made via private Chinese firms which maintain close ties with the state. This gives Beijing additional leverage to exercise civilian seapower to further its political interests. For example, it can use Chinese shipping companies to circumvent western sanctions on Russia, or interfere in European ports owned by Chinese firms.

In the South China Sea, Beijing aggressively uses its fishing fleet, backed by its coastguard and navy to achieve a degree of control over contested areas it considers to have economic or strategic importance.

So the commissioning of the Fujian is more than a technical milestone for the Chinese navy – it is a signal of intent. It reinforces China’s growing capacity and willingness to shape the maritime domain. As part of a broader seapower strategy, it reflects Beijing’s ambition not just to contribute to, but to lead, the global maritime order.

The Conversation

Basil Germond does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. How China’s latest aircraft carrier will challenge western maritime dominance – https://theconversation.com/how-chinas-latest-aircraft-carrier-will-challenge-western-maritime-dominance-269406

Por qué perdimos el hábito de dormir en dos turnos y cómo modificó nuestra percepción del tiempo

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Darren Rhodes, Lecturer in Cognitive Psychology and Environmental Temporal Cognition Lab Director, Keele University, Keele University

Albert Joseph Moore/Shutterstock

El sueño continuo es un hábito moderno, no un fruto natural de nuestra evolución. Y eso ayuda a explicar por qué muchos de nosotros seguimos despertándonos a las 3 de la madrugada y nos preguntamos si algo va mal. Puede ser útil saber que se trata de una experiencia profundamente humana.

Durante la mayor parte de la historia de la humanidad, dormir ocho horas seguidas no era lo habitual. En cambio, la gente solía descansar en dos turnos cada noche, a menudo denominados “primer sueño” y “segundo sueño”. Cada uno de estos periodos duraba varias horas, separadas por un intervalo de vigilia de una hora o más en mitad de la noche. Los registros históricos de Europa, África, Asia y otros lugares describen cómo, al caer la noche, las familias se acostaban temprano y luego se despertaban alrededor de la medianoche durante un rato antes de volver a dormir hasta el amanecer.

Dividir la noche en dos partes probablemente cambió la percepción del tiempo. El intervalo de silencio daba a las noches un punto medio claro, lo que puede hacer que las largas tardes de invierno parezcan menos continuas y sean más fáciles de soportar.

El intervalo de medianoche no era tiempo muerto, sino tiempo consciente, que determinaba cómo se experimentan las largas noches. Algunas personas se levantaban para ocuparse de tareas como avivar el fuego o cuidar de los animales. Otras se quedaban en la cama para rezar o reflexionar sobre los sueños que acababan de tener. Las cartas y los diarios de la época preindustrial mencionan que la gente aprovechaba las horas de tranquilidad para leer, escribir o incluso socializar tranquilamente con la familia o los vecinos. Y muchas parejas aprovechaban este despertar de medianoche para tener relaciones íntimas.

La literatura de épocas tan lejanas como la de Homero y Virgilio contiene referencias a una “hora que pone fin al primer sueño”, lo cual indica lo habitual que era la noche de dos turnos.

Cómo perdimos el “segundo sueño”

La desaparición del segundo sueño se produjo a lo largo de los dos últimos siglos debido a profundos cambios sociales. La iluminación artificial es uno de ellos. En los siglos XVIII y XIX, las lámparas de aceite, la iluminación de gas y, finalmente, la luz eléctrica comenzaron a convertir la noche en un tiempo de vigilia más aprovechable. En lugar de acostarse poco después de la puesta del sol, la gente empezó a quedarse despierta hasta más tarde bajo la luz de las lámparas.

Desde el punto de vista biológico, la luz brillante por la noche también modificó nuestros relojes internos (nuestro ritmo circadiano) e hizo que nuestros cuerpos fueran menos propensos a despertarse después de unas pocas horas de sueño. El momento en que se expone a la luz es importante. La luz normal de una habitación antes de acostarse suprime y retrasa la melatonina, lo que a su vez retarda la llegada del sueño.

La Revolución Industrial transformó no solo la forma de trabajar de las personas, sino también la forma de dormir. Los horarios de las fábricas fomentaban un único bloque de descanso. A principios del siglo XX, la idea de ocho horas ininterrumpidas había sustituido al ritmo centenario de dos periodos de sueño.

En estudios del sueño de varias semanas de duración que simulan las largas noches de invierno en la oscuridad y prescinden de los relojes o la luz del atardecer, las personas que participan suelen acabar adoptando dos periodos de sueño con un intervalo de vigilia tranquilo. Un estudio de 2017 sobre una comunidad agrícola de Madagascar sin electricidad descubrió que la mayoría de las personas seguían durmiendo en dos segmentos, levantándose alrededor de la medianoche.

Mujer durmiendo en un sofá con un vestido de seda.
¿Soñando con un segundo sueño?
John Singer Sargent/Shutterstock

Inviernos largos y oscuros

La luz regula nuestro reloj interno e influye en la rapidez con la que percibimos el paso del tiempo. Cuando esas señales se desvanecen, como en invierno o bajo la luz artificial, nos desorientamos.

En invierno, la luz matutina más tardía y más débil dificulta la sincronización circadiana. Esa luz de la mañana es especialmente importante para regular los ritmos circadianos porque contiene una mayor cantidad de luz azul, que es la longitud de onda más eficaz para estimular la producción de cortisol por parte del cuerpo y suprimir la melatonina.

En laboratorios de aislamiento temporal e investigaciones en cuevas, las personas estudiadas han vivido durante semanas sin luz natural ni relojes, o incluso en oscuridad constante. Pues bien, muchos individuos contaron mal el paso de los días, lo que demuestra lo fácil que es perder la noción del tiempo sin señales luminosas.

Distorsiones similares se producen en el invierno polar, donde la ausencia de amaneceres y atardeceres puede hacer que el tiempo parezca suspendido. Las personas nativas de latitudes altas y los residentes de larga duración con rutinas estables suelen adaptarse mejor a los ciclos de luz polares que los visitantes de corta duración, pero esto varía según la población y el contexto. Los residentes se adaptan mejor cuando su comunidad comparte un horario diario regular, por ejemplo. Y un estudio de 1993 sobre la población islandesa y sus descendientes que emigraron a Canadá reveló que estas personas presentaban índices inusualmente bajos de trastorno afectivo estacional en invierno. El estudio sugirió que la genética podría ayudar a esta población a lidiar con el largo invierno ártico.

Las investigaciones del Laboratorio de Cognición Temporal Ambiental de la Universidad de Keele (Inglaterra), del que soy director, muestran lo fuerte que es este vínculo entre la luz, el estado de ánimo y la percepción del tiempo. En una realidad virtual de 360 grados, los participantes vieron seis clips con escenas del Reino Unido y Suecia de unos dos minutos de duración. Estos voluntarios consideraron que las grabaciones duraban más en las escenas nocturnas o con poca luz que en las escenas diurnas o con más luz. El efecto fue más pronunciado en los participantes que declararon tener un estado de ánimo bajo.

Una nueva perspectiva sobre el insomnio

Los médicos especialistas en sueño señalan que los despertares breves son normales y suelen producirse en las transiciones entre fases, incluida la fase cercana al sueño REM, que se asocia con sueños vívidos. Lo importante es cómo respondemos.

La percepción de la duración en el cerebro es elástica: la ansiedad, el aburrimiento o la escasez de luz tienden a alargar el tiempo, mientras que el compromiso y la calma pueden comprimirlo. Sin ese intermedio en el que antiguamente nos levantábamos y hacíamos algo o charlábamos con nuestra pareja, despertarse a las 3 de la madrugada a menudo hace que el tiempo discurra con lentitud. En este contexto, la atención se centra en el paso del tiempo y los minutos que pasan pueden parecer más largos.

La terapia cognitivo-conductual para el insomnio (TCC-I) aconseja a las personas que se levanten de la cama después de unos 20 minutos tras despertarse, realicen una actividad tranquila con luz tenue, como leer, y luego vuelvan cuando tengan sueño.

Los expertos en sueño también sugieren tapar el reloj y dejar de medir el tiempo cuando se tiene dificultad para dormir. Aceptar con calma el estado de vigilia, junto con la comprensión de cómo nuestra mente percibe el tiempo, puede ser la forma más segura de volver a descansar.

The Conversation

Darren Rhodes no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Por qué perdimos el hábito de dormir en dos turnos y cómo modificó nuestra percepción del tiempo – https://theconversation.com/por-que-perdimos-el-habito-de-dormir-en-dos-turnos-y-como-modifico-nuestra-percepcion-del-tiempo-269513

Detección de mentiras y neurotecnologías: ¿más cerca de la “verdad”?

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Miquel Julià-Pijoan, Profesor de Derecho Procesal, UNED – Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia

Roman Samborskyi/Shutterstock

En los últimos años, han proliferado estudios empíricos basados en la medición de la actividad cerebral para leer la mente. A través de las neurotecnologías –sistemas de inteligencia artificial alimentados con datos cerebrales–, se anuncia la posibilidad de acceder a los pensamientos, las intenciones o, incluso, las memorias de las personas. Una promesa que, aunque todavía se mueve entre la ciencia y la ficción, plantea desafíos profundos para el ámbito jurídico.

Usando el polígrafo en un caso judicial de 1937.
Biblioteca Nacional de Francia.

Esta posibilidad no ha pasado desapercibida en el mundo del derecho. Desde hace siglos, la justicia ha buscado herramientas que permitan saber si alguien miente en un juicio. Las antiguas ordalías –prueba ritual medieval en que se invocaba el juicio de Dios–, el polígrafo o el análisis del lenguaje no verbal son solo algunos ejemplos de esa ambición persistente por descubrir la verdad a través de medios externos. Ninguna de estas técnicas, sin embargo, ha contado con un respaldo empírico sólido que garantice su validez o fiabilidad.

Una forma de leer la mente

Sin embargo, las técnicas neurocientíficas parecen abrir una vía prometedora, al estar en condiciones de superar los límites y falibilidades de otros sistemas que han ido apareciendo a lo largo de la historia. La clave radica en que la fuente de medición se sitúa lo más próxima posible a la información que se desea obtener. Dicho de otra forma: ya no se trata de medir si alguien suda, se sonroja o se muestra nervioso, sino de observar la actividad neuronal que podría reflejar lo que sabe o recuerda. Algo que, de confirmarse, sería extraordinario.

Con un método así, los declarantes en un proceso judicial no podrían ocultar, distorsionar o falsear lo que cuentan. La aplicación de esta tecnología permitiría reconstruir con más precisión los hechos y, así, conocer lo que realmente ocurrió. Este es uno de los principales objetivos del proceso judicial y, en particular, de la actividad probatoria.

El antecedente de la prueba P300

Aunque pueda parecer futurista, la aplicación de técnicas basadas en la actividad cerebral no es completamente nueva en el ámbito judicial español. Desde 2014, algunos jueces admitieron la práctica de la denominada prueba P300, que registra las señales eléctricas del cerebro mediante electroencefalografía. Se basa en el hecho de que el cerebro modifica dichas señales eléctricas cuando se enfrenta a un estímulo visual que le evoca un recuerdo.

El método consiste en mostrar a los investigados imágenes o palabras relacionadas con un hecho delictivo. Si el cerebro reacciona con una señal eléctrica concreta –la llamada “onda P300”–, se interpreta que el sujeto reconoce la información presentada.

En varios casos, esta técnica se empleó para intentar localizar los cuerpos de víctimas desaparecidas, como Marta del Castillo. Sin embargo, los resultados alcanzados en los procesos judiciales no fueron concluyentes. Al contrario, pesan sobre esa prueba muchas dudas sobre su validez y fiabilidad.

¿Se puede detectar la mentira desde la memoria?

Precisamente, para evitar que técnicas sin un respaldo empírico sólido influyan en decisiones judiciales –y puedan conducir a condenas erróneas–, resulta fundamental analizar con detenimiento qué pueden medir realmente estas tecnologías.

Una de las cuestiones relevantes, si se pretende utilizar este instrumento en los tribunales de justicia, es si puede conocerse la verdad de unos hechos mediante el análisis de las memorias de sus testigos. Actualmente, sabemos que la memoria humana no funciona como una cámara de vídeo, no es una copia fiel de la realidad. Y es que los recuerdos son maleables: pueden alterarse (contaminarse) con el paso del tiempo, por la influencia de los medios, por preguntas sugestivas o, simplemente, por volver a contar (o rememorar internamente) lo sucedido varias veces.

Esta permeabilidad característica de la memoria puede dar lugar a falsos recuerdos, que combinan experiencias auténticas con información adquirida después, que puede no corresponderse con la realidad.

Lo más preocupante es que los falsos recuerdos pueden ser indistinguibles de los verdaderos, tanto para quien los tiene como para quien los evalúa. Hasta ahora, la neurociencia no ha identificado un marcador cerebral capaz de diferenciarlos de manera concluyente.

Entonces ¿qué detectan estas pruebas?

Si no se puede distinguir entre recuerdos reales y falsos, ¿qué mide exactamente la neurotecnología?

Los experimentos se basan en una idea sencilla: mentir exige un mayor esfuerzo cognitivo que decir la verdad. Implica suprimir una respuesta espontánea, inventar otra en su lugar y controlar la reacción con el interlocutor a fin de que no se dé cuenta de la mentira (engaño motivado). En teoría, ese esfuerzo extra se refleja en el cerebro.

Así, las técnicas empleadas con tal propósito no se basan el análisis del contenido de la memoria, sino en los patrones cerebrales asociados al esfuerzo de mentir. El problema es que este modelo tiene limitaciones: por ejemplo, si una persona está muy acostumbrada a mentir, dicho esfuerzo se reduce y la técnica deja de ser fiable.

Más que leer la mente, estas herramientas trabajan con una representación muy limitada de lo que significa mentir –engañar–. Su interpretación, por tanto, requiere una gran prudencia. La aparente objetividad de los datos neurocientíficos puede inducir a una “ilusión de certeza” peligrosa en el contexto judicial, donde las consecuencias de un error pueden ser irreversibles.

Aunque los titulares sobre la posibilidad de “detectar mentiras en el cerebro” resulten cautivadores, la realidad científica es mucho más compleja. Los expertos coinciden en que aún estamos lejos de poder acceder a los pensamientos de una persona o determinar con precisión si dice la verdad o no.

Así que, por ahora, la justicia sigue sin disponer de un método fiable para leer la mente o para descubrir la falsedad en los tribunales. Después de todo, seguimos donde estábamos: frente a la eterna dificultad de conocer con certeza qué es verdad y qué no dentro de la mente humana.

The Conversation

Miquel Julià-Pijoan no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Detección de mentiras y neurotecnologías: ¿más cerca de la “verdad”? – https://theconversation.com/deteccion-de-mentiras-y-neurotecnologias-mas-cerca-de-la-verdad-265496