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July 31, 2025

Cricket’s great global divide: elite schools still shape the sport

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Habib Noorbhai, Professor (Health & Sports Science), University of Johannesburg

If you were to walk through the corridors of some of the world’s leading cricket schools, you might hear the crack of leather on willow long before the bell for the end of the day rings.

Across the cricketing world, elite schools have served as key feeder systems to national teams for decades. They provide young players with superior training facilities, high-level coaching and competitive playing opportunities.

This tradition has served as cricket’s most dependable talent pipeline. But is it a strength or a symptom of exclusion?

My recent study examined the school backgrounds of 1,080 elite men’s cricketers across eight countries over a 30-year period. It uncovered telling patterns.

Top elite cricket countries such as South Africa, England and Australia continue to draw heavily from private education systems. In these nations, cricket success seems almost tied to one’s school uniform.

I argue that if cricket boards want to promote equity and competitiveness, they will need to broaden the talent search by investing in grassroots cricket infrastructure in under-resourced areas.

For cricket to be a sport that anyone with talent can succeed in, there will need to be more school leagues and entry-level tournaments as well as targeted investment in community-based hubs and non-elite school zones.

Findings

South Africa is a case in point. My previous study in 2020 outlined that more than half of its national players at One-Day International (ODI) World Cups came from boys-only schools (mostly private).

These schools are often well-resourced, with turf wickets, expert coaches and an embedded culture of competition. Unsurprisingly, the same schools tend to produce a high number of national team batters, as they offer longer game formats and better playing surfaces. Cricket’s colonial origins have influenced the structure and culture of school cricket being tied to a form of privilege.

In Australia and England, the story is not very different. Despite their efforts to diversify player sourcing, private schools still dominate. Even in cricketing nations that celebrate working-class grit, such as Australia, private school players continue to shape elite squads.

The statistics say as much; for example: about 44% of Australian Ashes test series players since 2010 attended private schools, and for England, the figure is 45%. That’s not grassroots, it could be regarded as gated turf…

Yet not all countries follow this route. The West Indies, Pakistan and Sri Lanka reflect very different models. Club cricket, informal play and community academies provide their players with opportunities to rise. These countries have lower reliance on private schools. Some of their finest players emerged from modest public schooling or neighbourhood cricketing networks.

India provides an interesting hybrid. Although elite schools such as St. Xavier’s and Modern School contribute players, most national stars emerge from public institutions or small-town academies. The explosion of the Indian Premier League since 2008 has also democratised access, pulling in talent from previously overlooked and underdeveloped cities.

In these regions, scouting is based on potential, not privilege.

So why does this matter?

At first glance, elite schools producing elite cricketers might appear logical. These institutions have the resources to nurture talent. But scratch beneath the surface and troubling questions appear.

Are national teams truly reflecting their countries? Or are they simply echo chambers of social advantage?

In South Africa, almost every Black African cricketer to represent the country has come through a private school (often on scholarship). That suggests that talent without access remains potentially invisible. It also places unfair pressure on the few who make it through, as if they carry the hopes of entire communities.

I found that in England, some county systems have started integrating players from state schools, but progress is slow. In New Zealand, where cricket is less centralised around private institutions, regional hubs and public schools have had more success in spreading opportunities. However, even there, Māori and Pasifika players remain underrepresented in elite squads.

Four steps that can be taken

1. One solution lies in recognising that schools don’t have a monopoly on talent. Cricket boards must increase investment in grassroots infrastructure, particularly in under-resourced areas. Setting up community hubs, supporting school-club partnerships and more regional competitions could discover hidden talent.

2. Another step is to improve the visibility and reach of scouting networks. Too often, selection favours players from known institutions. By diversifying trial formats and leveraging technology (such as video submissions or performance-tracking apps), selectors can widen their net. It’s already happening in India, where IPL scouts visit the most unlikely of places.

3. Coaching is another stumbling block. In many countries, high-level coaches are clustered in elite schools. National boards should consider optimising salaries as well as rotating certified coaches into public schools and regional academies. They should also ensure coaches are developed to be equipped to work with diverse learners and conditions.

4. Technology offers other exciting possibilities too. Virtual simulations, motion tracking and AI-assisted video reviews are now common in high-performance centres. Making simplified versions available to lower-income schools could level the playing field. Imagine a township bowler in South Africa learning to analyse their technique using only a smartphone and a free app?

Fairness in sport

The conversation about schools and cricket is not just about numbers or stats. It is about fairness. Sport should be the great leveller, not another mechanism of exclusion. If cricket is to thrive, it needs to look beyond scoreboards and trophies. It must ask who gets to play and who never gets seen?

A batter from a village school in India, a wicket-keeper from a government school in Sri Lanka or a fast bowler in a South African township; each deserves the chance to be part of the national story. Cricket boards, policymakers and educators must work together to make that possible.

The game will only grow when it welcomes players from all walks of life. That requires more than scholarships. It requires a reset of how we think about talent. Because the next cricket superstar may not wear a crest on their blazer. They may wear resilience on their sleeve.

Habib Noorbhai does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Cricket’s great global divide: elite schools still shape the sport – https://theconversation.com/crickets-great-global-divide-elite-schools-still-shape-the-sport-261709

July 31, 2025

The African activists who challenged colonial-era slavery in Lagos and the Gold Coast

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Michael E Odijie, Associate Professor, University of Oxford

When historians and the public think about the end of domestic slavery in west Africa, they often imagine colonial governors issuing decrees and missionaries working to end local traffic in enslaved people.

Two of my recent publications tell another part of the story. I am a historian of west Africa, and over the past five years, I have been researching anti-slavery ideas and networks in the region as part of a wider research project.

My research reveals that colonial administrations continued to allow domestic slavery in practice and that African activists fought this.

In one study I focused on Francis P. Fearon, a trader based in Accra, the Ghanaian capital. He exposed pro-slavery within the colonial government through numerous letters written in the 1890s (when the colony was known as the Gold Coast).

In another study I examined the Lagos Auxiliary, a coalition of lawyers, journalists and clergy in Nigeria. Their campaigning secured the repeal of Nigeria’s notorious Native House Rule Ordinance in 1914. That ordinance had been enacted by the colonial government to maintain local slavery in the Niger Delta region.

Considered together, the two studies demonstrate how local campaigners used letters, print culture, imperial pressure points and personal networks to oppose practices that had kept thousands of Africans in bondage.

The methods Fearon and the Lagos Auxiliary pioneered still matter because they show how marginalised communities can compel power‑holders to close the gap between laws and lived reality. They remind us that well‑documented local testimony, amplified trans-nationally, can still overturn official narratives, compel policy change, and keep institutions honest.

Colonial ‘abolition’ that wasn’t

West Africa was a major source of enslaved people during the transatlantic slave trade. The transatlantic trade was suppressed in the early 19th century, but this did not bring an end to domestic slavery.

One of the principal rationales for colonisation in west Africa was the eradication of domestic slavery.

Accordingly, when the Gold Coast was formally annexed as a British colony in 1874, the imperial government declared slave dealing illegal. And slave-dealing was criminalised across southern Nigeria in 1901. On paper these measures promised freedom, but in practice loopholes empowered slave-holders, chiefs and colonial officials who continued to demand coerced labour.

On the Gold Coast, the 1874 abolition law was never enforced. The British governor informed slave-owners that they might retain enslaved persons provided those individuals did not complain. By 1890, child slavery had become widespread in towns such as Accra. According to the local campaigners, it was even sanctioned by the colonial governor. This led to some Africans uniting to establish a network to oppose it.

The Niger Delta region of Nigeria had a similar experience. The colonial administration enacted the Native House Rule Ordinance to counteract the effects of the Slave-Dealing Proclamation of 1901 which criminalised slave dealing with a penalty of seven years’ imprisonment for offenders. The Native House Rule Ordinance required every African to belong to a “House” under a designated head. It went on to criminalise any person who attempted to leave their “House”. In the Niger Delta kingdoms such as Bonny, Kalabari and Okrika, the word “House” never referred to a single dwelling. Rather, it denoted a self-perpetuating, named corporation of relatives, dependants and slaves under a chief, which owned property and spoke with one voice. By the 1900s, “Houses” had become the primary units through which slave ownership was organised.

Therefore, the Native House Rule Ordinance compelled enslaved people in Houses to remain with their masters. The masters were empowered to use colonial authority to discipline them. District commissioners executed arrest warrants against runaways. In exchange, the House heads and local chiefs supplied the colonial administration with unpaid labour for public works.

African campaigners in Accra and Lagos organised to challenge what they perceived as the British colonial state’s support for slavery.

Fearon: an undercover abolitionist in Accra

Francis Fearon was an educated African, active in the Accra scene during the second half of the 19th century. He was highly literate and part of elite circles. He was closely associated with the journalist Edmund Bannerman. He regularly wrote to local newspapers, often expressing concerns about racism against Black people and moral decay.

On 24 June 1890, Fearon sent a 63-page letter, with ten appendices, to the Aborigines’ Protection Society in London. That dossier would form the basis of several further communications. He alleged that child trafficking continued.

As evidence, he transcribed the confidential court register of Accra and claimed that Governor W. B. Griffith had instructed convicted slave-owners to recover their “property”.

Fearon’s tactics were audacious. He remained anonymous, relied on court clerks for documents, and supplied the Aborigines’ Protection Society with evidence. He pleaded with the society to investigate the colonial administration in the Gold Coast.

Although the society publicised the scandal, subsequent narratives quietly effaced the African source.

Lagos elites organise – and name the problem

Like Fearon, Nigerian campaigners also wrote to the Anti-Slavery and Aborigines’ Protection Society. They denounced the colonial government in Nigeria for promoting slavery, but they did not remain anonymous.

By this time, the Native House Rule Ordinance had prompted some enslaved people to flee the districts in which it was enforced. They sought refuge in Lagos. Through these arrivals, Lagosian elites learned of the ordinance. They unleashed a vigorous campaign against the colonial state.

The principal figures in this movement included Christopher Sapara Williams, a barrister, and James Bright Davies, editor of The Nigerian Times. Others included politician Herbert Macaulay, Herbert Pearse, a prominent merchant, Bishop James Johnson and the Reverend Mojola Agbebi. Unlike Fearon’s lone-wolf strategy, they mounted a coordinated assault on the colonial administration. They drafted petitions, briefed sympathetic European organisations, and inundated local newspapers with commentary.

Their arguments blended humanitarian indignation with constitutional acumen. They insisted that the ordinance contravened both British liberal ideals and African custom.

After years of pressure the law was amended and then quietly repealed in 1914.

Why these stories matter now

Contemporary scholarship on abolition is gradually shifting from asking “what Britain did for Africa” to examining the role Africans played in ending slavery.

Many African abolitionists who fought and lost their lives in the struggle against slavery have long gone unacknowledged. This is beginning to change.

The two articles discussed here highlight the creativity of Africans who, decades before radio or civil-rights NGOs, used transatlantic information circuits. They exposed colonial governments that continued to rely on forced-labour economies long after slavery was supposed to have ended.

They remind us that grassroots documentation can overturn official narratives. Evidence-based advocacy, coalition-building, and the strategic use of global media remain potent instruments.

Research for these articles was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Grant Agreement No. 885418).

– ref. The African activists who challenged colonial-era slavery in Lagos and the Gold Coast – https://theconversation.com/the-african-activists-who-challenged-colonial-era-slavery-in-lagos-and-the-gold-coast-261089

July 31, 2025

Medieval skeletons reveal the lasting damage of childhood malnutrition – new study

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Julia Beaumont, Researcher in Biological Anthropology, University of Bradford

Beneath churchyards in London and Lincolnshire lie the chemical echoes of famine, infection and survival preserved in the teeth of those who lived through some of the most catastrophic periods in English history.

In a new study, my colleagues and I examined over 270 medieval skeletons to investigate how early-life malnutrition affected long-term health and life expectancy.

We focused on people who lived through the devastating period surrounding the Black Death (1348-1350), which included years of famine during the little ice age and the great bovine pestilence (an epidemic that killed two-thirds of cattle in England and Wales). We found that the biological scars of childhood deprivation during this time left lasting marks on the body.

These findings suggest that early nutritional stress, whether in the 14th century or today, can have consequences that endure well beyond childhood.

Children’s teeth act like tiny time capsules. The hard layer inside each tooth, called dentine, sits beneath the enamel and forms while we’re growing up. Once formed, it stays unchanged for life, creating a permanent record of what we ate and experienced.

As our teeth develop, they absorb different chemical versions (isotopes) of carbon and nitrogen from our food, and these get locked into the tooth structure. This means scientists can read the story of someone’s childhood diet by analysing their teeth.

A method of measuring the chemical changes in sequential slices of the teeth is a recent advance used to identify dietary changes in past populations with greater accuracy.

When children are starving, their bodies break down their fat stores and muscle to continue growing. This gives a different signature in the newly formed dentine than the isotopes from food. These signatures make centuries-old famines visible today, showing exactly how childhood trauma affected health in medieval times.

We identified a distinctive pattern that had been seen before in victims of the great Irish famine. Normally, when people eat a typical diet, the levels of carbon and nitrogen in their teeth move in the same direction. For example, both might rise or fall together if someone eats more plants or animals. This is called “covariance” because the two markers vary together.

But during starvation, nitrogen levels in the teeth rise while carbon levels stay the same or drop. This opposite movement – called “opposing covariance” – is like a red flag in the teeth that shows when a child was starving. These patterns helped us pinpoint the ages at which people experienced malnutrition.

Lifelong legacy

Children who survived this period reached adulthood during the plague years, and the effect on their growth was recorded in the chemical signals in their teeth. People with famine markers in their dentine had different mortality rates than those who lacked these markers.

Children who are nutritionally deprived have poorer outcomes in later life: studies of modern children have suggested that children of low birth weight or who suffer stresses during the first 1,000 days of life have long-term effects on their health.

For example, babies born small, a possible sign of nutritional stress, seem to be more prone to illnesses such as heart disease and diabetes in adulthood than the population at large. These characteristics can also be passed to future offspring through changes in how genes are switched on or off, known as “epigenetic effects” – which can endure for three generations.

Epigenetics explained.

In medieval England, early nutritional deprivation may have been beneficial during catastrophic times by producing adults of short stature and the capacity to store fat, but these people were much more likely to die after the age of 30 than their peers with healthy childhood dentine patterns.

The patterns for childhood starvation increased in the decades leading up to the Black Death and declined after 1350. This suggests the pandemic may have indirectly improved living conditions by reducing population pressure and increasing access to food.

The medieval teeth tell us something urgent about today. Right now, millions of children worldwide are experiencing the same nutritional crises that scarred those long-dead English villagers – whether from wars in Gaza and Ukraine or poverty in countless countries.

Their bodies are writing the same chemical stories of survival into their growing bones and teeth, creating biological problems that will emerge decades later as heart disease, diabetes and early death.

Our latest findings aren’t just historical curiosities; they’re an urgent warning that the children we fail to nourish today will carry those failures in their bodies for life and pass them on to their own children. The message from the medieval graves couldn’t be clearer: feed the children now or pay the price for generations.

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Julia Beaumont receives funding from Arts and Humanities research council, British Academy/Leverhulme.

– ref. Medieval skeletons reveal the lasting damage of childhood malnutrition – new study – https://theconversation.com/medieval-skeletons-reveal-the-lasting-damage-of-childhood-malnutrition-new-study-262081

July 31, 2025

Flames to floods: how Europe’s devastating wildfires are fuelling its next climate crisis

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Ioanna Stamataki, Senior Lecturer in Hydraulics and Water Engineering, University of Greenwich

In recent years, I have all too often found myself passing over an active wildfire when flying from London to my family home in Greece during the summer months. The sky glows an eerie, apocalyptic red, and the scent of smoke fills the cabin. Silence falls as we become unwilling witnesses to a tragic spectacle.

Now wildfires are again raging across the Mediterranean. But the flames themselves are only part of the story. As wildfires become more intense and frequent, they’re setting off a dangerous chain reaction – one that also includes a rising risk of devastating floods.

Wildfire viewed from a plane — Author’s photo from a plane landing in Athens last summer.
Ioanna Stamataki

In January 2024, Nasa reported that climate change is intensifying wildfire conditions, noting that the frequency of the most extreme wildfires had more than doubled over the past two decades. While some of this is driven by natural weather variability, human-induced warming is clearly playing a major role. Decades of rising temperatures combined with longer and more severe droughts have created ideal conditions for wildfires to ignite and spread.

This year, another brutal Mediterranean wildfire season is unfolding right before our eyes, with numerous active wildfire fronts across the region. As of July 22 2025, 237,153 hectares have burned in the EU – an increase of nearly 78% from the same period last year. The number of fires rose by about 45%, and CO₂ emissions increased by 23% compared to 2024. These are terrifying statistics.

Climate phenomena are closely interconnected

The fires themselves are bad enough. But they’re also closely connected to other climate-related extremes, including floods.

Natural hazards often trigger chain reactions, turning one disaster into many. In the case of floods, wildfires play a big role both through weather patterns and how the land responds to rain.

On the weather side, higher temperatures lead to more extreme rainfall, as warmer air can hold more moisture and fuels stronger storms. Intense wildfires can sometimes get so hot they generate their own weather systems, like pyrocumulus clouds – towering storm clouds formed by heat, smoke and water vapour. These clouds can spark sudden, localised storms during or shortly after the fire.

The damage doesn’t end when the flames die down. Satellite data shows that burned land can remain up to 10°C hotter for nearly a year, due to lost vegetation and damaged soil.

As the world warms, the atmosphere is able to hold about 7% more moisture for every extra degree. Recent temperatures of 40°C or more in Greece suggest a capacity for more downpours and more flooding.

Climate stripes chart for Greece — Greece is getting hotter and hotter (Each stripe represents one year, with blue indicating cooler and red indicating warmer than the 1961-2010 average).
Ed Hawkins / Show Your Stripes (Data: Berkeley Earth & ERA5-Land), CC BY-SA

Wildfires also make the land itself more vulnerable to flooding. Burnt areas respond much faster to rain, as there is less vegetation to slow down the water. Wildfires also change the soil structure, often making it water-repellent. This means more water runs off the surface, erosion increases, and it takes less rain to trigger a flood.

Under these conditions, a storm expected once every ten years can cause the sort of catastrophic flooding expected only every 100 to 200 years. Water moves much faster across scorched landscapes without plants to slow it down. Wildfires also leave behind a lot of debris, which can be swept up by fast-moving floodwaters.

While EU-wide data on post-wildfire flood risk is still limited, various case studies from southern Europe offer strong evidence of the connection. In Spain’s Ebro River Basin, for example, research found that if emissions remain high and climate policy is limited, wildfires will increase the probability of high flood risk by 10%.

Nature’s ability to regenerate is nothing short of magical, but recovering from a wildfire takes time. Burnt soil takes years to return to normal and, during that time, the risks of extreme rainfall are higher. Beyond the impact of wildfires on soil and water, it is important not to overlook the devastating loss of plant and animal species or even entire ecosystems, making the natural world less biodiverse and resilient.

To reduce the frequency and severity of extreme events, we must focus on repairing climate damage. This means moving beyond isolated perspectives and adopting a multi-hazard approach that recognises how disasters are connected.

Flooding after wildfires is just one example of how one crisis can trigger another. We need to recognise these cascading risks and focus on long-term resilience over short-term fixes.

Ioanna Stamataki currently receives funding from the Leverhulme Trust and the Royal Society for ongoing flood research. Previous research has been supported by the EPSRC and the Newton Fund (via the British Council) for career development and international collaboration.

– ref. Flames to floods: how Europe’s devastating wildfires are fuelling its next climate crisis – https://theconversation.com/flames-to-floods-how-europes-devastating-wildfires-are-fuelling-its-next-climate-crisis-262204

July 31, 2025

Weight loss drug demand continues to grow in the UK – here’s what’s being done to keep supplies readily available

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Liz Breen, Professor of Health Service Operations, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Bradford

Demand for weight loss jabs has surged in the UK. Mohammed_Al_Ali/ Shutterstock

Over a fifth of people in the UK have tried to access a weight loss drug in the last year, according to a recent poll.

Weight loss jabs such as Mounjaro (tirzepatide) and Wegovy (semaglutide) are very effective in managing obesity. Clinical trials have shown that some people lose up to 26% of their body weight while using these drugs.

With this impact, it’s no wonder a growing number of people are seeking out these products – often buying them in private clinics or online. But with plans to expand access to these drugs through NHS prescriptions, there are concerns that supply may not meet demand – especially for those people in most need.

In the UK, NHS prescriptions for weight loss jabs are only approved for people who meet strict eligibility requirements. For example, to qualify early for Mounjaro from your GP, you must have health problems due to your weight and a body mass index greater than 40 (adjusted for ethnicity). People assessed by the NHS and given prescriptions will also have access to additional support – such as advice about diet and physical activity.

Weight loss drugs can be prescribed by specialist clinics and, increasingly, local GPs. But a lack of time and resources means even those who are eligible are left waiting. Consequently, people who can afford to do so are approaching private providers for access to these medicines – despite the potential risks to their health.

There’s also evidence that people who aren’t clinically eligible for weight loss jabs prescribed by the NHS are purchasing them from online pharmacies.

Supply issues

Demand for weight loss jabs is about to grow, as the provision of Mounjaro via GPs is imminent, pending the creation of an infrastructure to support safe local prescribing.

The number of monthly GP prescriptions in England for Mounjaro has already risen from under 3,000 in March 2024 (on introduction) to over 200,000 in May 2025. Mounjaro (also marketed in the US as Zepbound) is widely considered to be the best weight loss jab currently available and a great commercial success.

GP prescriptions of all forms of semaglutide (the active ingredient in Wegovy) are more stable, at around 130,000 items per month (including generics and products to treat diabetes).

While a number of GLP-1 drugs faced shortages last year (including Wegovy and Mounjaro), these shortages have now been resolved. Shortages were spurred by a spike in global demand for these drugs alongside stockpiling by private clinics to feed requests.

Still, there were reports early this year that certain strengths of Mounjaro were difficult to access. The reasons for this are not clear, but may be due to the novelty of access to this new medication or a lack of access to alternatives.

Around 220,000 people in England are due to be offered Mounjaro via the NHS over the next three years. However, it’s estimated that 3.4 million people in England could actually be eligible for Mounjaro.

Two prescription boxes of Mounjaro 15mg. — Mounjaro will initially be offered to 220,000 people on the NHS over the next three years.
Cynthia A Jackson/ Shutterstock

Wider NHS access to this drug is being phased to manage staff workload and ensure good support for patients. Phased rollout may also help to ensure there is enough supply for those who need to be prescribed one of these medications.

Future access

It’s likely that demand for these weight loss drugs will only continue to grow in the UK, so it’s important that supply is readily available.

Regulatory agencies have taken some steps to tighten controls of online prescribing of weight loss drugs and prevent misuse. Registered online pharmacies must seek independent verification of key clinical information (such as from a GP or through a person’s medical records) instead of relying on questionnaires or phone calls.

However, weight loss products remain easy to access for people with money and savvy search skills, but who may be clinically ineligible. The scale of demand from this group is difficult to quantify, but it’s clear more needs to be done to keep patients safe and manage demand.

Several new weight loss drugs are undergoing trials in the UK. These drugs will work similarly to those already available but may be administered differently (such as an oral tablet). The trials for these and subsequent approvals will not only increase market competition, but also improve patient access and choice.

Key patents for the manufacture of semaglutide are also due to expire in 2026 and 2031. Once a pharmaceutical product is outside of its patented time frame, other companies can be approved to manufacture it as a generic product.

A generic product is approved on the basis that it works in the same manner and has equal benefits to the original product. The generics market allows new entrants and new versions of these very popular products onto the market.

Generic products are usually less expensive and so are bought (where still clinically safe and effective) by the NHS. This change could provide greater access to weight loss medications and save the NHS and patients money in the long term.

Generic semaglutide products will probably be available in the UK from 2032 but will be initially authorised to treat diabetes rather than weight loss. Still, this should have a positive impact on the availability of prescription drugs used for both diabetes and weight management.

Generic liraglutide is already available on the NHS for the treatment of diabetes. The liraglutide brand Saxenda is also marketed for weight management. However, liraglutide is less effective than Wegovy or Mounjaro and requires daily injections.

The number of monthly NHS prescriptions for liraglutide has fallen from over 40,000 in July 2020 to 1,000 in May 2025. This fall was most likely influenced by the discontinuation of the Victoza brand for type 2 diabetes in late 2024. Shortages of all types of GLP-1 drugs, which lasted until the end of 2024, may also have impacted demand for liraglutide.

For now, NHS staff can report on known demand for these products to inform manufacturing quantities and procurement. What isn’t known is the future demand for online or private purchases of weight management drugs. It’s this “unknown” demand that may mean supply security is challenged and unsustainable.

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Weight loss drug demand continues to grow in the UK – here’s what’s being done to keep supplies readily available – https://theconversation.com/weight-loss-drug-demand-continues-to-grow-in-the-uk-heres-whats-being-done-to-keep-supplies-readily-available-262065

July 31, 2025

Why Donald Trump has stopped some conflicts but is failing with Ukraine and Gaza

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Stefan Wolff, Professor of International Security, University of Birmingham

In yet another twist in his unpredictable decision making, US president Donald Trump has dramatically shortened his original 50-day ultimatum to Vladimir Putin to call a ceasefire in Ukraine to a mere ten days. It’s an unmistakable sign of Trump’s frustration with the Russian leader who he now appears to view as the main obstacle to ending the war.

Progress has been similarly limited on another of Trump’s flagship foreign policy projects: ending the war in Gaza. As a humanitarian catastrophe engulfs the territory, Trump and some of his Maga base are finally challenging Israel’s denials that, after almost two years of war, many Gazans now face a real risk of starvation.

In neither case have his efforts to mediate and bring an end to the violence borne any fruit. But not all of Trump’s efforts to stop violence in conflicts elsewhere in the world have been similarly futile. The administration brokered a ceasefire between Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), which the two countries’ foreign ministers signed in Washington on June 27.

The US president has also claimed to be behind the ceasefire between India and Pakistan in May after the two sides had engaged in several days of fierce combat following a terror attack in Indian-administered Kashmir by a Pakistan-backed rebel group. And, drawing a clear parallel between this conflict and the border clashes between Cambodia and Thailand in July, Trump announced he had pushed both countries’ leaders to negotiate a ceasefire.

All of these ceasefires, so far, have held. By contrast, the ceasefire in the war between Israel and Hamas in Gaza, to which Trump contributed in January, even before he was inaugurated for his second term, broke down in March and fighting has escalated ever since. A short-lived ceasefire in Ukraine in April was barely worth its name given the countless violations.

Mixed record

Three factors can explain Trump’s mixed record of peacemaking to date. First, the US president is more likely to succeed in stopping the fighting where he has leverage and is willing to use it to force foreign leaders to bend to his will. For example, Trump was very clear that there would be no trade negotiations with Thailand or Cambodia “until such time as the fighting STOPS”.

The crucial difference, so far, with the situation in the war against Ukraine is that Trump has, and has used, similar leverage only with the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky. This led to a US-Ukraine agreement on a 30-day ceasefire proposal just two weeks after the now-notorious row between Trump and Zelensky in the Oval Office.

The mere threat of sanctions against Russia, by contrast, has done little to persuade Putin to accept whatever deal might Trump offer him. Trump’s threats – which he has never followed through on – did not work in January or May. The Kremlin’s initial reactions to the latest ultimatum from the White House do not indicate a change in Putin’s attitude.

A second factor that may explain why Trump has had peacemaking success in some cases but not others is the level of complexity of US interests involved. When it comes to US relations with Russia and Israel, there is a lot more at stake for Trump.

The US president still appears keen to strike a grand bargain with Russia and China under which Washington, Beijing and Moscow would agree to recognise, and not interfere in, their respective spheres of influence. This could explains his hesitation so far to follow through on his threats to Putin.

Similarly, US interests in the Middle East – whether it’s over Iran’s nuclear programme or relations with America’s Gulf allies – have put strains on the alliance with Israel. Trump also needs to weigh carefully the impact of any move against, or in support of, Israel on his domestic support base.

In the deal Trump brokered between Rwanda and the DRC, the issues at stake were much simpler: access for US investors to the mineral riches of the eastern DRC. Just days into his second term, Trump acknowledged that the conflict was a “very serious problem”. Congo’s president, Felix Tshisekedi, responded by offering the US access to minerals in exchange for pushing Rwanda to a deal to end the invasion and stop supporting proxy forces in the DRC.

This leads to the third factor that has enabled Trump’s peace-making success so far: simpler solutions are easier to achieve. Thailand and Cambodia and India and Pakistan can go back to the situation before their recent fighting. That does not resolve any of the underlying issues in their conflicts, but returns their relations to some form of non-violent stability.

It is ultimately also in the interests of the conflict parties. They have had a chance to make their violent statements and reinforce what they will and won’t tolerate from the other side. The required investment by an external mediator to end battles that have achieved what the warring sides want anyway – to avoid further escalation – is consequently quite limited.

Complex conflicts

Getting to any kind of stability in Ukraine or the Middle East by contrast requires prolonged engagement and attention to detail. These conflicts are at a stage in which a return to how things were before is not in the interests of the parties or their external backers. Nudging warring parties along on the path to agreement under such conditions requires a well-designed process, which is absent in Ukraine and failing in Gaza.

Thanks to funding and personnel cuts, the US secretary of state, Marco Rubio, is now required to perform multiple roles. Trump relies on personal envoys with at best limited foreign policy expertise, while insisting he makes all the decisions. This ultimately suggests that the White House simply may not have the bandwidth for the level of engagement that would be necessary to get to a deal in Ukraine and the Middle East.

This is a self-inflicted opportunity lost, not only for the United States but also for the long-suffering people of Ukraine and the Middle East.

Stefan Wolff is a past recipient of grant funding from the Natural Environment Research Council of the UK, the United States Institute of Peace, the Economic and Social Research Council of the UK, the British Academy, the NATO Science for Peace Programme, the EU Framework Programmes 6 and 7 and Horizon 2020, as well as the EU’s Jean Monnet Programme. He is a Trustee and Honorary Treasurer of the Political Studies Association of the UK and a Senior Research Fellow at the Foreign Policy Centre in London.

– ref. Why Donald Trump has stopped some conflicts but is failing with Ukraine and Gaza – https://theconversation.com/why-donald-trump-has-stopped-some-conflicts-but-is-failing-with-ukraine-and-gaza-262241

July 31, 2025

Flawed notions of objectivity are hampering Canadian newsrooms when it comes to Gaza

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Gabriela Perdomo, Assistant Professor, Mount Royal University

The response of Canada’s legacy news media to the Israeli government’s military action in Gaza for more than 640 days points to a problem within major Canadian news organizations, according to a new Canadian book, When Genocide Wasn’t News.

In the book, journalists — some writing under pseudonyms — say their newsrooms have been severely hampered by a culture of fear and an adherence to a notion of objectivity that no longer serves the public.

Israel’s relentless military actions in the Gaza Strip following the Oct. 7, 2023 attack and taking of 251 hostages by Hamas should be prominently featured news. The Israeli Defence Forces’ illegal attacks on children, hospitals and aid workers should also be making constant headlines. But news coverage on these attacks is scarce or misleading.

I research and teach media, monitor the news and edit an online publication about journalism in Canada. My PhD thesis focused on Latin America and examined how the mandate to be objective can be confusing in times of war. I also explored questions about how journalists understand and apply objectivity in different contexts.

I found journalists who support peace efforts can easily be accused of being “biased” in favour of those promoting peace.

Not all wars covered equally

Not all wars are covered the same. Noureddine Miladi, a media and communications professor at Qatar University, found Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 received far greater coverage in mainstream media than the war in Gaza. Part of this difference in coverage lies in the ability to send reporters to cover events first hand, which is impossible in the Gaza Strip, where outside journalists are banned from entry.

Another major factor affecting coverage is how newsrooms understand and apply their norms, including objectivity. Journalism production is influenced and impacted by the dynamics of place and power that surround it.

As Carleton University journalism professor Duncan McCue argues, an unexamined adherence to objectivity can perpetuate colonial points of view. University of British Columbia journalism professors Candis Callison and Mary Lynn Young, authors of a book about journalism’s racial reckoning in Canada, also make this argument.

Accusations of antisemitism

Accusations of bias can have an outsized impact on reporting and be used to silence journalists.

According to some journalists, there is an atmosphere of fear when it comes to reporting on the Middle East in mainstream newsrooms in Canada. Some have self-censored in response to threats.

Not only do journalists say they are facing threats, they also face a context in which governments, such as the province of Ontario, are adhering to definitions of antisemitism that equate it to criticism of Israel.

In Canada, news organizations and individual journalists attempting to report on the violence in the Gaza Strip are being accused of antisemitism by groups such as Honest Reporting, according to the Canadian Press Freedom Project. This means almost anyone reporting on the Israeli government’s actions in Gaza will receive hundreds of messages claiming the report is antisemitic.

Since many scholars and the United Nations Special Committee to investigate Israeli practices have called the Israeli government’s methods “consistent with genocide, including use of starvation as weapon of war,” urgent reporting is needed — and it’s not antisemitism to call out what experts have labelled global injustices.

Left-wing bias?

The culmination of decades of this type of criticism of news media has included a right-wing narrative that accuses media of a liberal bias. The trope of the liberal media as a threat has had a steady hold of the public imagination across North America since the Cold War.

Reporters who focused on stories about human rights, questioned the tactics and budgets of the military industrial complex or challenged the mistreatment of socialist activists as being unpatriotic were accused of having a liberal, left-wing, even communist, slant.

This isn’t a phemomenon limited to North America. Latin American politicians have a long history of using “left-wing bias” labels as a powerful tool to intimidate journalists.

What do journalists owe peace?

Research shows that audiences value objective journalism, or reporting that they deem non-partisan and keeps opinions at bay. But consumers also increasingly value journalism that is empathetic and emotionally resonant.

After United States President Donald Trump was first elected in 2016, journalism scholars recognized that a major failure of news coverage during the presidential campaign was not calling things what they were. For example, journalists used euphemisms such as “he misspoke” instead of reporting that Trump was lying, contributing to a crisis of relevance in journalism.

According to the Committee to Protect Journalists, the Israel-Gaza war has killed more journalistsr than in any other conflict it’s documented. But the allegedly deliberate targeting of journalists in Gaza, of whom at least 225 have been killed, has garnered little attention in newsrooms, despite calls by dozens of independent journalists to make the issue more visible.

This is another unprecedented set of events that should be reported on for Canadian audiences.

How will Canadian newsrooms do better? One idea could be that newsrooms join forces to fend off accusations of bias and antisemitism. They could start with reclaiming objectivity as a practice of information-gathering and moving away from objectivity as an ideal of dispassionate reporting.

They could also embrace, instead of fear, journalism’s liberal roots and reclaim journalism from a standpoint of clarity where actions against the rule of law, abuses of power, war profiteering, crimes against humanity — any illiberal acts — clearly fall on the wrong side of the liberal-democratic balance and therefore demand to be denounced. As veteran CBC journalist Carol Off has said, we need to denounce illiberal acts as anti-democratic ideology.

Every inhabitant of Gaza remains in imminent peril today, and the media have a responsibility to inform us about it.

Gabriela Perdomo does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Flawed notions of objectivity are hampering Canadian newsrooms when it comes to Gaza – https://theconversation.com/flawed-notions-of-objectivity-are-hampering-canadian-newsrooms-when-it-comes-to-gaza-260552

July 31, 2025

From ‘God Emperor Trump’ to ‘St. Luigi,’ memes power the politics of feeling

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Stuart J. Murray, Professor of Rhetoric and Ethics | Professeur titulaire en rhétorique et éthique, Carleton University

Why do images of Donald Trump as a galactic emperor or Luigi Mangione as a Catholic saint resonate so deeply with some people? Memes don’t just entertain — they shape how we identify with power, grievance and justice in the digital age.

A meme is a decontextualized video or image — often captioned — that circulates an idea, behaviour or style, primarily through social media. As they spread, memes are adapted, remixed and transformed, helping to solidify the communities around them.

Trump, the meme pope

Days after Pope Francis’s death in April 2025, Trump posted an AI-generated image of himself in papal regalia on Truth Social. The White House’s official X account then shared it, amplifying its reach.

Trump quickly dismissed it as a joke, but the image lingered.

Two days later, another emerged: Trump as galactic emperor, blending Star Wars aesthetics with the visual rhetoric of Warhammer 40,000, a popular dystopian sci-fi franchise featuring authoritarian rulers, imperial armies and endless war.

Trump memes like these once circulated semi-ironically in social media subcultures like Reddit and 4chan under the banner “God Emperor Trump.”

But what might previously have seemed like absurdist cosplay now carries the symbolic weight of executive power, blending religious and imperial imagery to project Trump as a mythical figure, not just a politician.

In-jokes

As I’ve argued in an article on MAGA and empathy, these memes draw on cultural codes not to parody power but to usurp it as instruments of official political communication.

Fact-checking can’t stop them. We know they are factually untrue, but they feel true and consolidate a shared sentiment among Trump’s base.

The meme is not a joke — it’s an in-joke only the in-group understands.

And that’s the point.

A meme is an accelerant, delivering compressed emotional payloads, short-circuiting debate and reinforcing people’s political identifications. Propelled by algorithms and designed to go viral, memes solicit immediate responses — outrage, loyalty, disgust, amusement.

Memes don’t ask what’s true or what’s just.

Instead, they curate — and encode — emotional alignment, replacing liberalism’s democratic ideal of reasoned public discourse with viral attachment: grievance recoded as identity.

Elon Musk and weaponizing empathy

On Feb. 20, 2025, days after Trump appointed Elon Musk to head his new Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), the Tesla founder appeared at the Conservative Political Action Conference, an annual gathering of conservative activists and officials from across the U.S.

At the conference, Musk brandished a chainsaw, declaring: “I have become the meme!.” An image of him holding the chainsaw later actually became a meme.

The image projects libertarian efficiency and masculine bravado, but it more than just mocks bureaucracy — it glorifies cutting ties to domestic, global and humanitarian responsibilities.

Far from being merely a meme, it advances a policy of neglect that intentionally lets others die.

Experts estimate that DOGE’s purge of USAID could result in 14 million preventable deaths over the next five years, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations whose historical exploitation helped generate the wealth now wielded as power.

Individuals vs. the collective

But we are not meant to feel empathy. In early 2025, Musk called empathy “the fundamental weakness of western civilization,” claiming it is “weaponized by the left.”

Yet Musk doesn’t reject empathy entirely — only empathy for individuals, which he said risks “civilizational suicide.”

Instead, Musk believes we must have empathy for “civilization as a whole.” Such rhetoric — sacrificing individuals for the collective — recalls a chilling Nazi-era slogan: Du bist nichts, dein Volk ist alles (“You are nothing, your people are everything”). Musk has also drawn criticism for making public Nazi salutes and ethno-nationalist statements advocating for white people.

Mangione, the meme martyr

If Trump and Musk memes stage fantasies of absolute power, Mangione memes reply with fantasies of redemptive rupture.

Accused of killing UnitedHealthcare CEO Brian Thompson, Mangione has been lionized in memes that champion vulnerability and social justice, opposing the billionaire class — figures like Trump and Musk — who put profits over people.

These memes appear to oppose the MAGA meme machine, encoding class struggle as quiet defiance and anti-authoritarianism. Unlike Musk’s chainsaw-wielding bravado, which seems to mask a fragile ego, Mangione memes project a humble, rebellious heartthrob.

Yet, like Trump and Musk, Mangione has become a brand. His face adorns T-shirts and “St. Luigi” prayer candles, capitalizing on the popular meme that emerged soon after his arrest. This commodification mirrors right-wing meme economies, even if the message differs.

Emotional saturation

Mangione memes have helped raise over $1.2 million for his legal defence.

They don’t just reflect feeling — they organize it, channelling it into cultural, political and literal currency, including a Luigi crypto coin ($LUIGI) and a musical.

These memes share MAGA meme tactics: relentless repetition and emotional saturation. Instead of encouraging thoughtful debate, they rally communities around shared grievances, acts of defiance and collective faith.

Feeling our way through the feed

From MAGA to Mangione, meme-mythologies often function as rationalizations of violence — whether framed as righteous, purifying or revolutionary. But what unites Trump’s papal cosplay, Musk’s chainsaw and Mangione’s martyrdom isn’t their message but their form.

Whether cloaked in MAGA nostalgia or social justice sentiments, memes that appear to resist power often reproduce the structures that made that power so intoxicating in the first place.

We’ve seen how official White House and Department of Homeland Security social media memes have become increasingly cruel, sinister, polarizing and even radicalizing.

Meanwhile, some liberals on the left continue to promote what is known as the “marketplace of ideas” — the belief that truth will prevail if all ideas are allowed to circulate freely. But reason doesn’t always triumph over power. And memes aren’t just ideas: they’re technologies that bypass deliberation to shape our feelings, identities and ways of communicating.

Consumed by media

We no longer “consume” media: we’re a function of the algorithms and AI powering today’s platforms. Like memes, AI tools like large language models can churn out plausible content that is nonetheless hateful, divisive and patently untrue.

Musk’s “I have become the meme” therefore reveals a paradox: he claims to master the meme, but no one can control its circulation or uptake. Trump and Mangione, too, are less individuals than avatars — produced by a digital culture that pre-shapes our perceptions of them.

The violence, however, is very real. If one violent act doesn’t justify counter-violence, it nonetheless structures and occasions it. Each side claims it is just.

Memes don’t ask: can we intentionally let others die and still be just? Answering this question is nearly impossible in a meme world. The answer will be a meme. And it will be a joke.

Stuart J. Murray receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

– ref. From ‘God Emperor Trump’ to ‘St. Luigi,’ memes power the politics of feeling – https://theconversation.com/from-god-emperor-trump-to-st-luigi-memes-power-the-politics-of-feeling-260388

July 31, 2025

Sénégal : réformer l’enseignement, un acte de souveraineté intellectuelle vital

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Laurent Bonardi, Professeur associé, Directeur du département MBA. Spécialiste en management et en éducation., Groupe Supdeco Dakar

Alors que l’État du Sénégal annonce une réforme curriculaire d’envergure, touchant l’ensemble des cycles de l’enseignement primaire et secondaire, la question de la qualité, de l’inclusivité et de la pertinence des contenus éducatifs revient au cœur des débats. Le chercheur Laurent Bonardi auteur d’un ouvrage critique sur le système éducatif sénégalais explique à The Conversation Africa les enjeux de cette réforme, les défis structurels de l’école sénégalaise et les leviers pour bâtir une éducation plus équitable et adaptée aux réalités locales.

Pourquoi changer les programmes d’enseignement au Sénégal ?

Au Sénégal, comme ailleurs en Afrique, l’école reste fortement marquée par les héritages de la colonisation, dans ses structures, ses langues, ses références et ses finalités. À la faveur des débats actuels sur la souveraineté et la place de la jeunesse, la question des contenus enseignés à l’école revient avec force. Et il s’agit à n’en pas douter d’une question politique qui interroge la manière dont une société pense sa transmission, son histoire et son avenir.

Le système éducatif sénégalais s’est construit sur les fondations du modèle français hérité de la période coloniale. Cette continuité historique se manifeste dans la structure même des programmes, la langue d’enseignement, les finalités implicites de l’école et l’organisation des examens. L’élève modèle, dans ce système, est celui qui maîtrise des savoirs considérés comme universels, mais dont les références culturelles, historiques ou géographiques sont souvent exogènes.

L’histoire enseignée accorde ainsi une place centrale aux conflits européens du XXe siècle. A l’inverse, les résistances africaines à la colonisation, les empires ouest-africains, ou encore les penseurs africains contemporains restent peu valorisés. En littérature aussi, le déséquilibre est patent : les élèves étudient les écrivains français Molière, Victor Hugo ou Albert Camus, mais moins en profondeur les Sénégalais comme Cheikh Hamidou Kane, Aminata Sow Fall ou Birago Diop.

En philosophie, les programmes du baccalauréat continuent de privilégier René Descartes, Emmanuel Kant ou Jean-Jacques Rousseau, avec peu de place accordée aux traditions philosophiques africaines ou aux penseurs contemporains du continent.

Outre le contenu des disciplines, les formes mêmes de savoir valorisées posent question. Les savoirs endogènes – ceux transmis par l’oralité, par l’expérience, par les pratiques sociales – sont largement absents des curricula. L’école les ignore, parfois les stigmatise, comme si seule la connaissance académique, écrite et codifiée à l’occidentale méritait d’être transmise.

Au-delà de la marginalisation des savoirs africains, ce modèle renforce le fossé entre l’école et la société. Il prépare à des trajectoires d’expatriation ou à des concours formatés, plutôt qu’à des engagements locaux, citoyens et productifs. Ce décalage nuit à l’utilité même de l’école, qui ne répond plus aux besoins économiques, sociaux et culturels du pays. D’où l’urgence d’une réforme qui ne soit pas simplement pédagogique mais aussi politique, identitaire, économique et civilisationnelle.

Réformer les programmes d’enseignement est donc une question majeure de souveraineté intellectuelle. Dans un contexte mondial marqué par les recompositions géopolitiques et les tensions identitaires, une nation qui n’enseigne pas son histoire, sa géographie, ses savoirs, se condamne à rester en marge du récit mondial. Enseigner l’Afrique à l’Afrique, le Sénégal au Sénégal, c’est faire le choix d’une école qui ne reproduit plus des modèles importés, mais qui construit ses propres repères, en lien avec son territoire, son histoire et ses aspirations.

Qu’est-ce qui doit changer concrètement ?

La réforme doit porter à la fois sur les contenus, les langues, les méthodes et les finalités de l’enseignement.

Sur les contenus, il s’agit d’équilibrer les curricula en intégrant les savoirs africains, les figures historiques du continent, les littératures africaines, les traditions philosophiques endogènes et les expériences sociales locales. Il ne s’agit pas de rejeter les savoirs dits universels, mais de les recontextualiser.

Enseigner l’écologie à partir des pratiques agricoles locales, mobiliser les contes africains pour développer le langage, ou introduire les résistants sénégalais dans les manuels d’histoire ne sont pas des options folkloriques. Ce sont de puissantes voies d’ancrage culturel et de pertinence pédagogique.

Concernant la langue d’apprentissage, une évolution est également nécessaire car la recherche montre que les apprentissages fondamentaux se construisent plus solidement lorsque l’enfant reçoit un enseignement dans sa langue maternelle. Le maintien du français comme unique langue d’enseignement dès les premières années crée ainsi une barrière linguistique et cognitive, empêchant les élèves de penser le monde avec les mots de leur culture.

L’intégration progressive des langues nationales – wolof, sérère, pulaar, etc. – dans l’enseignement fondamental apparaît donc non seulement comme souhaitable, mais véritablement essentielle pour une meilleure appropriation des apprentissages.

Quant aux formes de savoir, il faut reconnaître la valeur éducative des savoirs endogènes telles que les pharmacopées traditionnelles, les mathématiques présentes dans l’artisanat, les formes orales de transmission ou les savoir-faire locaux. Ces contenus doivent sortir de la marginalité pour devenir matière à réflexion, à recherche et à transmission.

Enfin, l’école doit valoriser les compétences utiles au développement du pays, à savoir l’esprit d’analyse avec une grille de lecture locale, la culture entrepreneuriale, les capacités à travailler dans l’agriculture, les services ou l’artisanat, souvent plus représentatifs du tissu socio-économique réel que les filières généralistes surreprésentées.

Comment réussir une telle réforme ?

La réforme curriculaire ne peut être pensée comme une série d’initiatives isolées ou de projets pilotes, comme cela a été trop souvent le cas par le passé. Elle doit être globale, cohérente et structurelle.

Elle suppose d’abord une volonté politique forte, car toucher aux programmes, c’est toucher au cœur du projet de société. Il faut oser remettre en cause les héritages coloniaux, réécrire les programmes à partir des réalités sénégalaises, repenser les finalités de l’éducation non plus comme une sortie vers l’ailleurs, mais comme une insertion et une transformation de l’ici.

Cette réforme, pour être à la hauteur de ses ambitions, demande aussi un investissement massif dans la formation des enseignants. On ne peut exiger d’eux qu’ils valorisent des savoirs endogènes ou enseignent dans les langues nationales sans les y avoir formés. Parler une langue ou connaître un domaine n’est pas le seul pré-requis pour pouvoir l’enseigner. Il faut donc revoir la formation initiale, les concours, les manuels scolaires, les outils pédagogiques et les critères d’évaluation des compétences des élèves.

Il convient également de mobiliser la recherche et les ressources nationales. Les universités, les instituts de pédagogie, les conteurs ou encore les artisans doivent être mis à contribution pour reconstruire un patrimoine éducatif national. Il faut éditer de nouveaux manuels, concevoir des outils ancrés dans le territoire afin de permettre aux enseignants de s’appuyer sur des contenus légitimes, validés, accessibles.

Enfin, il faudra affronter les freins au changement car les résistances à une réforme curriculaire n’ont pas disparu. Elles tiennent à des raisons historiques, institutionnelles, mais aussi symboliques. L’école est encore perçue, dans de nombreuses familles, comme un moyen de sortir du local, de rejoindre un univers de réussite associé à l’Occident et à l’expatriation.

Modifier les programmes en faveur de contenus africains peut alors apparaître, à tort, comme un renoncement à cette ambition. Autre aspect à ne pas négliger, les financements de l’aide internationale en matière d’éducation s’accompagnent souvent de prescriptions implicites ou explicites sur les modèles pédagogiques à adopter.

Laurent Bonardi does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Sénégal : réformer l’enseignement, un acte de souveraineté intellectuelle vital – https://theconversation.com/senegal-reformer-lenseignement-un-acte-de-souverainete-intellectuelle-vital-262138

July 31, 2025

Donald Trump à l’assaut des médias publics aux États-Unis

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Anaïs Le Fèvre-Berthelot, Maîtresse de conférences en civilisation des États-Unis, Université Rennes 2

Pris pour cible par Donald Trump et le camp conservateur, l’audiovisuel public américain fait face à des coupes budgétaires inédites. Derrière la dénonciation d’un prétendu biais gauchiste, c’est l’existence même des réseaux de radio et de télévision publiques qui est menacée, dans un paysage médiatique déjà dominé par les grands conglomérats privés.

Depuis l’accession au pouvoir de Donald Trump, les auditrices et auditeurs des stations de radio affiliées au réseau de la National Public Radio (NPR) reçoivent des e-mails de plus en plus nombreux et de plus en plus pressants de leurs stations favorites leur demandant de les soutenir, notamment financièrement, face aux attaques croissantes de l’administration fédérale.

Les réseaux de radio et de télévision publiques, NPR et PBS, figurent en effet parmi les premières cibles des décisions prises par le président des États-Unis qui, à la suite de la droite conservative, dénonce ce qu’il considère comme un gaspillage d’argent public au service d’une propagande gauchiste. Le Parti républicain multiplie ainsi les décrets présidentiels, les convocations mettant en scène l’intimidation des responsables des réseaux publics par les élus populistes, les propositions de loi et les coupes budgétaires pour affaiblir cet ennemi désigné.

Pour saisir la portée de ces attaques, qui s’inscrivent dans la droite ligne du projet autoritaire mené par Donald Trump et ses soutiens, il est nécessaire de comprendre la spécificité de l’audiovisuel dit « public » aux États-Unis. S’il existe bien des stations de radio et des chaînes de télévision qui reçoivent des fonds publics, elles s’inscrivent dans un modèle très différent des modèles européens, comme France Télévisions, Radio France ou la BBC.

Tout d’abord parce que, contrairement à ces dernières, elles occupent un statut relativement marginal dans un paysage audiovisuel états-unien très largement dominé par les conglomérats privés. Mais surtout parce qu’elles sont loin d’être intégralement financées par l’argent des contribuables et dépendent surtout de fonds privés, qu’il s’agisse de mécénat d’entreprises ou de dons provenant de particuliers ou d’organismes de philanthropie.

Des médias publics récents et faiblement financés par l’État fédéral

Dès qu’elle devient accessible au plus grand nombre dans les années 1920 et 1930, la radio aux États-Unis se structure autour d’un modèle économique commercial s’appuyant sur la publicité dans lequel ni l’État fédéral ni les États fédérés ne s’impliquent au-delà de la régulation des ondes et l’attribution des fréquences. Ce modèle s’impose ensuite à la télévision.

Ainsi, bien que les radioamateurs et quelques stations financées par des universités publiques ou par des municipalités s’efforcent dans la première moitié du XX^e siècle de défendre une autre idée de la radiodiffusion, ancrée dans un idéal démocratique et de bien commun, avec des programmes éducatifs et de création artistique notamment, ce modèle reste marginal et essentiellement local jusqu’à l’adoption du Public Broadcasting Act en 1967 après des années d’activisme de la part de réformistes convaincus qui contribuent ainsi à la Great Society de Lyndon Johnson.

Cette loi crée la Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), une entité de droit privé dont la mission est de redistribuer les fonds alloués par le gouvernement fédéral à des chaînes de télévision et des stations de radio locales qui s’affilient à des réseaux nationaux, dont le Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) pour la télévision et NPR pour les stations de radio. Ce fonctionnement vise à garantir l’indépendance des médias publics vis-à-vis du gouvernement fédéral, qui ne finance ainsi jamais directement la production de programmes.

Par ailleurs, les fonds distribués par la CPB, s’ils constituent une part importante du budget de certaines stations et chaînes, sont complétés par d’autres sources de financement qui proviennent des États, mais aussi et surtout du mécénat et des dons privés. Ainsi, en 2025, pendant que le gouvernement fédéral allouait 535 millions de dollars à la CPB (soit environ 1,50 dollar par habitant, alors que, ces dernières années, la Suisse en dépensait environ 150, le Royaume-Uni environ 75 et la France environ 60), les médias publics recevaient plus d’un milliard de dollars de dons privés.

Au-delà des déclarations de principe, le souci de préserver l’indépendance des chaînes et stations par rapport au pouvoir politique, mais aussi aux intérêts commerciaux, se lit donc dans la structure même des médias publics et de leur financement. Ainsi, PBS ne produit pas directement de programmes et n’est propriétaire d’aucune chaîne de télévision, l’entité sert simplement de point de connexion entre les producteurs et un réseau de chaînes membres qui parfois produisent elles-mêmes des émissions qui peuvent être distribuées à travers le pays via l’entremise de PBS ou d’autres réseaux, comme American Public Television, The Independent Television Service ou la National Educational Telecommunications Association. Ainsi, même l’émission d’information phare du réseau, PBS Newshour, est produite par une chaîne locale, WETA-TV, située à Washington, en collaboration avec des chaînes de New York, San Francisco, Saint-Louis et Chicago.

Du côté de la radio, les fonds alloués par la CPB représentent environ 10 % du budget des stations, mais moins de 1 % du budget annuel de NPR. De fait, la majorité des fonds fédéraux alloués aux médias audiovisuels publics sert en réalité à assurer les moyens techniques d’enregistrement et de diffusion des stations et chaînes locales. Parce que le budget alloué à la CPB n’est pas pérenne et doit être voté tous les ans par le Congrès, les médias publics se sont souvent retrouvés au centre de querelles politiciennes.

L’audiovisuel public au centre des affrontements partisans

La place occupée par l’audiovisuel public dans les débats politiques aux États-Unis est sans commune mesure avec son coût, mais elle peut s’expliquer par l’influence des stations de radio publiques même dans un paysage fragmenté et polarisé. NPR touche en effet 43 millions d’auditeurs et auditrices chaque semaine, et ses programmes témoignent d’un niveau d’exigence journalistique qui en fait une cible de choix pour les adeptes de la désinformation et autres faits alternatifs.

Depuis les années 1970, les médias publics sont critiqués, car ils s’adresseraient de manière prioritaire à un public blanc, éduqué et plutôt aisé financièrement. Ce biais nourrit les critiques venues de deux pôles du spectre politique : pour les conservateurs populistes, les médias publics par nature élitistes ne s’adressent pas au « pauvre petit blanc » ; pour le camp progressiste, les médias publics, dont on peut être en droit d’attendre une représentativité exemplaire en raison de leur statut, ne rendent pas suffisamment compte ni à l’antenne ni dans les coulisses, de la diversité ethnique, raciale et de genre, notamment de la population états-unienne.

Les affinités partisanes sont essentielles dans la perception que les Étatsuniennes et Étatsuniens ont des médias publics. Ainsi, en 2011, alors que 37 % des auditeurs démocrates faisaient confiance à NPR, ils n’étaient que 16 % parmi les auditeurs proches du Parti républicain, ces derniers, et notamment les plus conservateurs parmi eux, préférant écouter des talk-shows qui participent à la radicalisation des débats.

Des attaques conservatrices de plus en plus virulentes

Ce sont les conservateurs qui adressent à l’audiovisuel public les critiques les plus virulentes. Tous les présidents républicains, à l’exception de Gerald Ford, ont essayé de réduire le financement fédéral des médias publics (même si celui-ci ne représente que 0,01 % du budget fédéral). Les attaques s’intensifient à partir des années 1990, en même temps que se renforcent des médias privés partisans (comme les talk-shows radiophoniques conservateurs et Fox News) et que différentes branches du conservatisme s’allient pour dénoncer les médias audiovisuels publics pour des raisons à la fois sociales (les médias publics auraient un « biais libéral ») et fiscales (l’État devrait limiter ses dépenses au strict nécessaire). Ces attaques n’épargnent même pas la très populaire émission pour enfants Sesame Street.

Donald Trump avait déjà appelé à couper les financements de la CPB en 2017 et les attaques, qu’elles viennent du pouvoir exécutif ou de la sphère conservatrice plus largement, se sont accentuées avec son retour à la Maison-Blanche : en février, Elon Musk, encore à la tête du DOGE, a publié sur le réseau social dont il est propriétaire un message appelant à ne plus financer NPR (« Defund NPR. It should survive on its own. ») ; le sénateur républicain de la Louisiane, John Kennedy, a déposé début mars un projet de loi intitulé le « No Propaganda Act », qu’il défend en affirmant que l’audiovisuel public n’offre pas une programmation indépendante et qu’il n’y a plus besoin des médias publics aujourd’hui, car l’offre serait suffisamment diversifiée (90 % des médias aux États-Unis appartiennent à 6 grands conglomérats) ; le 1^er mai 2025, Donald Trump a signé un décret présidentiel ordonnant à la CPB de ne plus financer PBS et NPR, au prétexte que le traitement de l’actualité y serait biaisé et, le Congrès a accepté le 16 juillet une demande de la Maison-Blanche de révoquer 1,1 milliard de dollars précédemment alloués à la CPB pour les deux prochaines années. Cette décision menace l’existence de plusieurs dizaines de stations de radio et de chaînes de télévision locales.

Une menace pour la démocratie

Au-delà des cas de NPR et PBS qui ont été érigés en symboles à abattre par les conservateurs, ces attaques constituent des menaces sérieuses pour la démocratie états-unienne. En effet, une étude de 2021 menée par Timothy Neff et Victor Pickard suggère qu’un financement élevé et stable des médias publics est un signe de bonne santé pour une démocratie. Lors de la signature du Public Broadcasting Act, le président Lyndon B. Johnson insistait sur l’importance de l’enrichissement intellectuel des citoyennes et citoyens états-uniens et définissait l’information et la connaissance comme des biens publics. Les attaques de l’administration Trump contre les médias publics s’inscrivent contre cette logique et participent d’un mouvement plus large de délégitimation des faits qui se manifeste aussi dans les menaces contre la liberté de la presse de manière générale et contre la science.

Non seulement les médias publics peuvent contribuer à la liberté et à l’indépendance de la presse, mais, dans le contexte états-unien, ils comblent aussi un vide dans un paysage audiovisuel où la concentration économique et la polarisation politique font loi. Les stations et chaînes locales aux États-Unis donnent accès à l’information à des communautés trop isolées pour être rentables pour le système commercial ; elles produisent et diffusent des programmes éducatifs ; elles permettent d’entendre des voix minorisées souvent absentes des médias commerciaux et elles permettent d’assurer la communication dans des situations d’urgence (comme lors des inondations en Caroline du Nord en 2024, des incendies en Californie de janvier 2025 ou d’un tremblement de terre en Alaska). Les médias publics relient les citoyennes et citoyens avec les communautés locale et nationale, ils jouent donc un rôle essentiel dans le renforcement de liens démocratiques aujourd’hui malmenés.

Anaïs Le Fèvre-Berthelot ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Donald Trump à l’assaut des médias publics aux États-Unis – https://theconversation.com/donald-trump-a-lassaut-des-medias-publics-aux-etats-unis-261790