Despite A-level popularity, maths education after 16 is still lacking in England

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Paul Glaister, Professor of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, University of Reading

Ground Picture/Shutterstock

Mathematics at A-level is going from strength to strength. Maths is the most popular subject choice, and further maths, which is a separate A-level course, has seen the most growth in uptake. Despite this, concerns still remain about the mathematical skills of young people who do not choose to study maths after they are 16.

Students in England who have passed GCSE maths at grade four or above, but who are not taking A-level or AS-level maths, are eligible to take a core maths qualification.

Core maths was introduced in 2014-15 to attempt to remedy a lack in mathematics education after 16. But the number of entries remains well short of what they could be. Many students who would benefit from maths after 16 are not taking this subject.

A 2010 report from the Nuffield Foundation found students in the UK lag their peers in other countries in participation in mathematics after the age of 16. Further research from the Royal Society and higher education charity AdvanceHE showed that as a consequence, many were not well prepared for the demands of their university courses or careers. Survey data has also found that over half of UK adults’ maths skills are low.

Many courses at university include mathematical or quantitative elements, but do not require AS or A-level maths for entry. These include psychology, geography, business and management, sociology, health sciences, biology, education and IT. When many students have not studied mathematics since GCSE, this results in a lack of fluency and confidence in using and applying it.

Core maths consolidates and builds on students’ mathematical understanding. The focus is on using and applying mathematics to authentic problems drawn from study, work and life. This includes understanding and using graphs, statistics and tools such as spreadsheets, as well as understanding risk and probability.

Students in class with laptop and calculator
Core maths includes topics such as probability.
EF Stock/Shutterstock

Take-up remains low despite incentives – schools receive an additional £900 in funding for each student who studies core maths. In 2025, 15,327 students took core maths – a 20% increase on 12,810 entries in 2024, which is very encouraging. However, research from the Royal Society in 2022 found that fewer than 10% of the number of A-level students who were not taking A-level mathematics had taken core maths, which will not have changed significantly even with the current numbers.

Increasing enrolment

There remains strong commitment from the government for increasing participation in mathematics after 16 in England through core maths. Many schools and colleges have embraced the subject, and universities have expressed support too.

However, a real incentive for teenagers to study this subject would be if it was rewarded in entry to university. Universities can allow students entry to a course with lower A-level grade profiles than normally required if they also passed core maths, for instance. But the number of universities making this kind of offer is low.

Schools and colleges need stronger signals from universities to induce them to offer students the opportunity to study for a core maths qualification, and to encourage their students to do so. Shifting today’s landscape to one where the vast majority of learners aged 16 to 19 in England are studying some form of mathematics which is relevant to their current and future interests and needs will require reform.

The Royal Society’s 2024 report on mathematical and data education sets out several reforms necessary to develop the mass mathematical, quantitative and data skills needed for the careers of the future. These include compulsory maths and data education in some form until 18. Extending the take up of core maths would be an excellent way to begin achieving this.

The Conversation

Paul Glaister does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Despite A-level popularity, maths education after 16 is still lacking in England – https://theconversation.com/despite-a-level-popularity-maths-education-after-16-is-still-lacking-in-england-263224

How Russia emerged as the clear winner from the Alaska summit

Source: The Conversation – UK – By David Hastings Dunn, Professor of International Politics in the Department of Political Science and International Studies, University of Birmingham

As a former reality TV star, Donald Trump often gives the impression of playing the part of a US president rather than conducting the business of leading a government seriously. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in his recent summit with Russia’s Vladimir Putin in Alaska, where the two leaders met to discuss ending the war in Ukraine.

The theatre of the occasion had been meticulously planned. Trump rolled out the red carpet for Putin and organised a military flypast, while there were multiple choreographed photo opportunities. Yet what resulted was no peace deal and no prospect of the war ending any time soon.

The very act of meeting and the nature of the interaction were such that the summit instead did considerable damage to the US and broader western position on Ukraine. At the same time, it strengthened Russia’s stance considerably.

Russia used the summit to its strategic advantage, coming away with more concessions than it could have hoped for. Trump’s calls for a ceasefire in Ukraine are now gone and the prospect of additional sanctions on Russia have evaporated. Moscow now has the US president advocating for Ukraine to cede additional territory to Russia over and above the amount it has already taken by force.

The diplomatic mechanism of summitry, which is always a risky endeavour, delivered all this to Putin. I put this down to apparent poor preparation on the US side, including no preconditions, and skilful statecraft by the Russians.

Ending Putin’s isolation

Embracing Russia on equal terms with all the accoutrements of a state visit not only ended Putin’s isolation internationally. It immediately rehabilitated him on the world stage.

The symbolism of this was best demonstrated by the joint statement the two leaders delivered to the media. Putin spoke first and for longer with a well crafted speech. This contrasted sharply with Trump’s short ramble.

By recreating the theatre of a cold war summit, Trump indulged and actively reinforced Putin’s own nostalgic fantasies about Russia being a superpower with hegemonic geopolitical entitlements.

In an interview with Fox News after the summit, Trump said: “It’s good when two big powers get along, especially when they’re nuclear powers. We’re number one, they’re number two in the world.”

Trump’s statement exalted and exaggerated Russia’s position in the international system, while diminishing and sidelining the wealth and interests of European powers.

Putin hinted at future “superpower summits” to come, providing Trump with other opportunities for theatrical photo opportunities and to play the role of peacemaker.

He also suggested that US and Russian investment and business cooperation has tremendous potential “in trade, digital, high tech and space exploration” as well as the Arctic. And ahead of the summit, Putin indicated that he wants to pursue a new nuclear weapons agreement with Trump.

By bringing his treasury and commerce secretaries, Scott Bessent and Howard Lutnick, to Alaska, Trump had clearly taken the bait that there are lucrative opportunities on offer for the US if only the troublesome issue of Ukraine can be quickly settled and moved beyond. This framing was evident in Trump’s assessment that the summit went well and that there was much that the two sides agreed on.

A considerable setback

Trump’s love of the limelight, particularly when it garners the world’s attention, has been a feature of his two presidencies. His meeting with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un during his first administration had all the pomp and performativity of previous summits. Trump left without any agreement or real improvement in relations.

It did, however, succeed in ending the damaging social media spats between the leaders that had unnecessarily escalated real-world tensions. The meeting in Alaska is likely to have the opposite effect.

For Russia, it has reinforced the nostalgic fantasy that it is a superpower with a right to a sphere of influence. Given that Europe has been arguing for three years that it is the Russian mindset that is the problem, not just its current aggression in Ukraine, this is a considerable setback.

Putin was given the opportunity to flatter Trump’s ego about the 2020 election, which the US president claims was rigged, and suggest that the war would never have happened if Trump had been in charge. Now, Ukraine is once again being seen by Trump as the obstacle to peace.

The Russians, by persuading Trump to give up his demand for an immediate ceasefire, have bought themselves more time to make further advances on the battlefield. They have also stalled any further pressure from Washington while they pretend to negotiate seriously.

The only positive outcome of the encounter may be the realisation of European leaders that well prepared summit meetings with Trump are an open opportunity to move the dial back in their direction.

The Conversation

David Hastings Dunn has previously received funding from the ESRC, the Gerda Henkel Foundation, the Open Democracy Foundation and has previously been both a NATO and a Fulbright Fellow.

ref. How Russia emerged as the clear winner from the Alaska summit – https://theconversation.com/how-russia-emerged-as-the-clear-winner-from-the-alaska-summit-263322

Les banques nationales de développement sont indispensables au financement du développement

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Florian Léon, Chargé de recherche, Fondation pour les Etudes et Recherches sur le Développement International (FERDI); Chercheur associé au CERDI (UMR UCA-CNRS-IRD), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)

Méconnues et peu mobilisées pour le moment, les banques nationales de développement pourraient jouer un plus grand rôle dans le financement de l’aide publique au développement. Pour cela, il faudrait mieux coordonner leur action avec celle des acteurs spécialisés internationaux.


La dissolution de l’Agence américaine pour le développement international (USAID), décidée par Donald Trump, combinée aux réductions budgétaires drastiques dans l’aide au développement, notamment en France, a accru les tensions sur le financement du développement. Dans ce contexte troublé, la quatrième conférence des Nations unies sur le financement du développement, qui s’est tenue à Séville (Espagne), du 30 juin au 3 juillet, en l’absence de la délégation américaine, revêtait une importance particulière.

Cette conférence visait à repenser la structure du financement du développement afin de mobiliser les milliers de milliards nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs de développement durable d’ici à 2030.

Le communiqué final a souligné la nécessité de mobiliser toutes les ressources et institutions financières disponibles. Pour la première fois, ce texte a aussi mis l’accent sur le rôle central des banques nationales de développement.

Les banques nationales de développement, au cœur du financement du développement

Les banques de développement sont des institutions financières publiques qui investissent dans des projets à vocation de développement tout en veillant à avoir une rentabilité suffisante pour être viables financièrement. Il est possible de distinguer les banques multilatérales de développement (comme la Banque mondiale ou les banques continentales) qui sont issues de plusieurs États et les banques nationales de développement qui appartiennent à un seul pays.




À lire aussi :
Aide au développement et ONG : quelles articulations, quelles recompositions ?


Les banques nationales de développement sont longtemps restées en dehors des discussions internationales en étant vues comme des actrices mineures dans le financement du développement (au mieux), mais plus souvent comme des structures dispendieuses et inefficaces. Pourtant, il existe près de 500 banques nationales de développement dans le monde, et ce modèle connaît un retour en grâce ces dernières années, après que ces institutions ont été souvent considérées comme inefficaces et placées au service des intérêts politiques.

Les banques nationales de développement opèrent sur tous les continents, aussi bien dans les pays industrialisés que dans les pays à faible revenu. Les banques nationales de développement jouent un rôle crucial pour le financement de projets de développement à l’échelle locale.

Des banques qui doivent être mieux insérées à leur communauté

La conférence de Séville a remis sur le devant de la scène les banques nationales de développement à la suite de précédentes conférences comme le Pacte financier mondial de 2023. Cet éclairage est essentiel, mais ne résout pas la question de savoir comment ces banques peuvent pleinement jouer leur rôle, notamment lorsqu’elles peinent à se financer.

Une solution est que les banques de développement agissent comme un système unifié en intervenant ensemble et en se soutenant mutuellement. Des initiatives en ce sens existent, notamment à travers la communauté « Finance en commun », qui cherche à unir, sous un même toit, toutes les banques de développement, en particulier les grandes banques multilatérales de développement (comme la Banque mondiale ou les banques régionales) et les banques nationales, notamment issues de pays en développement.

Travailler ensemble est, en effet, une solution pertinente. Les banques nationales de développement sont les mieux placées pour mettre en œuvre des projets de développement en raison de leur connaissance approfondie des contextes locaux. Elles comprennent les besoins spécifiques et les défis des communautés qu’elles servent et elles peuvent aussi trouver plus aisément les acteurs capables de mettre en œuvre les projets sur le terrain. Cependant, ces banques font souvent face à des difficultés financières.

Manque de financements

Rares sont les banques nationales de développement qui peuvent lever des fonds sur les marchés financiers. Elles manquent souvent de financements adéquats pour mener à bien leurs missions. C’est là que les banques multilatérales de développement entrent en jeu, avec leurs ressources financières substantielles et leur capacité à mobiliser des fonds à grande échelle. Elles peuvent relâcher la contrainte financière des banques nationales. Dans le même temps, ces banques multilatérales ne sont pas les plus aptes à assurer la mise en œuvre des projets à moindre coût.

L’engagement de Séville invite

« les banques multilatérales de développement et les partenaires de développement à renforcer l’appui financier et technique qu’ils donnent aux banques publiques nationales de développement de sorte que celles-ci puissent fournir des financements à long terme et à moindre coût en faveur du développement durable ».

Des soutiens croissants mais inégaux

S’il existe une véritable volonté de renforcer la coopération entre les banques multilatérales de développement et les banques nationales de développement, il existe peu de données sur les relations existantes entre ces acteurs. Afin de combler ce manque, nous avons réalisé une étude visant à recenser les soutiens financiers fournis par les dix principales banques multilatérales de développement aux autres banques de développement sur la dernière décennie.

Note de lecture : L’Afrique a reçu 12,8 % du montant total cumulé et représente 15,8 % des projets.

Cette étude fournit plusieurs enseignements utiles. Nous avons identifié 644 projets pour un total de 108 milliards de dollars, avec une augmentation notable des financements depuis la crise du Covid-19.

L’Amérique latine et l’Europe sont les principales bénéficiaires de ces programmes.

Les projets financés ciblent principalement les petites et moyennes entreprises, suivis par l’énergie, les infrastructures et les initiatives environnementales. Il y a une augmentation du nombre de projets consacrés aux questions environnementales au cours de la période.

(*) Sommes en millions de dollars US.

Note de lecture :

  • 65 banques de développement, soit presque 40 % des bénéficiaires, n’ont bénéficié que d’un seul soutien pour un volume total représentant 7,6 % du montant total déboursé ;

  • 14 banques ont reçu plus de 19 soutiens (8,6 % des bénéficiaires) pour un montant total cumulé de 43,6 % du total déboursé.

Concentration des financements

Cependant, un des résultats principaux de cette étude est la très forte concentration des financements. Sur l’ensemble des banques nationales de développement opérant dans le monde, à peine un tiers (163) ont reçu un financement de la part d’une banque multilatérale.

En outre, ces financements sont très concentrés même au sein des bénéficiaires. À peine 20 banques nationales de développement (soit 5 % de l’ensemble des banques opérant dans le monde) ont bénéficié de la moitié des fonds déboursés par les banques multilatérales de développement.

Ces banques sont principalement localisées en Europe et en Asie. Il s’agit souvent de banques nationales de développement dont on peut douter des difficultés à lever des fonds.

France 24, 2025.

Vers une coopération renforcée

Cette concentration des financements soulève des questions sur l’équité et sur l’efficacité de la distribution des ressources. Pour que les banques nationales de développement puissent pleinement jouer leur rôle, une coopération renforcée avec les banques multilatérales de développement est essentielle. Cela implique de développer davantage les collaborations avec de nouvelles banques nationales de développement.

Nous présentons quelques pistes pour y parvenir, comme la nécessité de favoriser les interactions croissantes entre les banques nationales opérant de manière isolée et les banques multilatérales de développement, la simplification des procédures (surtout pour les petits projets) ou, encore, un soutien technique aux équipes des banques nationales de développement.

Élargir le réseau des soutiens des banques multilatérales de développement est une étape nécessaire pour parvenir à atteindre les promesses ouvertes à Séville.

The Conversation

La Ferdi, pour laquelle travaille Florian Léon, a reçu des financements de Finance en Commun (FiCS) pour la réalisation de cette étude. Néanmoins, ni le FiCS ni d’autres structures ne sont intervenus au cours de la rédaction de cette étude.

ref. Les banques nationales de développement sont indispensables au financement du développement – https://theconversation.com/les-banques-nationales-de-developpement-sont-indispensables-au-financement-du-developpement-260965

Spirus Gay, l’acrobate anarchiste qui a fait de sa vie et de son corps une œuvre politique

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Sylvain Wagnon, Professeur des universités en sciences de l’éducation, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Montpellier

Spirus Gay, figure oubliée de l’anarchisme (revue _L’Artiste lyrique_, mai 1910). Gallica

Spirus Gay (1865-1938), artiste de cirque et militant anarchiste, incarne une figure rare du début du XXe siècle : celle d’un engagement total, mêlant art, corps, éthique et politique. À rebours des catégories figées, sa vie dessine une radicalité joyeuse, cohérente, où acrobatie rime avec pédagogie, naturisme avec syndicalisme, pamphlet avec solidarité.


Comment définir Spirus Gay ? Acrobate, jongleur, équilibriste, anarchiste, syndicaliste, libre penseur, pamphlétaire, naturiste, franc-maçon, mais aussi pédagogue… Joseph Jean Auguste Gay, dit Spirus Gay (1865-1938), échappe à toute tentative de classification. Son parcours foisonnant incarne une figure rare de l’engagement total, où corps, esprit, art et pensée politique s’entrelacent pour questionner et subvertir les normes établies.

C’est dans cette articulation cohérente entre action physique, engagement intellectuel et militantisme radical que se dessine un itinéraire véritablement singulier.

Notre société, cloisonnée et fragmentée, laisserait-elle encore aujourd’hui une place à un Spirus Gay ?

Pourquoi écrire sur Spirus Gay ?

Pour un historien, écrire sur un tel personnage est un défi. Au premier abord, peu de traces. Il n’a pas laissé d’œuvre majeure ou de manifeste célèbre. Il n’a pas dirigé de journal influent ni fondé de courant théorique. Et pourtant, il est là, en creux, dans les marges et les interstices de l’histoire de l’anarchisme français. En militant, il participe aux luttes, combats, expérimentations et utopies de la fin du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe.

Sa trajectoire incarne une manière de vivre l’anarchisme : dans les corps, dans les gestes, dans l’harmonie entre vie personnelle et engagement individuel et collectif. Parce qu’il illustre cette cohérence rare entre les idées que l’on défend et la vie que l’on mène. Parce qu’il force à repenser les catégories : artiste ou militant ? Intellectuel ou manuel ? Penseur ou pédagogue ?

À l’image du travail biographique sur l’histoire des femmes, l’enjeu est de sortir d’un genre convenu, d’éviter la tentation de simplifier, de linéariser, de trahir une vie foisonnante. A contrario, il ne s’agit pas de construire une légende, mais de comprendre, par les sources et la rigueur historique, ce que cette vie singulière peut nous dire aujourd’hui. De reconstituer un puzzle à partir d’archives éparses et de journaux oubliés, d’aphorismes et d’articles de Spirus Gay, de traces ténues (plus de 600 mentions dans la presse de l’époque, une quinzaine de textes signés tout de même). D’écrire sans gommer les contradictions, les zones d’ombre et les silences.

Un artiste accompli

Figure du music-hall parisien de la fin du XIXe siècle, Spirus Gay incarne une forme d’artiste polyvalent : équilibriste, jongleur de force, illusionniste, ventriloque et prestidigitateur, il monte sur les scènes parisiennes, des Folies-Belleville aux Folies Bergère, à Paris. Entre marginalité et culture de masse, derrière le prestige des affiches et les titres de « roi des équilibristes » ou de « champion du monde » de culturisme, se cache une réalité bien plus âpre.

Comme beaucoup d’artistes de variétés, Spirus Gay vit dans une instabilité constante, suspendu aux cachets, exposé aux blessures, aux accidents de scène, et aux coups durs de la vie. À plusieurs reprises, la communauté militante et artistique doit organiser des collectes pour subvenir à ses besoins, réparer ses outils détruits, ou l’aider à faire face à la maladie.

Cette précarité ne l’empêche pas d’être de nombreux combats pour la reconnaissance des artistes de « l’art vivant ». Spirus Gay s’engage avec ferveur dans la défense des droits des artistes, qu’il considère comme pleinement intégrés à la condition ouvrière.

Dès 1893, il siège au conseil syndical du Syndicat des artistes dramatiques, puis devient, en 1898, secrétaire de l’Union artistique de la scène, de l’orchestre et du cirque. Ce rôle lui permet d’organiser des actions collectives, mêlant concerts et solidarité militante. Porte-parole, il défend les artistes lyriques et revendique l’action directe face aux abus patronaux.

Spirus Gay en 1910
Spirus Gay en 1910.
Revue « L’Artiste lyrique », mai 1910/Gallica

Autodidacte, Spirus Gay publie également dans le journal le Parti ouvrier, organe du Parti socialiste révolutionnaire, une dizaine d’articles qui esquissent sa vision de la société et du monde. Ces écrits, des aphorismes pour la plupart, un genre littéraire singulier qui interroge sur sa propre éducation et formation. L’étonnement apparent face à cette union du corps et de l’esprit repose, encore aujourd’hui, sur des préjugés profondément ancrés qui établissent une frontière entre l’artiste de divertissement et l’engagement politique profond et continu, mais aussi une hiérarchie entre les fonctions intellectuelles et manuelles.

L’éducation intégrale comme projet révolutionnaire

Spirus Gay est aussi un pédagogue, héritier direct des principes éducatifs défendus par le pédagogue libertaire Paul Robin à partir de 1869. Pour ce dernier, l’éducation intégrale repose sur un principe simple mais profondément subversif : refuser la dissociation entre l’intellect, le corps et l’affectif. Développer « la tête, la main et le cœur » de manière harmonieuse, ce serait libérer l’individu de l’aliénation produite par une école jugée autoritaire, par l’usine, par l’Église ou par l’État.

Spirus Gay applique ce principe dans sa vie comme dans ses pratiques éducatives. Son gymnase qu’il fonde à Paris en 1903, le Végétarium, devient un espace d’expérimentation pédagogique et de formation à la liberté, où culture physique, végétarisme, éducation « cérébro-corporelle » et hygiène de vie s’articulent comme autant d’outils d’émancipation. Chez lui, l’acrobatie devient un acte politique, le mouvement une philosophie de résistance. L’éducation, envisagée comme un processus permanent, tout au long de la vie, s’inscrit autant dans le développement de l’esprit que dans celui du corps. En tant que militant naturien libertaire et naturiste, il participe à la fondation de la première communauté naturiste à Brières-les-Scellés, dans l’actuel département de l’Essonne, et milite pour la lutte contre les ravages de l’alcool.

Un penseur de l’altruisme politique

Libre-penseur, anticlérical, athée et franc-maçon, Spirus Gay incarne aussi un engagement intellectuel humaniste, nourri par les idéaux de la liberté de conscience et de l’émancipation individuelle et collective. « Je crois en la divine égalité dans une société sans religion ni maître », écrit-il en 1894.

Ses écrits tracent les contours d’une philosophie éthique, engagée et radicale. Il y défend une société fondée sur l’égalité, la justice, le refus de l’autorité et une lutte acharnée contre l’égoïsme capitaliste.

Pour lui, l’altruisme n’est pas une posture morale, mais une arme politique : une manière de désarmer la violence d’un monde fondé sur l’exploitation et la compétition. Une notion que l’on retrouve dans le concept « d’altruisme efficace », défini par le philosophe Peter Singer.

La puissance subversive d’une vie

Spirus Gay ne se résume pas. Il échappe aux classifications, refuse les cadres. Tant mieux, car il faut se méfier des panthéons : ils figent ce qu’ils célèbrent.

Sa trajectoire est finalement une proposition : celle d’une radicalité incarnée et cohérente. Sa vie oppose une résistance constante aux cloisonnements, aux hiérarchies et aux assignations identitaires. Elle articule le geste esthétique, la rigueur intellectuelle et l’engagement.

Spirus Gay interroge en profondeur nos façons de vivre nos idées : comment ne pas dissocier nos convictions de notre quotidien, notre politique de notre manière de vivre, de manger, de respirer. Son parcours constitue une invitation à penser, à lutter, à vivre.

The Conversation

Sylvain Wagnon ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Spirus Gay, l’acrobate anarchiste qui a fait de sa vie et de son corps une œuvre politique – https://theconversation.com/spirus-gay-lacrobate-anarchiste-qui-a-fait-de-sa-vie-et-de-son-corps-une-oeuvre-politique-262248

Apprendre aux étudiants à mieux manger avec l’IA ?

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Pascale Ezan, professeur des universités – comportements de consommation – alimentation – réseaux sociaux, Université Le Havre Normandie

On parle beaucoup des usages de l’intelligence artificielle générative dans le cadre universitaire. Mais les étudiants s’en servent aussi dans leur quotidien pour résoudre des questions pratiques et, par exemple, pour mieux équilibrer leur alimentation. Enquête sur leurs objectifs et les risques éventuels liés à ces nouveaux comportements de consommation.


En écho aux messages de santé publique auxquels ils sont exposés dès leur enfance, les jeunes adultes cherchent à adopter une alimentation saine et durable. Pourtant, leurs aspirations se heurtent aux réalités du quotidien. Perception d’un temps contraint, tensions financières, manque d’idées ou de matériel, déficit de confiance en leurs compétences culinaires sont des obstacles au bien manger, qu’ils évoquent fréquemment.

Les étudiants décohabitants (qui quittent le domicile parental) sont particulièrement concernés par ces questions. Ces freins apparaissent d’autant plus marqués que leurs profils sont hétérogènes en termes de compétences culinaires et de connaissances en matière d’équilibre alimentaire.

Beaucoup vont se tourner vers des produits industriels, peu qualitatifs sur le plan nutritionnel. Mais le décalage entre leurs souhaits d’alimentation et la composition réelle de leurs repas peut accroître un sentiment de fragilité, pouvant conduire à des troubles du comportement alimentaire chez certains.

Pour contourner ces freins et accéder à une alimentation plus saine et plus durable, certains s’emparent désormais de l’intelligence artificielle (IA). C’est ce qui ressort des entretiens de recherche que nous menons avec eux. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement aux usages de l’IA générative, à travers des agents conversationnels comme ChatGPT, Gemini ou Claude, que les étudiants mobilisent pour obtenir des conseils pratiques, rapides et personnalisés en matière d’alimentation.

Ainsi, l’alimentation devient pour eux une situation d’usage de l’IA, qu’ils plébiscitent pour sa simplicité et l’aide concrète qu’elle leur apporte, au-delà des recours dans le cadre des travaux académiques, plus médiatisés et interrogés par le monde enseignant.

Faciliter l’accès à une alimentation plus équilibrée

En anticipant leurs repas, les étudiants ont le sentiment de disposer d’une grande autonomie dans leurs choix alimentaires. Le recours aux agents conversationnels d’IA générative, via des prompts, les conduit à orienter leurs menus vers des alternatives qu’ils considèrent comme plus saines, ce qui selon eux est une source de satisfaction personnelle.

En effet, la dichotomie qu’ils ressentent parfois entre plaisir et alimentation équilibrée est alors moins marquée. Ils peuvent sélectionner des produits qu’ils aiment tout en respectant les recommandations des professionnels de santé. Ils planifient ainsi leurs menus hebdomadaires selon leurs goûts, et s’y tiennent d’autant plus facilement que leurs préférences sont prises en compte.




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Grâce à l’IA, ils considèrent que les tensions qu’ils vivaient auparavant pour composer un menu équilibré se réduisent, car ils intègrent en amont leurs contraintes de matériel, de disponibilité des denrées, de prix… Enfin, les étudiants interrogés soulignent la facilité avec laquelle ils accèdent à des conseils nutritionnels quasi individualisés, en fonction de leurs profils, pour atteindre leurs objectifs corporels.

La réalisation de recettes est considérée chez certains d’entre eux comme un écueil qui vient s’ajouter aux difficultés de leur nouveau statut social. Ils recherchent prioritairement des « bons plans », car, au-delà de la pratique culinaire, ce sont souvent les idées qui manquent pour réaliser des menus à la fois sains, gourmands et faciles à répliquer.

L’IA contribue, selon eux, à stimuler la curiosité en les invitant à tester de nouveaux produits, à expérimenter de nouveaux plats, tout en tenant compte de leurs savoir-faire.

Organiser et planifier ses repas

Dans cette génération, la cuisine est assimilée à une activité chronophage qui prend sur un temps consacré aux études ou aux loisirs. Ceci la conduit à ne pas se projeter et à préparer des « repas de la flemme », consistant à manger ce qu’elle a sous la main. Pour eux, l’IA apparaît comme une solution pour « éviter la junk food » au cours des repas et pour limiter le risque de grignotage d’aliments gras et sucrés tout au long de la journée.

Même lorsque les étudiants utilisent des applications nutritionnelles pour mieux anticiper leurs repas, ils restent nombreux à manquer de repères pour composer leurs plats au quotidien. En somme, pour eux, l’IA générative est une ressource qui limite leur charge cognitive liée à l’anticipation des menus. Elle permet non seulement de proposer des menus pour la semaine, mais également de préparer sa liste de course avec une attention apportée à la variété des produits à acheter.

De même, avec l’IA, les étudiants accèdent à des informations claires leur permettant de localiser les points de vente situés dans leur zone d’habitation ou d’études. Or, l’accessibilité des produits est une condition importante pour bien manger. Cette accessibilité s’accompagne de conseils leur permettant d’optimiser leur budget tout en achetant des denrées de bonne qualité.

De nombreux étudiants sont en situation de précarité et c’est en particulier en fin de mois, quand le budget dédié à l’alimentation est épuisé, que les choix les moins équilibrés s’imposent pour eux. L’IA peut alors les aider à mieux répartir leurs achats sur le mois et leur suggérer des aliments équivalents moins chers, en valorisant les produits en promotion, en aidant à composer des menus à partir de ce qu’ils ont déjà dans leurs placards ou leur réfrigérateur.

Des risques, liés à l’usage de l’IA, à prendre en compte

Si les propos des étudiants suggèrent une meilleure prise en charge de leur alimentation grâce à l’IA, ils mettent aussi en évidence un certain nombre de risques. Le premier concerne un risque de répétition et de monotonie.

Un autre porte sur le fait que l’IA amplifie la tendance à privilégier une individualisation excessive des repas. Or, les chercheurs et les professionnels de santé soulignent que manger, c’est aussi créer du lien social et que manger ensemble limite notamment les risques de surpoids et d’obésité.

Le programme de recherche ALIMNUM que nous menons actuellement auprès des étudiants montre que les réseaux sociaux font la promotion d’une alimentation fonctionnelle avec des visées de transformation corporelle.

L’usage de l’IA générative semble renforcer ces aspirations autour de dimensions performatives de l’alimentation. En croisant données nutritionnelles, préférences, antécédents ou objectifs, l’IA peut favoriser des logiques d’optimisation de soi, parfois sources de dérives sanitaires.




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Enfin, un dernier risque identifié porte sur le fait que certains étudiants se servent de l’IA pour perdre du poids et qu’ils considèrent que les conseils qu’ils recueillent en quelques secondes leur permettent de se dispenser de consulter des professionnels de santé, difficilement accessibles à court terme.

Une prévention nécessaire pour limiter ces risques

Face aux obstacles que rencontrent de nombreux étudiants, l’IA peut devenir un outil précieux pour mieux manger. Leur appétence pour le numérique, conjuguée à un quotidien souvent contraint, justifie pleinement l’exploration de ces solutions par les jeunes adultes. En somme, en rendant l’information nutritionnelle plus claire et plus engageante, l’IA peut contribuer à réduire les inégalités de santé et redonner de l’autonomie alimentaire à cette génération.

Il s’avère donc pertinent que les acteurs de santé publique s’inspirent des usages actuels de l’IA générative et qu’ils les intègrent, de manière encadrée, dans leurs dispositifs de prévention et d’éducation nutritionnelle. Par exemple, des programmes pensés avec les professionnels de santé et par les étudiants eux-mêmes pourraient proposer des conseils fiables, personnalisés et adaptés à leurs budgets comme à leurs habitudes de vie.

L’omniprésence de l’IA dans la vie des jeunes bouscule également la manière dont les professionnels de santé doivent aborder la question de l’alimentation. Il semble nécessaire de les inviter à mieux comprendre ces technologies, à en saisir les atouts, mais aussi les limites.

Cela suppose également de les former à repérer les situations à risques, à informer et à accompagner les étudiants vers un usage plus éclairé de ces innovations numériques.

Dans le prolongement de ce que nous réalisons dans le cadre de la recherche participative MEALS, il s’agit plus globalement de stimuler l’esprit critique des jeunes et de mettre en œuvre une approche collective qui prenne en compte les cultures alimentaires, le plaisir, le partage et la diversité de leurs parcours.

Enfin, si les outils issus de l’IA générative offrent de réelles perspectives pour accompagner les jeunes dans leurs pratiques alimentaires, ils ne peuvent se substituer ni à la présence humaine, ni à la variété des expériences, ni à l’éducation au goût. Leur utilité dépendra de la manière dont ils seront intégrés à un cadre réflexif et bienveillant. Ces évolutions rappellent que, même avec la démocratisation de l’IA, l’accompagnement humain et le lien social doivent rester au cœur d’une alimentation saine et durable.


Les projets Alimentation et numérique – ALIMNUM et Manger avec les réseaux sociaux – MEALS sont soutenus par l’Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR), qui finance en France la recherche sur projets. L’ANR a pour mission de soutenir et de promouvoir le développement de recherches fondamentales et finalisées dans toutes les disciplines, et de renforcer le dialogue entre science et société. Pour en savoir plus, consultez le site de l’ANR.

The Conversation

Pascale Ezan a reçu des financements de l’Agence Nationale de la recherche .

Maxime David a reçu des financements de l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche.

ref. Apprendre aux étudiants à mieux manger avec l’IA ? – https://theconversation.com/apprendre-aux-etudiants-a-mieux-manger-avec-lia-261026

Drought can make farmers feel worried and hopeless: Ghana study finds social networks help

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Seth Asare Okyere, Teaching Assistant Professor, University of Pittsburg and Adjunct Associate Professor, Osaka University, University of Pittsburgh

Droughts are a familiar hardship in Ghana’s semi-arid north, where rainfall is erratic and agriculture is the mainstay of rural economies. The economic and environmental effects of drought have been well documented. But less attention is paid to its psychological toll on farmers and their families.

We conducted a study in the Talensi district of Ghana’s Upper East region to assess the impact of drought on the mental wellbeing of peri-urban farmers in semi-arid Ghana. We are a multidisciplinary team of scholars working in the area of resilience, sustainability and more recently psychological wellbeing.

We also investigated whether social capital (people’s social support networks) affected the impact of drought on three mental health outcomes: depression, anxiety and stress.

Based on a survey of 507 farmers, we found that prolonged periods of drought were strongly linked to increased levels of depression, anxiety and stress.

Our research also offers hope, however: personal social capital reduced the severity of these mental health impacts.

Our findings offer important insights for policymakers, especially in the context of climate change, which is intensifying drought conditions in the region. This study is among the first in Ghana – and the broader west African region – to empirically examine the mental health effects of drought on farmers using validated psychological tools.

It opens a crucial conversation about how vulnerability in the era of climate change is addressed. Our study demonstrates that climate adaptation planning is incomplete without integrating psychological wellbeing.




Read more:
Climate anxiety is real. Why talking about it matters


Vulnerabilities

Droughts are slow-onset disasters. Their effects accumulate gradually. But their impact on livelihoods and psychological resilience is deep.

In northern Ghana, where rain-fed agriculture dominates, even short delays in rainfall can trigger food insecurity, livestock losses and economic instability.

In the Talensi district, where we conducted the study, average annual rainfall is around 950mm. But it’s poorly distributed and increasingly erratic. The land has shallow, gravelly soil that has low moisture retention. These environmental conditions, compounded by the lack of irrigation infrastructure, make farmers highly vulnerable to climatic shocks.

For the study, we randomly selected 507 farmers across two communities – Awaredone and Yameriga. These communities combine crop cultivation with livestock rearing. Farmers cultivated mainly millet, rice, maize, cowpea and soybeans. Livestock were cattle, sheep and goats. We conducted our survey between September 2022 and March 2023. We used a combination of validated psychological scales and structured interviews in local languages to assess the impact of drought on mental health outcomes. We then used structural equation modelling to model our findings.

Our results were striking.

Stress levels

Our statistical modelling showed a significant link between the severity of the effects of drought and elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Farmers experiencing longer or more intense drought periods were more likely to report psychological distress.

Many farmers spoke about the hopelessness they felt when they watched their crops wither, or their animals die. They also spoke of the weight of not being able to provide food or income for the household.

Farmers reported symptoms such as insomnia, irritability, persistent worry, and even suicidal thoughts.

As one farmer we interviewed put it:

When the rains fail, it is not just the crops that die. Sometimes, our spirits die too. But when a neighbour shares food or even just listens, it brings life back.

Not all farmers were equally affected. Those with strong social support networks – including relationships with family, friends, neighbours and community groups – reported better mental health outcomes, even when they experienced the same drought conditions.

This is where the concept of personal social capital comes in. It refers to the resources – emotional, informational, or material – that individuals can access through their social relationships. In rural and peri-urban Ghana, this might mean receiving food from a neighbour, emotional support from relatives, or shared labour during the farming season.

Social capital acted as a buffer, we found. It moderated the relationship between drought and mental health outcomes. In other words, farmers with strong social ties were better equipped to cope with the psychological impacts of drought.




Read more:
Five questions for African countries that want to build climate-resilient health systems


Why it matters

We conclude from our findings that combining social capital with other forms of capital – human, physical, financial and natural – alongside sustainable livelihood diversification programmes could reduce the underlying issues that make people vulnerable to the mental health impacts of drought.

This points to an urgent need to include mental health in disaster response and climate adaptation planning. As climate change intensifies, droughts are expected to become more frequent and severe in Ghana’s northern regions.

We argue that interventions should not only focus on boosting agricultural productivity or providing technical training. Instead, a more integrated approach is needed – one that combines climate adaptation with mental health support and community mobilisation. This is particularly relevant for the region, where health services are overstretched and mental health is often a taboo subject.

Therefore, enhancing social capital – through savings groups, farmer cooperatives, or traditional mutual aid networks – can improve psychological resilience. In practical terms, this might mean strengthening farmer-based organisations, promoting inclusive governance, and incorporating mental health education into climate adaptation services.

Donors and NGOs can also play a role by supporting psychosocial support programmes that are culturally sensitive and locally grounded.

If left unaddressed, the psychological burdens of drought could erode the social fabric of farming communities, reduce productivity, and trap households in cycles of poverty and distress. But if we recognise the value of social support systems – and invest in them – we can build more resilient, healthier communities.

The Conversation

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Drought can make farmers feel worried and hopeless: Ghana study finds social networks help – https://theconversation.com/drought-can-make-farmers-feel-worried-and-hopeless-ghana-study-finds-social-networks-help-262627

Midlife adults are overextended with multiple roles

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Gail Low, Associate Professor, Chair International Health, MacEwan University

Fifty-somethings are getting caught between helping younger generations and tending to their own growth. (Shutterstock)

Late midlife adults are one of Canada’s largest yet most under-recognized and over-extended resources. They quietly tend to the health and well-being of millions of younger and older people, in person or from a distance.

From August 2024 to July 2025, Canada’s late midlife adults — those between the ages of 55 and 64 — collectively worked more than 100 million hours per month in a wide range of occupations like retail, law, engineering and health care.

In addition, Statistics Canada estimates they’re contributing 552 million hours per year formally volunteering, such as in crisis centres and schools. Late-to-midlife adults across Canada spent another 1.342 million hours doing unpaid informal volunteering.

Across Canada, baby boomers spent 1,219,000 hours of their 1,342,000 informal volunteer work hours directly helping family members like a parent or a sibling. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a good number were adding another 20 caregiving hours to their work week, whether in their own home or in a family member’s.

Aging and caregiving

Both of us research population and individual aging. We have watched our own siblings feeling caught between supporting parents and supporting their children, deferring their own health needs in the process. This is no surprise, because about one in five midlife women are caring for a child and more than one-third are providing care for an adult.

A typical caregiver has been providing 35 hours of care per week for more than four years. Adding three more hours per week would put them at the tipping point for anger and depression or just giving up.

A middle-aged woman in a blue shirt standing between an older woman and teen
One in five midlife women is caring for a child and more than one-third are providing care for an adult.
(Shutterstock)

In today’s economy, most people work to earn a living, as opposed to funding leisure and future retirement.

For nearly half of Canada’s caregivers, full-time work isn’t optional. For six out of 10 of them, neither is figuring out how to find formal supports.

Research indicates four in 10 working caregivers worrying about paying their bills. It is not hard to fathom why many caregivers start their day tired and anxious.

Elongated caregiving is on the rise on the home front as well. More young adult children in their early 20s to mid-30s are living with a parent. With persons 55-64 years of age holding two-thirds of household wealth in Canada, young adults are more likely to save for the future under their parents’ roofs.

A recent study estimates that 18 per cent of young adults self-identify with high anxiety and another 13 per cent with depression while almost half worry about losing their jobs.

Canada’s late midlife adults were also significantly mentally distressed, more so than older Canadians, during the pandemic. They also felt judged and more alone than older Canadians. Family conflicts and breakdowns were a source of stress, which other researchers identified as a risk factor for family conflicts, with anxiety and even suicidal thinking.

Research tells us this demographic is unlikely to use community support services for things like meal preparation or fitness for themselves. Around one in four who needed health services had trouble accessing them. Others reported that they either did not get around to accessing services or wanted to go it alone. Research about how they stayed afloat during COVID-19 was lacking and remains largely absent.

How people look at aging

In his book about psychosocial development, Life Cycle Completed, psychologist Erik Erikson remarked that historic change has the power to make people stop and rethink what old age looks like.

Across 20 countries, at age 60, health satisfaction has had a great deal to do with how people see themselves aging.

Before COVID-19, we designed a study that surveyed more than 500 Canadians in their 50s. They were feeling most pessimistic about aging physically, including their state of health. When it came to loss, what resonated most was difficulty making friends and seeing “old age” as a depressing time.

Two women preparing food in a kitchen
A typical caregiver has been providing 35 hours of care per week.
(Shutterstock)

For these 50-somethings, being caught between helping younger generations and tending to their own growth was detrimental to self-confidence. Making time for activities that help people learn about and see good in themselves is time well spent.

In the aftermath of COVID-19, late midlife adults are looking at an uncertain future. Statistics tell us that they currently anticipate poor health as early as age 71, and their own demise around age 81.

Recent surveys further reveal they’re juggling an average of $300K in debt and are worried about household essentials, with with one in three also unprepared for the soaring cost of living, particularly for basic expenses and if already living paycheque to paycheque. Some even link historic shifts in co-residing young adults with older adults’ increasing debt loads.

Meanwhile, federal funding priorities focus on programs for youth and on raising potential midlife caregivers’ awareness of older people’s support needs.

Late midlife adults represent one of our nation’s major resources, given the socioeconomic and health-related roles they play as caregivers to young and old. But resources can become depleted: they need care, respect and sensitivity themselves in order to continue in those roles.

It’s time to ask late midlife Canadians about the burdens they’re carrying, if the load is becoming too heavy, and how they are managing the load. This is a conversation well worth having.

The Conversation

Gail Low receives funding from the RTOERO Foundation, University of Alberta, and MacEwan University. She works for MacEwan University and volunteers for the Gateway Association.

Gloria Gutman is Professor Emerita at Simon Fraser University. She is a Past-president of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Canadadian Association on Gerontology, and International Network for Prevention of Elder Abuse.

ref. Midlife adults are overextended with multiple roles – https://theconversation.com/midlife-adults-are-overextended-with-multiple-roles-246886

Do people dream in color or black and white?

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Kimberly Fenn, Professor of Psychology, Michigan State University

One way to remember your dreams better: Write them down the moment you wake up. Andriy Onufriyenko/Moment via Getty Images

Curious Kids is a series for children of all ages. If you have a question you’d like an expert to answer, send it to curiouskidsus@theconversation.com.


Do we visualize dreams in color or black and white? – Srihan, age 7, West Bengal, India


Dreams are an astonishing state of consciousness. As you sleep, your mind creates fantastic and bizarre stories, rich with visual details – all without any conscious input from you.

Some dreams are boring. Others show you shocking events or magnificent images. I frequently dream of alligators walking upright, wearing sunglasses and yellow T-shirts. Often the alligators are friendly and go on adventures with me, but sometimes they’re aggressive and chase me.

The way the brain operates while you’re dreaming explains why dreams can be so fantastic. A small structure called the amygdala is largely responsible for processing emotional information, and it’s very active while dreaming. In contrast, the brain’s frontal cortex, which helps you plan and strategize, tends to be rather quiet. This pattern explains why dreams can jump from one peculiar scene to the next, with no clear story line. It’s as if you are sailing an emotional wave, without a captain.

Dreams can indeed be emotional and sometimes scary. But dreams can be enjoyable too – maybe you’ve had a dream so delightful you were disappointed to wake up and realize it wasn’t reality.

Are the images in your dreams in vivid color? Perhaps you had a dream about playing Candy Crush and can remember the brightly colored red, purple and yellow candies cascading in your dream.

As a neuroscientist who studies sleep, I can tell you that about 70% to 80% of people report dreaming in color, as opposed to just in shades of black and white. But this estimate may be low, because scientists can’t actually see what a dreamer sees. There’s no sophisticated technology showing them exactly what’s happening in a dreamer’s mind. Instead, they have to rely on what dreamers remember about their dreams.

man lying in bed with little electrodes stuck around his face and head, wires run to a machine
Researchers record brain and eye activity while they monitor volunteers’ sleep in the lab.
Greg Kohuth

Studying sleep in the laboratory

To study dreams, researchers ask people to sleep in laboratories, and they simply wake them while they’re dreaming and then ask them what they were just thinking about. It’s pretty rudimentary science, but it works.

How do scientists know when people are dreaming? Although dreams can occur in any sleep stage, research has long shown that dreams are most likely to occur during rapid eye movement sleep, or REM sleep.

Scientists can identify REM by the electrical activity on your scalp and your eye movements. They do this by using an electroencephalogram, which uses several small electrodes placed directly on the scalp to measure brain activity. During REM, the dreamer’s eyes move back and forth repeatedly. This likely means they’re scanning – that is, looking around in their dream.

That’s when dream researchers wake up their participants. Dreams are really tricky to study because they evaporate so quickly. So instead of asking participants to remember a dream – even one they were having a moment ago – we ask them what they were just “thinking.” Dreamers don’t have time to think or reflect, they just respond – before the dream is lost.

Dreams are full-sensory experiences

There seem to be age differences in color dreaming. Older people report far less color in their dreams than younger people. The prevailing explanation for this is based on the media they experienced while young. If the photographs, movies and television you saw as a child were all in black and white, then you are more likely to report more black-and-white dreams than color dreams.

This phenomenon raises some interesting questions. Are people really dreaming in black and white or just remembering their dreams that way after the fact? Was it as common for people to say they dreamed in black and white before these visual media were invented? There wasn’t any focused research that relied on in-the-moment dream reports back before black-and-white photos and movies existed, so we will never know.

Although visual features dominate, you can also hear, smell, taste and feel things in your dreams. So if you dream about visiting Disneyland, you might hear the music from the parade or smell french fries from a food stand.

You may have also wondered whether blind people dream. They do. If a person becomes blind after age 5 or 6, their dreams will contain visual images. However, someone who is congenitally blind, or becomes blind before about age 5, will not have visual images in their dreams. Instead, their dreams contain more information from the other senses.

Remembering your dreams

Some people may say they don’t dream at all. They do, but many people don’t remember their dreams. The vast majority of dreams are forgotten. That’s because when we’re in REM sleep, the hippocampus, the area of the brain responsible for long-term memory, is largely turned off.

Others may remember a dream immediately upon awakening but quickly forget it. That’s because the hippocampus is a bit sluggish and takes some time to wake up, so you’re not able to create a long-term memory right after waking.

Perhaps the biggest question about dreams is whether they mean anything. People have been discussing this since ancient times. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, called dreams the “royal road to the unconscious.” He believed they had a profound meaning that’s hidden from the dreamer.

But today, scientists agree that dreams do not have any hidden meaning. So while it’s entertaining to think about what your dreams mean, there’s no scientific basis, for example, to think that a dream about your teeth falling out automatically means you’re anxious about a loss.

If you would like to remember your dreams better, simply keep a notepad and pen by your bed and practice writing down your dreams right when you wake. This is the best way to remember the fantastical stories your brain creates for you every night.


Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.

And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.

The Conversation

Kimberly Fenn does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Do people dream in color or black and white? – https://theconversation.com/do-people-dream-in-color-or-black-and-white-256971

NASA wants to put a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030 – choosing where is tricky

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Clive Neal, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame

Several missions have already attempted to land on the lunar surface in 2025, with more to come. AP Photo

In a bold, strategic move for the U.S., acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy announced plans on Aug. 5, 2025, to build a nuclear fission reactor for deployment on the lunar surface in 2030. Doing so would allow the United States to gain a foothold on the Moon by the time China plans to land the first taikonaut, what China calls its astronauts, there by 2030.

Apart from the geopolitical importance, there are other reasons why this move is critically important. A source of nuclear energy will be necessary for visiting Mars, because solar energy is weaker there. It could also help establish a lunar base and potentially even a permanent human presence on the Moon, as it delivers consistent power through the cold lunar night.

As humans travel out into the solar system, learning to use the local resources is critical for sustaining life off Earth, starting at the nearby Moon. NASA plans to prioritize the fission reactor as power necessary to extract and refine lunar resources.

As a geologist who studies human space exploration, I’ve been mulling over two questions since Duffy’s announcement. First, where is the best place to put an initial nuclear reactor on the Moon, to set up for future lunar bases? Second, how will NASA protect the reactor from plumes of regolith – or loosely fragmented lunar rocks – kicked up by spacecraft landing near it? These are two key questions the agency will have to answer as it develops this technology.

Where do you put a nuclear reactor on the Moon?

The nuclear reactor will likely form the power supply for the initial U.S.-led Moon base that will support humans who’ll stay for ever-increasing lengths of time. To facilitate sustainable human exploration of the Moon, using local resources such as water and oxygen for life support and hydrogen and oxygen to refuel spacecraft can dramatically reduce the amount of material that needs to be brought from Earth, which also reduces cost.

In the 1990s, spacecraft orbiting the Moon first observed dark craters called permanently shadowed regions on the lunar north and south poles. Scientists now suspect these craters hold water in the form of ice, a vital resource for countries looking to set up a long-term human presence on the surface. NASA’s Artemis campaign aims to return people to the Moon, targeting the lunar south pole to take advantage of the water ice that is present there.

A close-up shot of the Moon's surface, with the left half covered in shadow, and the right half visible, with gray craters. Tiny blue dots in the center indicate PSRs.
Dark craters on the Moon, parts of which are indicated here in blue, never get sunlight. Scientists think some of these permanently shadowed regions could contain water ice.
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center

In order to be useful, the reactor must be close to accessible, extractable and refinable water ice deposits. The issue is we currently do not have the detailed information needed to define such a location.

The good news is the information can be obtained relatively quickly. Six lunar orbital missions have collected, and in some cases are still collecting, relevant data that can help scientists pinpoint which water ice deposits are worth pursuing.

These datasets give indications of where either surface or buried water ice deposits are. It is looking at these datasets in tandem that can indicate water ice “hot prospects,” which rover missions can investigate and confirm or deny the orbital observations. But this step isn’t easy.

Luckily, NASA already has its Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover mission built, and it has passed all environmental testing. It is currently in storage, awaiting a ride to the Moon. The VIPER mission can be used to investigate on the ground the hottest prospect for water ice identified from orbital data. With enough funding, NASA could probably have this data in a year or two at both the lunar north and south poles.

The VIPER rover would survey water at the south pole of the Moon.

How do you protect the reactor?

Once NASA knows the best spots to put a reactor, it will then have to figure out how to shield the reactor from spacecraft as they land. As spacecraft approach the Moon’s surface, they stir up loose dust and rocks, called regolith. It will sandblast anything close to the landing site, unless the items are placed behind large boulders or beyond the horizon, which is more than 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) away on the Moon.

Scientists already know about the effects of landing next to a pre-positioned asset. In 1969, Apollo 12 landed 535 feet (163 meters) away from the robotic Surveyor 3 spacecraft, which showed corrosion on surfaces exposed to the landing plume. The Artemis campaign will have much bigger lunar landers, which will generate larger regolith plumes than Apollo did. So any prepositioned assets will need protection from anything landing close by, or the landing will need to occur beyond the horizon.

Until NASA can develop a custom launch and landing pad, using the lunar surface’s natural topography or placing important assets behind large boulders could be a temporary solution. However, a pad built just for launching and landing spacecraft will eventually be necessary for any site chosen for this nuclear reactor, as it will take multiple visits to build a lunar base. While the nuclear reactor can supply the power needed to build a pad, this process will require planning and investment.

Human space exploration is complicated. But carefully building up assets on the Moon means scientists will eventually be able to do the same thing a lot farther away on Mars. While the devil is in the details, the Moon will help NASA develop the abilities to use local resources and build infrastructure that could allow humans to survive and thrive off Earth in the long term.

The Conversation

Clive Neal receives funding from NASA.

ref. NASA wants to put a nuclear reactor on the Moon by 2030 – choosing where is tricky – https://theconversation.com/nasa-wants-to-put-a-nuclear-reactor-on-the-moon-by-2030-choosing-where-is-tricky-263146

Some pro athletes keep getting better as they age − neuroscience can explain how they stay sharp

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Fiddy Davis Jaihind Jothikaran, Associate Professor of Kinesiology, Hope College

Recovery and mental resilience support the development of neuroplasticity, which helps athletes like Allyson Felix stay sharp. AP Photo/Charlie Riedel

In a world where sports are dominated by youth and speed, some athletes in their late 30s and even 40s are not just keeping up – they are thriving.

Novak Djokovic is still outlasting opponents nearly half his age on tennis’s biggest stages. LeBron James continues to dictate the pace of NBA games, defending centers and orchestrating plays like a point guard. Allyson Felix won her 11th Olympic medal in track and field at age 35. And Tom Brady won a Super Bowl at 43, long after most NFL quarterbacks retire.

The sustained excellence of these athletes is not just due to talent or grit – it’s biology in action. Staying at the top of their game reflects a trainable convergence of brain, body and mindset. I’m a performance scientist and a physical therapist who has spent over two decades studying how athletes train, taper, recover and stay sharp. These insights aren’t just for high-level athletes – they hold true for anyone navigating big life changes or working to stay healthy.

Increasingly, research shows that the systems that support high performance – from motor control to stress regulation, to recovery – are not fixed traits but trainable capacities. In a world of accelerating change and disruption, the ability to adapt to new changes may be the most important skill of all. So, what makes this adaptability possible – biologically, cognitively and emotionally?

The amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Neuroscience research shows that with repeated exposure to high-stakes situations, the brain begins to adapt. The prefrontal cortex – the region most responsible for planning, focus and decision-making – becomes more efficient in managing attention and making decisions, even under pressure.

During stressful situations, such as facing match point in a Grand Slam final, this area of the brain can help an athlete stay composed and make smart choices – but only if it’s well trained.

In contrast, the amygdala, our brain’s threat detector, can hijack performance by triggering panic, freezing motor responses or fueling reckless decisions. With repeated exposure to high-stakes moments, elite athletes gradually reshape this brain circuit.

They learn to tune down amygdala reactivity and keep the prefrontal cortex online, even when the pressure spikes. This refined brain circuitry enables experienced performers to maintain their emotional control.

Creating a brain-body loop

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, or BDNF, is a molecule that supports adapting to changes quickly. Think of it as fertilizer for the brain. It enhances neuroplasticity: the brain’s ability to rewire itself through experience and repetition. This rewiring helps athletes build and reinforce the patterns of connections between brain cells to control their emotion, manage their attention and move with precision.

BDNF levels increase with intense physical activity, mental focus and deliberate practice, especially when combined with recovery strategies such as sleep and deep breathing.

Elevated BDNF levels are linked to better resilience against stress and may support faster motor learning, which is the process of developing or refining movement patterns.

For example, after losing a set, Djokovic often resets by taking deep, slow breaths – not just to calm his nerves, but to pause and regain control. This conscious breathing helps him restore focus and likely quiets the stress signals in his brain.

In moments like these, higher BDNF availability likely allows him to regulate his emotions and recalibrate his motor response, helping him to return to peak performance faster than his opponent.

Rewiring your brain

In essence, athletes who repeatedly train and compete in pressure-filled environments are rewiring their brain to respond more effectively to those demands. This rewiring, from repeated exposures, helps boost BDNF levels and in turn keeps the prefrontal cortex sharp and dials down the amygdala’s tendency to overreact.

This kind of biological tuning is what scientists call cognitive reserve and allostasis – the process the body uses to make changes in response to stress or environmental demands to remain stable. It helps the brain and body be flexible, not fragile.

Importantly, this adaptation isn’t exclusive to elite athletes. Studies on adults of all ages show that regular physical activity – particularly exercises that challenge both body and mind – can raise BDNF levels, improve the brain’s ability to adapt and respond to new challenges, and reduce stress reactivity.

Programs that combine aerobic movement with coordination tasks, such as dancing, complex drills or even fast-paced walking while problem-solving have been shown to preserve skills such as focus, planning, impulse control and emotional regulation over time.

After an intense training session or a match, you will often see athletes hopping on a bike or spending some time in the pool. These low-impact, gentle movements, known as active recovery, help tone down the nervous system gradually.

Outside of active recovery, sleep is where the real reset and repair happen. Sleep aids in learning and strengthens the neural connections challenged during training and competition.

A tennis player wearing all white hits a forehand
Serbian tennis player Novak Djokovic practices meditation, which strengthens the mental pathways that help with stress regulation.
AP Photo/Kin Cheung

Over time, this convergence creates a trainable loop between the brain and body that is better equipped to adapt, recover and perform.

Lessons beyond sport

While the spotlight may shine on sporting arenas, you don’t need to be a pro athlete to train these same skills.

The ability to perform under pressure is a result of continuing adaptation. Whether you’re navigating a career pivot, caring for family members, or simply striving to stay mentally sharp as the world changes, the principles are the same: Expose yourself to challenges, regulate stress and recover deliberately.

While speed, agility and power may decline with age, some sport-specific skills such as anticipation, decision-making and strategic awareness actually improve. Athletes with years of experience develop faster mental models of how a play will unfold, which allows them to make better and faster choices with minimal effort. This efficiency is a result of years of reinforcing neural circuits that doesn’t immediately vanish with age. This is one reason experienced athletes often excel even if they are well past their physical prime.

Physical activity, especially dynamic and coordinated movement, boosts the brain’s capacity to adapt. So does learning new skills, practicing mindfulness and even rehearsing performance under pressure. In daily life, this might be a surgeon practicing a critical procedure in simulation, a teacher preparing for a tricky parent meeting, or a speaker practicing a high-stakes presentation to stay calm and composed when it counts. These aren’t elite rituals – they’re accessible strategies for building resilience, motor efficiency and emotional control.

Humans are built to adapt – with the right strategies, you can sustain excellence at any stage of life.

The Conversation

Fiddy Davis Jaihind Jothikaran does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Some pro athletes keep getting better as they age − neuroscience can explain how they stay sharp – https://theconversation.com/some-pro-athletes-keep-getting-better-as-they-age-neuroscience-can-explain-how-they-stay-sharp-261927