Another alleged attempt on Trump’s life: A political lifeline or a damaging display of weakness?

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By James K. Rowe, Associate Professor of Political Ecology, University of Victoria

United States President Donald Trump has apparently dodged yet another bullet.

If history is any indication, the latest alleged attempt on his life at the White House Correspondents dinner couldn’t have happened at a better time given his sagging popularity. But amid widespread skepticism and the Trump team’s efforts to promote the construction of a White House ballroom in the immediate aftermath of the shooting, it’s far from clear whether this incident will benefit the president.

Assassination attempts often make elected politicians more popular. In 1981, Ronald Reagan was shot in the same Washington Hilton Hotel that was the site of Trump’s latest assassination attempt. Reagan’s approval ratings jumped after he survived the attack.

Why does political violence help bolster approval ratings?

The obvious answer is that being subject to violence can humanize victims, softening criticism from supporters and critics alike.

The less obvious reason is that dodging or surviving bullets can super-humanize politicians, making them seem “touched” by God or like they have command over the vital powers of life and death.

Trump as superhero

When Trump lifted his fist in defiance, a trickle of blood on his face in Butler, Pa., a few months before the 2024 presidential election, he created an iconic image that bolstered his campaign and created a myth of invincibility.

This is the same man who claimed in 2016 that he “could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody, and…wouldn’t lose any voters.” Despite two impeachments, convictions on 34 felony charges, an admission of sexual assault on a hot microphone and multiple assault allegations, Trump was re-elected in 2024. Where others might have whithered, his forward march continued.




Read more:
Ego, hubris and narcissism: Where Donald Trump ranks among the other 45 American presidents


While Trump once claimed the ability to shoot people in downtown Manhattan and survive politically, the Butler shooting gave the impression that he himself could also be shot without losing his life, that he isn’t subject to normal vulnerabilities and that he is somehow superhuman. Trump himself has cited divine intervention as key to his ongoing survival despite multiple assassination attempts.

Terror management

Terror management theory (TMT) is a school of psychology that tracks how our relationships to life and death shape political outcomes.

According to TMT, we cope with our anxieties about death by pursuing “earthly heroism” — meaning we seek esteem according to our chosen world views. There is a growing body of experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.

Trump is walking confirmation of TMT.

He is a known germaphobe obsessed with perceptions of vitality. He obsesses over his hair since he sees baldness as weakness and defeat. By ruthlessly pursuing money — the measure of worth in capitalist economies — and by stamping his name on everything from buildings, vodka and Bibles, he has sought heroism. Even before he ran for president, you could buy a Trump-branded action figure.

According to American anthropologist Ernest Becker, whose Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Denial of Death laid the intellectual groundwork for TMT:

“The real world …tells man that he is a small trembling animal who will decay and die. Illusion changes all this, makes man seem important, vital to the universe, immortal in some way.”

From his fixation on gold, grandiosity and golden locks despite his age, Trump is a master of illusion, crafting a mirage of super heroism for his MAGA base.

Heroism can also be pursued vicariously. This is something many of us do with our preferred sport teams, celebrities and politicians, feeling their victories and losses like our own.

Good timing?

Trump’s victory over death in Butler two years ago — an incident that is now being questioned even by his MAGA supporters — helped carry him across the finish line. His chief of staff, Susie Wiles, said Butler was a “big part” of his victory in 2024.

And so what to make of the recent apparent attempt on his life? Will it help resuscitate his historically low approval ratings?




Read more:
Donald Trump’s US ratings fall to a record low amid Iran war


In crass political terms, historical precedent suggests the assassination attempt couldn’t have happened at a better time. Tarred by his association with deceased pedophile Jeffrey Epstein and prosecuting an unpopular war of choice against Iran that is costing billions while raising gas prices for voters, Trump needed a lifeline.

The timing is so good for him that conspiracy theories immediately began to swirl that the attack was an inside job aimed at bolstering Trump’s slumping approval ratings.

Avoiding political death?

It is unlikely, however, that this recent incident will stave off political death. After the political failures of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), the Epstein files and a risky war with no clear exit, Trump is politically weakened.




Read more:
Panicking scientists, canceled experiments – federal funding cuts turned my work as a research dean into crisis management


Influential members of his own base, including former Fox News pundit Tucker Carlson, are no longer lionizing him, instead musing whether he might be the anti-Christ.

Images from the recent shooting suggest weakness, not vitality. Secret service agents struggled to get him out of his seat likely due to ongoing mobility issues (though Trump claims his sluggishness was due to courageously overseeing the action).

Likewise, instead of lifting his fist triumphantly like in Butler, Trump fell down as he was rushed off stage (again, he claims he was told to get down, but his exit looks weak).

A report on the apparent assassination attempt in Washington, D.C. (CNN)

While his team will spin the latest shooting as further evidence of his super humanity, Trump is looking more politically and existentially mortal by the day.

Trump had his time in the sun, but like Icarus, his hubris and overreach are finally melting his wings. While illusion can obscure the inevitable for a while, what goes up must always come down.

The Conversation

James K. Rowe does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Another alleged attempt on Trump’s life: A political lifeline or a damaging display of weakness? – https://theconversation.com/another-alleged-attempt-on-trumps-life-a-political-lifeline-or-a-damaging-display-of-weakness-281675

Fraude, coercition et torture dans les centres d’arnaques en ligne : un témoin raconte

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Randall Hansen, Professor, Canada Research Chair in Global Migration & Director of the Global Migration Lab, University of Toronto

Lors de mon récent séjour à Phnom Penh, au Cambodge, j’ai abordé un groupe de jeunes hommes devant l’ambassade de l’Inde. Je leur ai dit que j’étais chercheur à l’Université de Toronto.

Je leur ai demandé : « Venez-vous des centres d’arnaques ? » Ces centres sont des complexes à grande échelle dans lesquels des travailleurs victimes de traite sont enfermés et contraints de participer à des fraudes en ligne.

C’était bien le cas. Akshit, un homme d’une trentaine d’années, a accepté de me raconter son histoire.

Akshit n’est pas une victime typique de la traite des personnes. Son anglais est parfait, il est instruit et a travaillé dans des banques et des centres d’appel. Pourtant, il en a bel et bien été victime. En 2024, il a entendu parler d’un emploi au Cambodge, payé deux fois plus que son salaire en Inde, par un ami.

Après un bref entretien, il a déboursé 500 $ US pour acheter un billet d’avion à destination de Phnom Penh via Kuala Lumpur. Le vol et le trajet en voiture jusqu’à Sihanoukville, une ville côtière du sud-ouest du Cambodge, se sont déroulés sans encombre. À son arrivée dans un immeuble, on lui a remis une trousse d’accueil et offert une belle chambre. Tout semblait en règle.




À lire aussi :
Fraude amoureuse en ligne de type « Brad Pitt » : les victimes sont influencées par des mécanismes psychologiques complexes


En réalité, il se trouvait dans un complexe dédié à la fraude, où des centaines d’employés, assis devant des ordinateurs, tentaient de convaincre des Asiatiques et des Occidentaux d’investir dans de faux projets ou de se lancer dans une relation amoureuse. Les employés étaient répartis en équipes de huit, dirigées par un chef d’équipe, sous la supervision d’un responsable gérant plusieurs équipes. Le tout était chapeauté par une organisation criminelle chinoise. Son recruteur l’avait vendu pour 5 000 $ US.

Violations du droit du travail

Des centaines de milliers de personnes sont victimes de la traite rien qu’au Cambodge et en Birmanie. Les médias ont relatéles coups, les os brisés et les cris des employés auxquels on administre des décharges électriques dans les complexes de fraude. Ces atrocités sont bien réelles, mais elles ne sont que la forme la plus extrême de maltraitance qu’on y inflige.

Ces complexes reposent sur un système de travail rémunéré, mais forcé. Les victimes y effectuent des journées de 15 heures, sept jours sur sept, doivent avoir plusieurs fenêtres de discussion ouvertes en même temps où elles écrivent en anglais et dans leur langue maternelle.

Akshit travaillait en anglais et en hindi, ciblant les Indiens du sud. Les discussions commençaient à 10 h 30 — les retards étaient sanctionnés par une amende — et se terminaient à 2 h du matin.

Tout était parfaitement réglé : un « développeur » envoyait des messages à plusieurs victimes potentielles. Lorsqu’une personne mordait à l’hameçon, il la passait à un « chatteur » qui échangeait avec elle des messages pendant trois ou quatre jours afin de déterminer si elle était intéressée par une relation amoureuse ou un gain financier. Il la passait ensuite au « tueur » qui concluait l’affaire en lui expliquant comment transférer les fonds.

Akshit a alterné entre ces trois rôles.

Le montant initial était modeste (environ 250 dollars) et augmentait progressivement. Une fois que la victime avait versé suffisamment d’argent, tout s’arrêtait. Les montants variaient d’une personne à l’autre, mais les virements importants, de plusieurs centaines de milliers de dollars ou plus, étaient rares ; il s’agissait généralement de quelques milliers de dollars.

Le rôle de la pandémie

Les complexes d’arnaques ont pris leur essor au Cambodge pendant la pandémie de Covid-19. Des casinos fermés et des immeubles d’habitation de villes telles que Sihanoukville et des villes frontalières comme Bavet (Vietnam), Kaoh Kong et O’Smach (Thaïlande) ont alors été réaménagés pour accueillir des opérations frauduleuses. Ces activités se sont ensuite étendues au Myanmar, le long de la frontière avec la Thaïlande, et au Laos, en particulier dans le « Triangle d’Or », aux confins du Laos, du Myanmar et de la Thaïlande.

Les escroqueries de cette ampleur sont récentes, mais le modèle économique qui consiste à réaliser d’importants profits grâce à de faibles marges par transaction est bien plus ancien.

Des milliards sont soutirés aux victimes — en 2023, les fraudes liées aux cryptomonnaies ont causé des pertes de 5,6 milliards de dollars US aux États-Unis–, mais les gains par opération sont beaucoup moins impressionnants, car ils sont répartis entre des centaines de complexes et des centaines de milliers de travailleurs.

Une feuille de paie provenant d’un centre d’arnaques

Chaque membre de l’équipe d’Akshit avait un objectif de 10 000 dollars par mois, pour lequel il recevait 800 dollars. Au-delà de ce montant, la part augmentait progressivement. Mais tout le monde n’atteignait pas cet objectif.

Les fiches de paie qu’Akshit m’a montrées indiquaient quelques versements supérieurs à 5 000 dollars, mais la plupart ne dépassaient pas quelques centaines de dollars, et les gains n’étaient que de quelques milliers de dollars par mois. Ceux qui n’atteignaient pas l’objectif recevaient moins d’argent, et parfois rien du tout. Ceux qui refusaient de travailler étaient maltraités, menacés ou même torturés.

Une nuit, Akshit a été réveillé par des cris. Un ressortissant pakistanais avait refusé d’obéir et demandé de l’aide par texto à ceux qu’il était censé escroquer. Un chef d’équipe l’a dénoncé. Ses supérieurs et le personnel de sécurité l’ont frappé avec des matraques électriques.

Des fermetures réelles ?

Les coûts fixes d’un complexe de fraude sont élevés, avec les frais de logement, de nourriture, de sécurité, de transport, ainsi que les salaires des chefs d’équipe et des responsables. C’est le recours au travail forcé qui rend l’activité rentable. En offrant une main-d’œuvre bon marché, la traite de personnes dans ces complexes illégaux présente des similitudes avec celle pratiquée dans les secteurs légaux de la transformation du poisson ou du vêtement.

Le fait qu’un si grand nombre de victimes proviennent de pays riches d’Occident et d’Asie de l’Est explique la pression immense qui pèse sur le gouvernement cambodgien. Des centaines de centres d’arnaques ont fermé leurs portes depuis janvier 2026, et des milliers de travailleurs chinois, sud-asiatiques, africains et indonésiens se sont retrouvés à la rue à Phnom Penh où ils cherchent désespérément à regagner leur pays.

Les apparences sont cependant trompeuses. Le complexe dans lequel travaillait Akshit n’a fait l’objet d’une descente de police qu’après que les propriétaires en ont été avertis et qu’ils ont transféré les employés dans un hôtel. Danielle Keeton-Olsen, une journaliste d’investigation, m’a confié que les personnes libérées occupaient généralement des emplois au bas de l’échelle. Plusieurs autres sources ont confirmé cette information.

En outre, comme me l’a expliqué Nathan Paul Southern, d’Eyewitness Project :

Il y a une énorme différence entre faire l’objet d’une descente de police et être contraint de fermer. La plupart des fermetures du complexe Prince Group n’étaient pas le résultat d’une descente de police ; les activités ont simplement cessé. Les policiers ont dit : “Vous devez partir, mais continuez à nous payer.” Et les portes se sont fermées.

Il a fait remarquer qu’une grande partie des infrastructures était toujours en place et que certains complexes étaient en train de se remplir à nouveau. Les bénéfices, générés grâce à une main-d’œuvre bon marché, sont trop importants.

Une entreprise lucrative

En 2023, le chiffre d’affaires annuel total généré par les fraudes au Cambodge s’élevait à 12,9 milliards de dollars US, soit environ 40 % du PIB du pays. Partout au Cambodge, les autorités — policiers, gardes-frontières et fonctionnaires — acceptent des pots-de-vin pour fermer les yeux.


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De nombreuses entités puissantes, telles que des organisations criminelles, des entreprises et des responsables politiques, ont tout intérêt à ce que ce système perdure. Si des centres d’arnaques cessent leurs activités au Cambodge, ils réapparaissent ailleurs.

Il faut également tenir compte des souhaits des travailleurs. Akshit estime que 40 % des personnes de son complexe travaillaient de leur plein gré et gagnaient environ 5 000 dollars par mois. Ce chiffre peut être exagéré, mais il est indéniable que certains ont intérêt à ce que le système reste en place.

À l’échelle mondiale, des millions de personnes sont suffisamment désespérées pour accepter ce risque. Sous une forme ou une autre, les complexes de fraude, et le trafic qui les alimente, ne sont pas près de disparaître.

La Conversation Canada

Randall Hansen bénéficie d’un financement au titre de sa Chaire de recherche du Canada sur les migrations mondiales.

ref. Fraude, coercition et torture dans les centres d’arnaques en ligne : un témoin raconte – https://theconversation.com/fraude-coercition-et-torture-dans-les-centres-darnaques-en-ligne-un-temoin-raconte-280867

La génération des boomers vit sa sexualité librement, sans tabous. Mais les normes âgistes persistent

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Isabelle Wallach, Professeure de sexologie, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

La génération des boomers vit sa sexualité librement, sans tabous. Mais les normes âgistes persistent

Les boomers font diminuer le tabou associé à la sexualité des aînés. Toutefois, du chemin reste à parcourir pour que les aînés puissent bénéficier d’une vie sexuelle épanouie.

Les boomers ont brisé de nombreux tabous et révolutionné les mœurs, notamment sexuelles. Alors que les hommes et les femmes de cette génération vieillissent, le regard que porte la société sur la sexualité des aînés change-t-il? Deux recherches confirment que oui, même si des tabous persistent.


Longtemps tabou, la sexualité des aînés gagne en visibilité dans les sociétés occidentales et leurs médias. Spécialiste de la sexualité en contexte de vieillissement, je travaille sur ce sujet depuis près d’une quinzaine d’années et je constate une évolution de l’intérêt pour ce sujet. Cela s’explique par la présence massive des baby-boomers au sein de la population âgée, et au plus grand confort de cette génération avec la sexualité.

Cette ouverture apparente, tant dans la société que dans les mœurs sexuelles des baby-boomers, pourrait masquer les effets plus insidieux de l’âgisme sur les possibilités de vivre une sexualité épanouie à un âge avancé.


Cet article fait partie de notre série La Révolution grise. La Conversation vous propose d’analyser sous toutes ses facettes l’impact du vieillissement de l’imposante cohorte des boomers sur notre société. Manières de se loger, de travailler, de consommer la culture, de s’alimenter, de voyager, de se soigner, de vivre… découvrez avec nous les bouleversements en cours, et à venir.


Une sexualité plus ouverte et permissive

Les baby-boomers ont été témoins et acteurs de changements sociaux et culturels majeurs dans la sphère intime, à la suite des mouvements de lutte pour les droits des femmes et des minorités sexuelles et de la révolution sexuelle qui ont marqué les années 1960 et 1970.

Alors que les générations précédentes pensaient que la sexualité devait se vivre dans le cadre d’une relation maritale hétérosexuelle, centrée sur la pénétration et avec pour but la procréation, les baby-boomers ont forgé de nouvelles valeurs sexuelles. La sexualité est devenue une expérience pouvant se vivre en dehors du contexte conjugal et de l’hétérosexualité et ayant pour objectif le plaisir.

Alors que les générations précédentes pensaient que la sexualité devait se vivre dans le cadre d’une relation maritale hétérosexuelle, les boomers ont forgé de nouvelles valeurs sexuelles.
(Unsplash), CC BY-NC-SA

Ces transformations majeures ont eu des effets au long cours: les études comparant les conduites et attitudes sexuelles des aînés de différentes générations montrent que celle issue du baby-boom accorde plus d’importance à la sexualité et est plus permissive que celles qui l’ont précédée.

L’obligation de performance, une pression sans précédent sur les aînés

Pour mieux comprendre le nouveau rapport à la sexualité des aînés, il faut tenir compte de l’influence du mouvement du vieillissement réussi, aussi appelé «bien vieillir» au Québec et traduit de l’anglais successful aging.

En voulant combattre l’âgisme et encourager un vieillissement actif, ce mouvement a diffusé de nouvelles normes dans la sphère intime, qui se sont notamment manifestées à travers la commercialisation de stimulants érectiles (comme le Viagra) et le développement de l’industrie des produits anti-vieillissement.

Loin d’être sans impacts, ces nouvelles normes relatives à la sexualité aux âges avancés exercent une pression sans précédent sur les aînés. Car si leur droit à vivre une sexualité est davantage reconnu, il s’accompagne aussi d’une obligation tacite de performance et d’une lutte sans relâche pour conserver un corps jeune et séduisant.

Un âgisme déguisé

De telles injonctions peuvent être considérées comme une forme d’âgisme déguisé : la sexualité des aînés est désormais encouragée, mais elle n’a de valeur que si elle correspond aux normes de jeunesse. La reconnaissance du droit à la sexualité des aînés fait par ailleurs l’objet d’un double standard : les femmes subissent plus d’âgisme que les hommes dans le domaine de la séduction.

Les baby-boomers pourraient donc faire face à des tensions entre une vision ouverte de la sexualité héritée de leur jeunesse et des normes sexuelles âgistes. Mais est-ce que ces normes se manifestent réellement dans le vécu sexuel des aînés, et si oui de quelles façons?

Afin d’apporter quelques éléments de réponse à cette question, voici les résultats tirés de deux projets de recherche que j’ai menés au Québec.

Le vécu sexuel des hommes : entre liberté et pression âgiste

Le premier projet porte sur la vie sexuelle d’hommes aînés ayant déjà utilisé un stimulant érectile pharmaceutique, comme le Viagra. Il est basé sur des entrevues individuelles avec 27 hommes âgés de 65 à 84 ans, hétérosexuels et gais.

Cette étude met tout d’abord en évidence une grande diversité dans le vécu sexuel des hommes et leur façon d’exprimer leur sexualité. Ainsi, alors que certains évoquent une expression sexuelle centrée sur la connexion et la tendresse, d’autres décrivent une sexualité axée sur des pratiques génitales en solo ou avec partenaire. Plusieurs participants rapportent également avoir des pratiques sexuelles libérales, telles que l’usage de pornographie ou le BDSM.

Les pratiques sexuelles libérales sont plus fréquentes chez les hommes gais, mais le fait d’accorder davantage d’importance à l’intimité en vieillissant s’observe autant chez les participants hétérosexuels que gais.

En ce qui concerne l’usage des stimulants érectiles, deux attitudes prédominent. Un certain nombre de participants les utilisent dans un objectif d’exploration de leur sexualité et d’augmentation du plaisir. D’autres y ont recours dans l’intention de restaurer leurs capacités érectiles qu’ils considèrent comme des emblèmes de la masculinité et de la jeunesse.

Ce désir de conserver une sexualité performante peut être source d’émotions négatives dans les situations où les médicaments sont inefficaces ou ne donnent pas les résultats escomptés. Enfin, pour les hommes gais, le recours aux stimulants érectiles peut constituer un moyen de lutter contre l’âgisme qui sévit de façon marquée au sein de leur communauté.

La sexualité des femmes : entre tabou et bienfaits

Le projet sur la sexualité des femmes aînées que je réalise actuellement en collaboration avec d’autres chercheuses et en partenariat avec des Centres de femmes du Québec repose sur une double méthode de collecte de données : des entrevues individuelles et le photovoix.

Parmi les 22 participantes de 60 ans et plus, la moitié a pris part au photovoix. Deux groupes ont été formés, l’un composé d’hétérosexuelles et l’autre de lesbiennes. Chaque groupe a décidé collectivement de 6 à 8 thèmes en lien avec la sexualité sur lesquels seraient prises des photographies. Toutes les deux semaines, les participantes étaient invitées à prendre des photos individuellement pour ensuite les partager au groupe.

L’influence des valeurs sexuelles religieuses conservatrices qui ont marqué la jeunesse des femmes a parfois laissé des traces, notamment pour les participantes lesbiennes, à travers des expériences de lesbophobie.
(Unsplash), CC BY-NC-ND

Quatre rencontres de groupe ont été consacrées à la présentation de ces photos et à des échanges entre les participantes sur les enjeux qui en ressortaient. Une partie de ces photos a été diffusée sous forme d’exposition numérique afin de sensibiliser le grand public à aux enjeux vécus par les femmes aînées en lien avec la sexualité.

Les analyses préliminaires des données permettent de tirer plusieurs constats. D’abord, les femmes aînées manquent d’espaces qui leur permettent de parler de sexualité. Elles disent qu’il est essentiel de briser le silence entourant ce sujet.


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L’influence des valeurs sexuelles religieuses conservatrices qui ont marqué leur jeunesse a parfois laissé des traces, que ce soit à travers le déni de leur droit au désir et au plaisir ou, pour les participantes lesbiennes, à travers des expériences de lesbophobie.

Enfin, plusieurs femmes ont évoqué l’impact négatif des normes de beauté âgistes sur leur sentiment d’être désirable et leur capacité à trouver un ou une partenaire intime.

Cependant, en dépit de ces défis, la plupart des participantes ont témoigné d’une vie sexuelle active, d’une ouverture à explorer de nouvelles pratiques à un âge avancé et des bienfaits physiques mais aussi psychologiques qu’elles retirent de leurs activités sexuelles avec partenaire ou en solo.

La génération des boomers contribue, sans aucun doute, à diminuer le tabou associé à la sexualité des aînés. Toutefois, du chemin reste encore à parcourir pour que ces hommes et ces femmes puissent bénéficier d’une vie sexuelle épanouie, à l’abri des normes âgistes et des effets du contexte historique de leur jeunesse.

La Conversation Canada

Isabelle Wallach a reçu des financements du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et Culture.

ref. La génération des boomers vit sa sexualité librement, sans tabous. Mais les normes âgistes persistent – https://theconversation.com/la-generation-des-boomers-vit-sa-sexualite-librement-sans-tabous-mais-les-normes-agistes-persistent-249688

Women who expand their freelance careers hit a different kind of glass ceiling — the glass wall

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Christy Zhou Koval, Professor, Smith School of Business, Queen’s University, Ontario

Most people know about the glass ceiling: the invisible barrier that keeps women from reaching top leadership positions. Researchers have also identified the glass cliff, where women are placed in leadership roles during times of crisis, and the glass escalator, where men in female-dominated fields get fast-tracked into management.

These concepts all assume careers move up. Increasingly, however, they do not. More people are building careers sideways — taking on extra gigs, branching into new skill areas or negotiating customized roles within their organizations. We call this lateral work.

As companies flatten their hierarchies and organize around project-based work, lateral moves have become the new career ladder. According to Statistics Canada, roughly 2.4 million Canadians — nearly nine per cent of the working-age population — engaged in some form of gig work in 2022.

This is especially true for freelancers, who must constantly seek out new clients and new income streams to advance. For women, advancing this way comes with added challenges. Our research shows that they hit a different kind of invisible barrier — the “glass wall.”

The freelancing catch-22

Freelancers face a well-documented dilemma: you need experience to get hired, but you need to get hired to gain experience.

The standard advice is to start as a specialist, build a reputation, then gradually branch out into new areas of work. A songwriter may focus on specializing in writing top lines but later take on writing lyrics. A cinematographer might move into production design. This kind of lateral expansion is meant to signal ambition and versatility.

In our research, we tested whether this advice works equally for men and women by tracking the careers of more than 8,000 K-pop songwriters.

When men expanded into new work roles, they were seen as strategic and ambitious, and their career prospects improved. But when women made the exact same move, they were perceived as less in control of their careers, and their prospects did not improve. This is the glass wall in action: the invisible barrier that limits women’s career opportunities when they try to expand into new roles.

In two follow-up experiments with participants from South Korea and the United States, we found that these patterns stem from gender stereotypes about agency. Agency — the sense that a person is acting deliberately and on their own terms — is a trait that is historically associated with men more than women.

Men’s lateral moves are read as deliberate career moves, while women’s are read as reactions to circumstance — signs they are impulsive, accommodating or that they failed in their original role. That gap in perceived agency, in turn, lowers how competent and committed women are seen to be.

Not just a freelancing problem

Although we identified the glass wall in freelancing, the dynamic almost certainly extends into conventional workplaces as well. The modern workplace increasingly expects employees to manage their own career trajectories.

Employees are expected to negotiate customized work arrangements, take on responsibilities outside their original job descriptions and signal their versatility through lateral moves.

In all of these cases, workers are doing something similar to the role expansion we studied: branching into new areas under conditions of ambiguity, where it is hard for others to evaluate their competence upfront.

Our theory predicts that in these situations — where workers have autonomy and evaluations are uncertain — gender stereotypes can creep in.

The presence of a glass wall matters now more than ever. The McKinsey Women in the Workplace report found that up to 19 per cent of organizations have scaled back flexible work options and up to 17 per cent have reduced diversity and inclusion resources.

The pay data tells a similar story. Statistics Canada data from 2025 shows that women aged 15 and older earned 88 cents for every dollar earned by men, and the gap is wider still for racialized and Indigenous women. In the United States, women now earn 82 cents per dollar.

Among freelancers, the gap is larger still. A 2024 analysis found that women quote approximately 10 per cent lower hourly rates than men. With fewer structures governing how lateral moves are evaluated, gender stereotypes are more likely to shape who gets the next opportunity.

What can be done

Addressing the glass wall requires action on several fronts. Most companies track whether men and women are promoted at equal rates. However, few track what happens when employees move sideways. Auditing lateral move outcomes by gender would be a practical first step.

For clients and hiring managers, the glass wall represents a missed opportunity. Women with multiple skill sets are, in effect, an undervalued talent pool; they are likely to be discounted not because of ability, but because of bias.

Freelancers themselves can take steps too. In our interviews with K-pop songwriters, several women told us that presenting under an incorporated business name, rather than their personal name, helped redirect clients’ attention from gender cues to their portfolio alone. This small shift can change the frame substantially.

Finally, for policymakers, accredited certification schemes for skill expansion could help all freelancers, especially women, to credibly signal their investment in new roles. When credentials carry real weight, evaluators have less reason to fall back on gut feelings shaped by stereotypes.

The rise of freelancing and flexible work was supposed to free people from the biases embedded in corporate bureaucracy. Research on gender stereotypes has long suggested that bias does not disappear when formal structures are removed, but rather expands into the space left behind. Our findings bear that out.

As careers become more fluid and self-directed, we need to pay attention not just to who gets promoted, but to who gets credit for growing sideways. The glass wall may be invisible, but its consequences are not.

The Conversation

Yonghoon Lee received funding from Hong Kong Research Grants Council (ECS:26504918), which was completed on 2021

Christy Zhou Koval and Susie Lee do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Women who expand their freelance careers hit a different kind of glass ceiling — the glass wall – https://theconversation.com/women-who-expand-their-freelance-careers-hit-a-different-kind-of-glass-ceiling-the-glass-wall-280416

Another alleged attempt on Trump’s life: Is it a political lifeline or a damaging sign of weakness?

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By James K. Rowe, Associate Professor of Political Ecology, University of Victoria

United States President Donald Trump has apparently dodged yet another bullet.

If history is any indication, the latest alleged attempt on his life at the White House Correspondents dinner couldn’t have happened at a better time given his sagging popularity. But amid widespread skepticism and the Trump team’s efforts to promote the construction of a White House ballroom in the immediate aftermath of the shooting, it’s far from clear whether this incident will benefit the president.

Assassination attempts often make elected politicians more popular. In 1981, Ronald Reagan was shot in the same Washington Hilton Hotel that was the site of Trump’s latest assassination attempt. Reagan’s approval ratings jumped after he survived the attack.

Why does political violence help bolster approval ratings?

The obvious answer is that being subject to violence can humanize victims, softening criticism from supporters and critics alike.

The less obvious reason is that dodging or surviving bullets can super-humanize politicians, making them seem “touched” by God or like they have command over the vital powers of life and death.

Trump as superhero

When Trump lifted his fist in defiance, a trickle of blood on his face in Butler, Pa., a few months before the 2024 presidential election, he created an iconic image that bolstered his campaign and created a myth of invincibility.

This is the same man who claimed in 2016 that he “could stand in the middle of Fifth Avenue and shoot somebody, and…wouldn’t lose any voters.” Despite two impeachments, convictions on 34 felony charges, an admission of sexual assault on a hot microphone and multiple assault allegations, Trump was re-elected in 2024. Where others might have whithered, his forward march continued.

While Trump once claimed the ability to shoot people in downtown Manhattan and survive politically, the Butler shooting gave the impression that he himself could also be shot without losing his life, that he isn’t subject to normal vulnerabilities and that he is somehow superhuman. Trump himself has cited divine intervention as key to his ongoing survival despite multiple assassination attempts.

Terror management

Terror management theory (TMT) is a school of psychology that tracks how our relationships to life and death shape political outcomes.

According to TMT, we cope with our anxieties about death by pursuing “earthly heroism” — meaning we seek esteem according to our chosen world views. There is a growing body of experimental evidence to support this hypothesis.

Trump is walking confirmation of TMT.

He is a known germaphobe obsessed with perceptions of vitality. He obsesses over his hair since he sees baldness as weakness and defeat. By ruthlessly pursuing money — the measure of worth in capitalist economies — and by stamping his name on everything from buildings, vodka and Bibles, he has sought heroism. Even before he ran for president, you could buy a Trump-branded action figure.

According to American anthropologist Ernest Becker, whose Pulitzer Prize-winning book The Denial of Death laid the intellectual groundwork for TMT:

“The real world …tells man that he is a small trembling animal who will decay and die. Illusion changes all this, makes man seem important, vital to the universe, immortal in some way.”

From his fixation on gold, grandiosity and golden locks despite his age, Trump is a master of illusion, crafting a mirage of super heroism for his MAGA base.

Heroism can also be pursued vicariously. This is something many of us do with our preferred sport teams, celebrities and politicians, feeling their victories and losses like our own.

Good timing?

Trump’s victory over death in Butler two years ago — an incident that is now being questioned even by his MAGA supporters — helped carry him across the finish line. His chief of staff, Susie Wiles, said Butler was a “big part” of his victory in 2024.

And so what to make of the recent apparent attempt on his life? Will it help resuscitate his historically low approval ratings?




Read more:
Donald Trump’s US ratings fall to a record low amid Iran war


In crass political terms, historical precedent suggests the assassination attempt couldn’t have happened at a better time. Tarred by his association with deceased pedophile Jeffrey Epstein and prosecuting an unpopular war of choice against Iran that is costing billions while raising gas prices for voters, Trump needed a lifeline.

The timing is so good for him that conspiracy theories immediately began to swirl that the attack was an inside job aimed at bolstering Trump’s slumping approval ratings.

Avoiding political death?

It is unlikely, however, that this recent incident will stave off political death. After the political failures of the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), the Epstein files and a risky war with no clear exit, Trump is politically weakened.




Read more:
Panicking scientists, canceled experiments – federal funding cuts turned my work as a research dean into crisis management


Influential members of his own base, including former Fox News pundit Tucker Carlson, are no longer lionizing him, instead musing whether he might be the anti-Christ.

Images from the recent shooting suggest weakness, not vitality. Secret service agents struggled to get him out of his seat likely due to ongoing mobility issues (though Trump claims his sluggishness was due to courageously overseeing the action).

Likewise, instead of lifting his fist triumphantly like in Butler, Trump fell down as he was rushed off stage (again, he claims he was told to get down, but his exit looks weak).

A report on the apparent assassination attempt in Washington, D.C. (CNN)

While his team will spin the latest shooting as further evidence of his super humanity, Trump is looking more politically and existentially mortal by the day.

Trump had his time in the sun, but like Icarus, his hubris and overreach are finally melting his wings. While illusion can obscure the inevitable for a while, what goes up must always come down.

The Conversation

James K. Rowe does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Another alleged attempt on Trump’s life: Is it a political lifeline or a damaging sign of weakness? – https://theconversation.com/another-alleged-attempt-on-trumps-life-is-it-a-political-lifeline-or-a-damaging-sign-of-weakness-281675

Climate policy isn’t partisan — research suggests more on the right support it than oppose it

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Emily Huddart, Professor of Sociology, University of British Columbia

Climate change has become entangled in partisan politics. In Canada, as in other countries, climate concern and support for climate policy are often coded as left-leaning positions. Meanwhile, climate change skepticism or denial is more likely to be espoused by those on the political right.

This pattern helps explain why those on the political left are consistently more likely than those on the right to accept climate science and support action to address climate change. But how big a gap is there between the left and the right in Canada? And what explains differences in levels of support for climate policy?

Our recent representative survey of Canadians, conducted in the summer of 2024, set out to answer these questions. Using a telephone survey, we gathered responses from 2,503 Canadians across the country.

We asked about their support for climate policies, their feelings about ordinary people on the left and the right, as well as their political ideology, where they live, and whether they had economic ties to the oil and gas industry.

We also examined how people feel about political groups. Political scientists refer to this feeling as affective polarization — the extent to which people feel warmth toward their own political side and hostility toward the other.

We focused our analysis on the political right. Respondents identifying as politically left-leaning showed consistently high support for climate policy, leaving little variation to explain. Those on the right expressed a wider range of views. Contrary to common assumptions, we found that more people on the right supported climate policy than opposed it. The next question is what explains the differences within the right.

Affective polarization

A commonly cited explanation for different levels of support for climate policy is economic self-interest. This factor is particularly relevant for provinces like Alberta, where the oil and gas sector plays a major role in employment and government revenue. Qualitative researchers have argued that people with ties to this industry are less likely to support climate policy.

However, we found that having ties to the oil and gas sector did not significantly predict their support for climate policy. Likewise, the degree of conservatism — whether someone identified as centre-right or far-right — didn’t make conservatives less likely to support climate policy either.

There were modest regional differences. Respondents in the Prairie provinces expressed somewhat lower levels of support compared with those in Atlantic Canada and Québec. However, region explained only a small portion of the variation within the political right.

What mattered most was affective polarization.

Negative feelings toward the left and positive feelings toward the right were by far the strongest predictors of climate policy attitudes, and explained the most variation in support.

In simple terms, people on the right who felt the most hostility toward the left, and the most warmth toward the right, were more likely to oppose climate policy.

Implications for climate change politics

These findings have important implications for how climate conversations unfold in Canada.

Avoiding political discussion with people on the opposing side of the issue may be counterproductive. Many people steer clear of contentious topics in everyday conversation, especially with those they disagree with.

At the same time, social media environments often reinforce existing views by connecting people with like-minded others. The result is fewer opportunities for meaningful exchange across political divides.

Such exchanges can help reduce polarization, but only under certain conditions.

When discussions are framed as attempts to persuade or “win,” they often entrench existing positions. When they are approached as opportunities to understand another person’s perspective, they can reduce hostility and open space for dialogue.

People rarely change their views in response to arguments alone. Instead, attitudes are shaped over time through relationships, experiences and social context. Conversations that build trust and mutual understanding are more likely to shift perspectives than those focused on delivering facts.

If opposition to climate policy is rooted in social and political identity, then strategies for building support need to reflect that reality. This doesn’t mean abandoning efforts to implement climate policies. It suggests that building broader support for climate action will require engaging people across political lines in ways that reduce, rather than heighten, partisan divisions.

In real terms, this will mean finding core needs that Canadians have in common and seeking policies that can have climate benefits while meeting those core needs.

Climate change is a complex and urgent challenge. Addressing it will require not only technological and policy solutions, but also social ones. Creating space for constructive, respectful conversations across political differences may be one of the most important and overlooked parts of that effort.

The Conversation

Emily Huddart receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to conduct this research.

Tony Silva received funding (as co-applicant) from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada to conduct this research.

ref. Climate policy isn’t partisan — research suggests more on the right support it than oppose it – https://theconversation.com/climate-policy-isnt-partisan-research-suggests-more-on-the-right-support-it-than-oppose-it-280912

Benin election: Wadagni’s landslide win raises questions about his legitimacy

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Narcisse Martial Yèdji, Sociologue politiste et enseignant-chercheur, University d’Abomey-Calavi de Bénin

Romuald Wadagni won the 2026 presidential election in Benin with over 94% of the vote. Wadagni, 50, is a technocrat who became an influential finance minister under Patrice Talon from 2016 until his election.

The Beninese political system is a pluralist democracy organised around a presidential system, with regular elections and political alternation. It is also characterised by a strict institutional framework governing electoral competition, particularly since recent reforms.

The outcome raises questions about the current dynamics of Benin’s political system. How should the 2026 presidential results be interpreted in a context marked by reforms to the party system and the electoral framework? Political sociologist Narcisse M. Yèdji offers some insights.


How do you interpret the 94% result?

With the current national political climate, the landslide victory raises several questions. At first glance, the results suggest very strong support for the presidential majority. Statistically, this means a very low dispersion of votes between the two competing duos: the winning ticket formed by Romuald Wadagni and Mariam Chabi Talata, and the one formed by Paul Hounkpè and Rock Judicaël Hounwanou. More broadly, such a scenario is typical of electoral contexts where the opposition plays only a formal role and has no real chance of winning.

That said, the enormous margin between the two main candidates may also reflect strong support for the winning pair, giving the impression of a broad consensus in their favour.

Clearly, recent changes introduced to the country’s party system and the electoral code have tilted the balance in favour of the ruling party. Such a victory was predictable. The margin, however, was not.

A comparison with the 2021 presidential election places the 2026 result in a broader perspective. The 2021 election was won by Patrice Talon with 86% of the vote. The race was slightly more open. It involved a larger number of candidates: three pairs in total.

The statements are not contradictory. In a context where the political offer is restricted, voters have several options: either to stay at home, or to cast a default vote. Therefore, the 94% may reflect strong popular support. Or, given the limited set of choices, it may reflect the option of a default vote. The 2026 landslide victory can thus be read as a reflection of growing electoral support for the incumbent administration.

The latest complete overhaul of the rules of political competition left voters without meaningful and credible alternatives, thereby increasing the likelihood of people voting by default.

However, what might appear to be a gradual consolidation of electoral support for the ruling party could, in fact, be the effect of these reforms. The endorsement system, in particular, has played a key role in shaping how votes are distributed. It is a system that requires any presidential candidate to obtain the formal support of a certain number of elected officials (members of parliament or mayors) in order to be eligible to run. The threshold, initially set at 10% (16 endorsements), was raised to 15% in 2024 (28 endorsements), making it harder for the main opposition party to enter the race, as it was unable to secure the required number of endorsements.

It is therefore misleading to view the presidential ticket’s success as mere coincidence. A more realistic reading points to a long-matured political project, executed with cold calculation by those in power.




Read more:
Présidentielle au Bénin : comment les réformes politiques sous Patrice Talon ont remodelé la compétition électorale


There are two issues at stake. First, avoiding any risk of retaliation from a resentful successor. The long siege of more than 50 days imposed by security forces on former president Thomas Boni Yayi’s residence after the controversial 2019 legislative election lends weight to this argument. Second, to enable reforms and economic transformation projects to continue, while reducing political uncertainty.

In 2025, Talon had, in fact, hinted at his wish to pass the baton to a successor who would “not undo” his reform programme.

From this perspective, Wadagni’s success is no accident. It is the planned outcome of political system designed to ensure its own continuity.

How do you interpret the voter turnout?

A comparison with previous presidential elections highlights a mixed trend in voter turnout. The 2026 turnout was 63.57%. That is higher than 2021’s 50.17% turnout. However, civil society disputes that 2021 figure, claiming it was actually 26.47%. These turnout rates (for the 2021 and 2026 presidential runs) contrast sharply with recent legislative elections. Turnout was 27.12% in 2019; 38.66% in 2023; 36.74% in 2026.

This contrast reveals a hierarchy among elections. Presidental elections draw stronger turnout, even without real electoral options. For many citizens, electing the head of state is a central political moment.

However, the higher turnout for 2026 (63.57%) should not be interpreted as a revival of political interest. Voter participation has steadily declined since 2006. It averaged at 74.85% in 2006 and 84.82% in 2011.

There is another important reading from the 2026 presidential elections. The relatively high voter turnout of 63.57% happened at the same time as the electoral choices narrowed. In other words, turnout does not appear to be conditioned by the perception of effective pluralism in the electoral process.

Ultimately, these changes reflect how citizens relate to elections. Presidential votes still hold some appeal. Yet, the broader electoral trend remains one of growing abstention and mistrust.

This trend can clearly be linked to a limited belief in the effectiveness of the voting process. It may also stem from a narrower range of electoral choices. If a restricted political offer appears not to affect electoral participation, this does not imply that those who went to vote fully trust the electoral process.

It is entirely possible to be distrustful of the system while still voting, especially when abstention is not perceived as the best option.

Finally, it may be indicative of shifting social expectations regarding political representation.

What are the main challenges facing the new president?

Several challenges await the new president. The first is political legitimacy. Many see his term as a direct continuation of Talon’s rule. For them, Wadagni is his designated successor.




Read more:
Au Bénin, le bilan de Patrice Talon à l’épreuve des élections législatives


From this perspective, the new president appears to be both heir and hostage. He inherits the previous administration’s achievements. But he also inherits its liabilities. This raises a central question: can he build an independent authority of his own?

The central challenge of his term, therefore, is to distance himself from this divisive political legacy. He must build an image as an independent president. Wadagni has stated that his predecessor would “step aside” if he wins. But, doubts remain about whether this promised distance will become reality.

On the institutional front, the new president inherits a fragile executive branch. Parliament owes full allegiance to Talon. The Senate could also limit his room for action.

From the first challenge stems the second: restoring trust between politics and people. The outgoing president will sit in the Senate and is likely to remain, for years to come, one of the country’s most influential political figures. Meeting this challenge will undoubtedly depend on how the public will perceive Talon’s influence on government affairs from within the Senate.

Restoring trust between the political sphere and the people means winning back voters who have walked away from electoral processes. This will require credible actions that must prove renewed approach to governance.

The legitimacy of the new president’s policies may depend on this effort.

Beyond that, the deepest challenge might be national reconciliation. Recent political dynamics such as the electoral reforms appear to have contributed to deepening divisions among Beninese citizens. To ensure long term stability, the new president will need to take credible actions to ease tensions and rebuild social cohesion.

For this to happen, strong actions are expected quickly after his inauguration, especially on highly sensitive issues:

  • security issues in the northern border regions exposed to terrorist threats

  • economic and social issues, including the cost of living, improving purchasing power, youth employment, and reducing wage inequalities

  • political and institutional issues, including “political prisoners”, exiles, and those in similar situations; easing the tax burden; and rebuilding public trust in institutions.

Amid the profound political and institutional changes underway, Wadagni’s ability to meet all these expectations will shape his legitimacy. It will also determine the overall success of his seven-year term.

The Conversation

Narcisse Martial Yèdji does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Benin election: Wadagni’s landslide win raises questions about his legitimacy – https://theconversation.com/benin-election-wadagnis-landslide-win-raises-questions-about-his-legitimacy-281005

Why the dawn chorus sounds different from place to place

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Carlos Abrahams, Senior Lecturer in Environmental Assessment – Director of Ecoacoustics, Nottingham Trent University

Zeno Swijtink/Shutterstock

Each May, nature lovers get out of bed early to experience the seasonal wonder of birds singing, as the sun rises above the horizon to take part in International Dawn Chorus Day.

In Europe you may hear blackbirds, chiffchaffs and nightingales. In the US, cardinals, chickadees and blue jays. In East Africa, morning thrush, hornbills and wood doves. Each with their own song.

There is no single dawn chorus, but the harmonies of hundreds of bird voices at first light change from place to place in a huge wave that surfs around the world as the planet rotates.

A dawn chorus is part of a wider soundscape – the interaction between biological sounds from birds and other animals (biophony), natural physical sounds such as wind or water (geophony) and human‑generated sounds like traffic (anthrophony). The dawn chorus is often the most prominent component of the soundscape at sunrise, but it never exists in isolation.

Scientists believe that birds structure their early morning singing in a way that prevents overlap and masking of each other’s vocalisations. They use different pitches and timings to partition and share the acoustic space. Birds in open landscapes such as grasslands use shorter, scratchier sounding song phrases, while birds in woodlands use longer whistling notes – each evolved to allow the best transmission of their song in their own habitat. So birdsong is filtered by trees, grasses, across water and through urban areas, to create a soundscape phenomenon that differs very clearly from region to region.

In the Caledonian pinewoods of northern Scotland, the first morning sounds are often geophonic: wind moving through tall pine canopies. Typically before first light, male western capercaillies gather together to vie for females. The males fan out their tail feathers, puff out their chests and produce a series of clicks, pops and wheezing notes. These are short‑range sounds, shaped by the open understorey and the resonant qualities of the forest.

Fieldwork in these woods has shown how these vocalisations are tied to group mating activity (known as lekking) and can be used to assess the populations of this rare and declining species. These sounds indicate a specialised habitat that has remained untouched for a long time? and without much human disturbance, where the secretive birds can go about their lives, while contributing to the distinctive acoustic character of the pinewoods.

Move to a lowland heath in southern England though, and the differences are immediate. The geophony shifts to the dry hiss of wind across heather and scattered gorse. The dawn biophony is dominated by an assemblage of species that are rare across Europe. The nightjar might have been producing its continuous churring since well before first light. Woodlarks add clear, falling song phrases, while Dartford warblers deliver rapid, scratchy calls from gorse clumps. Research on heathland species has shown how these calls are useful indicators of local habitat quality and structure.

In urban areas, birds have to compete with the noises made by people and their machines. Cars, motorbikes, trains. Sirens and alarms. Nightclubs and pubs. The urban architecture often makes this worse, with reflective hard surfaces bouncing these noises around the streets, instead of absorbing them as natural spaces would.

Birds have to adjust their behaviour around this. Some advance or delay the timing of their singing; others increase volume or shift pitch to higher frequencies. Large‑scale studies indicate that spring soundscapes across Europe and the US are becoming quieter and less varied, due to changes and declines in bird communities, linked to climate change and habitat loss.

Because many people hear birds more often than they see them, changes in soundscape complexity can be one of the earliest signs that local biodiversity is under pressure. Long‑term listeners of bird song – whether through formal monitoring or casual early‑morning walks – may be detecting real ecological change.

Listen up

Understanding soundscapes can help make sense of these changes. A chorus lacking high‑frequency elements may indicate the loss of particular warblers; reduced low‑frequency components may point to declines in larger bird species.

Changes in the geophony, such as increased wind noise in fragmented woodland, can alter how well birds communicate. And increasing man-made noise can mask quieter species entirely, leading to an impression of silence even where birds are still present.

In the UK, pinewoods and heaths both depend upon active vegetation management for conservation and long‑term habitat stability. Maintaining these landscapes means maintaining the conditions that support their characteristic sounds.

Paying attention to how different places sound at first light can be a reminder that biodiversity is something we can hear as well as see. You can even compare it with the sounds that accompany sunrise from other places. Arts cooperative SoundCamp’s Reveil project offers a 24‑hour broadcast that relays sunrise sounds from microphones around the world, allowing us to track the soundscape as the Earth rotates through one full day each spring.

A dawn chorus is more than an aesthetic experience: it is a summary of local ecology, habitat condition and the pressures shaping both.

The Conversation

Carlos Abrahams is director of Naturesound Ltd, an ecoacoustics consultancy. He is a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management.

ref. Why the dawn chorus sounds different from place to place – https://theconversation.com/why-the-dawn-chorus-sounds-different-from-place-to-place-279906

Les baobabs de Madagascar renferment 700 ans de secrets climatiques : ce qu’ils révèlent

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Estelle Razanatsoa, Junior Research Fellow, University of Cape Town

Madagascar abrite sept espèces de baobabs, dont six ne se trouvent nulle part ailleurs sur la planète. Bon nombre de ces arbres ont plus de 1 000 ans. Ces arbres millénaires sont devenus les symboles mêmes de Madagascar. Ils constituent également une mine d’informations pour la science du climat.

Imaginez ces arbres comme des classeurs contenant l’histoire du climat. Chaque année, lorsqu’un arbre grandit, il forme un nouvel anneau, et à l’intérieur de cet anneau se trouvent des empreintes chimiques qui révèlent la quantité de pluie tombée cette année-là.

Ces archives pourraient fournir à la société les informations dont elle a besoin sur l’histoire climatique de Madagascar. Mais jusqu’à présent, ces informations étaient cachées dans les troncs des arbres.

Nous sommes une équipe de paléoécologistes appliqués et de climatologues qui nous sommes donné pour mission de fournir le tout premier enregistrement des précipitations à partir des cernes des arbres reconstitué à partir des isotopes présents dans les anneaux de baobabs de Madagascar.




Read more:
Les anciennes forêts de baobabs de Madagascar sont restaurées par les communautés, avec l’aide de l’intelligence artificielle


Les isotopes sont des formes différentes d’un même élément chimique qui ont le même nombre de protons mais un nombre différent de neutrons dans leur noyau. Les baobabs absorbent le dioxyde de carbone, qui contient trois isotopes du carbone : le carbone 12 (léger, le plus courant), le carbone 13 (lourd, stable mais moins courant) et le carbone 14 (rare et radioactif).

Le processus chimique est élégant : lors des années sèches, les arbres absorbent davantage de carbone sous sa forme la plus lourde, car ils ferment leurs stomates pour conserver l’eau, ce qui entraîne une absorption plus importante de ¹³C par rapport aux conditions normales. Lors des années humides, ce signal diminue. En enchaînant suffisamment de ces signaux et en les combinant avec la datation au radiocarbone qui permet de déterminer l’âge des arbres, on obtient un pluviomètre naturel couvrant plusieurs siècles – le premier du genre jamais produit pour Madagascar.

Nos recherches visaient à enrichir les archives paléoclimatiques de Madagascar. Il s’agit d’enregistrements de température, de précipitations et de climat couvrant des siècles et des millénaires. Associés à d’autres indicateurs paléoécologiques tels que le pollen, ils aident à comprendre le fonctionnement et l’évolution des écosystèmes sur des centaines d’années.




Read more:
Comment les chauves-souris et les papillons de nuit préservent les baobabs d’Afrique


La plupart des archives paléoclimatiques de Madagascar se trouvent dans des gisements minéraux tels que les spéléothèmes, stalagmites et sédiments, et à ce jour, ils sont peu nombreux.

Bien que les scientifiques aient déjà utilisé cette méthode pour établir un enregistrement pluviométrique sur 1 000 ans à partir de baobabs en Afrique du Sud, cela n’avait jamais été tenté à Madagascar.

Notre objectif n’était pas uniquement académique. Ce type de données à long terme présente un intérêt direct et concret pour la conservation de la biodiversité, la gestion des terres et le renforcement de la résilience face au réchauffement climatique.

Du terrain au laboratoire

Nous avons prélevé des échantillons dans quatre grands baobabs du sud-ouest de Madagascar, la région la plus sèche de l’île. Nous y avons inséré une longue tarière, afin d’extraire des échantillons de leur cœur. Cette opération n’a pas endommagé les arbres. Le trou a ensuite été colmaté à l’aide d’un produit de scellement afin de prévenir toute détérioration causée par des insectes ou des champignons.

Nous avons prélevé des sous-échantillons sur toute la longueur de chaque cœur afin de pouvoir analyser les isotopes à différents moments. Plus de 2 000 échantillons ont été envoyés au Laboratoire de l’Institut de recherche sur les mammifères de l’Université de Pretoria pour l’analyse isotopique, et la datation au radiocarbone a été réalisée chez iThemba LABS. Cela nous a permis de reconstituer un enregistrement continu des précipitations remontant jusqu’à l’an 1300 – plus de 700 ans d’histoire climatique, inscrits dans le bois.

Ces données racontent une histoire dramatique. Le sud-ouest de Madagascar a connu sa période la plus humide entre 1350 et 1450. Celle-ci a été suivie d’une période de sécheresse prolongée et brutale de 1600 à 1750. De 1750 à aujourd’hui, le sud-ouest de Madagascar connaît une tendance à long terme de baisse des précipitations.

Nous ne nous sommes pas arrêtés là. Nous avons également prélevé des échantillons de sédiments et analysé des dépôts de charbon de bois, des grains de pollen et des isotopes conservés dans les zones humides voisines. Ce sont là aussi des archives naturelles qui retracent les changements en matière d’incendies et de végétation au cours de la même période. Nous les avons comparées aux échantillons prélevés sur les baobabs – et quelque chose d’important est apparu.

Les humains et le climat ont transformé Madagascar

Lorsqu’on compare les données pluviométriques des périodes humides et sèches obtenues à partir des baobabs avec les échantillons de pollen et de charbon de bois que nous avons prélevés ont révélé que les arbres à feuilles persistantes et caduques avaient diminué en raison de la sécheresse, et avaient été remplacés au fil du temps par de l’herbe. Les pratiques agricoles humaines ont contribué à maintenir des paysages dominés par l’herbe par le biais des feux et du défrichage.

En d’autres termes, nous avons découvert que les changements du paysage dans le sud-ouest de Madagascar n’étaient pas causés uniquement par les humains ou le climat. La sécheresse et l’activité humaine ont remodelé le territoire de concert.

Nous avons également constaté que, fait remarquable, le paysage s’est révélé résilient. À mesure que les précipitations diminuaient, des espèces végétales adaptées à la sécheresse ont pris le relais des espèces gourmandes en eau. Les humains (qui se seraient installés à Madagascar il y a environ 2 000 ans) ont également abandonné la chasse et la cueillette pour se lancer dans l’élevage et la riziculture, à l’exception des communautés Mikea qui ont adopté des pratiques saisonnières en matière d’agriculture et de chasse-cueillette.

Cela montre que les populations ont activement trouvé de nouveaux moyens de survivre à des pluies de plus en plus imprévisibles en adaptant leurs modes de subsistance à l’évolution du paysage.

Ce que cela signifie pour les Malgaches aujourd’hui

Cette étude semble être l’histoire d’une île isolée, mais ses implications sont immédiates et mondiales.

En déterminant avec précision quand la région la plus aride de Madagascar était humide, sèche et tout ce qui se trouve entre les deux sur une période de 700 ans, les scientifiques disposent désormais d’une nouvelle base de référence solide pour évaluer ce qui pourrait se passer avec le changement climatique actuel.

Nos découvertes sur les baobabs, combinées à des échantillons de pollen et de charbon de bois, ont permis de dresser un tableau de la couverture végétale du sud-ouest de Madagascar au fil des siècles. L’utilisation de ces données à long terme (données paléoclimatiques, végétales et de charbon de bois) sur l’ensemble de l’île a contribué à des recherches existantes qui réfutent le récit colonial selon lequel Madagascar était entièrement boisé avant que les humains ne s’y installent et ne détruisent les forêts. Au contraire, nos résultats montrent également la présence d’une végétation plus clairsemée et indiquent que les populations et le paysage se sont adaptés ensemble au changement climatique.

Ce qu’il faut faire ensuite

Nos recherches précédentes ont fourni aux scientifiques et aux gouvernements les informations nécessaires pour comprendre comment les écosystèmes pourraient réagir au réchauffement climatique et comment les populations pourraient adapter leurs stratégies de subsistance en période de sécheresse.

Cette nouvelle étude montre qu’il existe un lien profond entre les sociétés humaines et le monde naturel. Renforcer la résilience face au changement climatique signifie aujourd’hui comprendre comment cette relation s’est développée au fil des siècles, et non pas seulement des décennies.

Cela permettra aux stratégies intégrées de conservation et de subsistance de s’appuyer sur les données climatiques, et aux communautés d’obtenir le soutien dont elles ont besoin pour continuer à s’adapter et à trouver des moyens nouveaux et différents de survivre dans un climat plus chaud et plus sec.




Read more:
Le baobab est un super-aliment de plus en plus prisé dans le monde : une mauvaise nouvelle pour cet arbre sacré d’Afrique


Notre étude sera combinée à d’autres menées à travers l’Afrique australe, reliant les données de Madagascar à celles du Botswana, de l’Afrique du Sud et d’ailleurs. Cela aidera les scientifiques à dresser un tableau complet du climat régional.

Cette recherche doit alimenter les politiques. Les données écologiques à long terme de ce type ont une pertinence directe pour les objectifs mondiaux en matière d’action climatique, de protection de la biodiversité, de réduction de la pauvreté et de collaboration scientifique internationale. Le passé a beaucoup à nous apprendre – si nous prenons le temps de le décoder et de le lire.

The Conversation

Estelle Razanatsoa bénéficie d’un financement au titre de la bourse de doctorat de la Faculté (Université du Cap, ER.) 2015-2018 et du projet du Centre appliqué pour les sciences du climat et des systèmes terrestres (ACCESS NRF UID 98018, ER), du regroupement accrédité par le Comité de recherche universitaire (URC) de l’UCT, d’une bourse de recherche junior (2023-2026) et d’une aide supplémentaire liée à la COVID-19 de l’URC de l’Université du Cap, 2019-2020. Ces bailleurs de fonds n’ont joué aucun rôle dans la conception de l’étude, la collecte et l’analyse des données, la décision de publier ou la préparation du manuscrit.

Lindsey Gillson a bénéficié d’un financement du NRF/SASSCAL (Centre de services scientifiques d’Afrique australe pour le changement climatique et la gestion adaptative des terres, numéro de subvention 118589, LG), de la plateforme NRF/African Origins (numéro de subvention 117666, LG) et du programme compétitif du NRF pour les chercheurs classés (numéro de subvention 118538, LG). Ces bailleurs de fonds n’ont joué aucun rôle dans la conception de l’étude, la collecte et l’analyse des données, la décision de publier ou la préparation du manuscrit.

Malika Virah-Sawmy does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Les baobabs de Madagascar renferment 700 ans de secrets climatiques : ce qu’ils révèlent – https://theconversation.com/les-baobabs-de-madagascar-renferment-700-ans-de-secrets-climatiques-ce-quils-revelent-281371

Humidity and heat are killers for tropical birds – waxbill and hornbill studies highlight the dangers

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Andrew McKechnie, Professor of Zoology and South African Research Chair-holder, University of Pretoria

Humans are not the only species negatively affected by increasingly hot and humid conditions. Intense heatwaves sometimes kill large numbers of wild animals. Eastern Australia’s giant fruit bats, known as flying-foxes, provide possibly the most dramatic illustration. In late 2018, two days of extreme heat in the far north of Queensland wiped out one third of Australia’s population of spectacled flying-foxes. The species is now red-listed as endangered.

Bat biologists have identified high humidity as a major risk factor for these mass mortality events.

In late 2020, South Africa saw its first documented heat-related mass mortality event involving wild birds. Air temperatures in the typically humid Phongolo Nature Reserve in northern KwaZulu-Natal exceeded 45°C, about 10°C higher than average conditions. Staff in the reserve started seeing dead and dying birds. Most of the victims were songbirds, which are known to be more sensitive to extreme heat than many other groups of birds.

Of these, the worst-affected species was the blue waxbill, a charming little finch with a powder-blue face and belly that spends most of its time foraging for grass seeds in small flocks.

Blue waxbills made up nearly half the carcasses found by field rangers when they searched part of the reserve after the heat had passed.

The Phongolo mortality event added to the urgency of our research programme on the effects of climate change on Africa’s birds. The blue waxbills’ prominence among the victims identified them as a bellwether of the impacts of extreme heat on birds in the wetter south-eastern parts of the continent.

Since 2009, we have been leading a research team spanning the universities of Cape Town, Pretoria and several other local and overseas institutions. The over-arching goal of our research is understanding how climate change is affecting birds and other wildlife and developing methods to predict future effects.

Our expertise is mainly in behavioural ecology (Susie Cunningham) and evolutionary physiology (Andrew McKechnie). This combination has proven ideal for investigating how rising temperatures affect animals’ survival and reproduction.

Why humidity can be a killer

During hot weather, humans and other animals depend on evaporation to offload heat. Evaporation may take place by sweating (the major cooling mechanism for humans), through panting (your dog on a hot day) or other pathways. The process of changing liquid water (sweat or saliva) into water vapour uses heat, so it cools the source of the water (the body). But the air is like a sponge: when it’s already humid (wet), the air can’t hold much more water vapour.

These conditions impede evaporation and thus heat loss. On a 40°C day in a desert like the Kalahari or Sahara, evaporative cooling is efficient because the air is dry and sweat can evaporate as soon as it reaches the skin’s surface. At the same temperature on a humid day in the coastal tropics, however, sweat cannot evaporate and forms drops on the skin. This severely reduces rates of heat loss.

If body temperature increases more than a few degrees above normal levels, nervous system function is compromised, organ damage starts to occur and proteins begin denaturing. This breakdown of physiological functioning can rapidly lead to death.

The journey

In early 2022, just over a year after the waxbill event, our Masters student Nazley Liddle set out to examine the role high humidity had played in the deaths of the waxbills. She also aimed to predict areas where risks of mortality will increase in future.

Nazley investigated the waxbills’ capacity to regulate their body temperature over a range of air temperatures and humidity levels. Her results confirmed that high humidity severely compromises the birds’ ability to avoid dangerous hyperthermia (getting too hot).

For example, she found that blue waxbills can tolerate air temperature up to 48°C under dry conditions, whereas under humid conditions similar to those on the day of the Phongolo mortality event they are unable to maintain a safe body temperature if air temperature exceeds 45.7°C.

Nazley then modelled how the waxbills will fare under hotter, more humid future conditions. The modelling showed that likelihood of mass mortality events for waxbills (and other birds with similar physiology) will increase greatly in coming decades. This ranged across much of Kruger National Park, south-eastern Zimbabwe and large parts of southern and central Mozambique, including the ferociously hot Zambezi Valley.

Predicted risk of mortality becomes three to seven times higher when humidity is taken into account, compared to increasing temperature alone. Many of these areas will simply become too hot and humid during the wet season for the species to persist.

The blue waxbill study should set alarm bells ringing. Most of Earth’s 11,000 bird species occur in the tropics, many experiencing hot, humid conditions for at least part of the year.

Another recent paper from our team reveals similar increases in projected future risks of lethal hyperthermia for trumpeter hornbills. This large, fruit-eating forest species found in southern Africa plays a critical role in seed dispersal. Although biologists have often viewed tropical lowlands as safe habitats for birds from the point of view of their physiological functioning, our work is showing that increasing humidity coupled with rising temperatures poses a serious threat to birds, bats and other animals of the tropics.

There are worrying signs that climate change has already caused widespread declines in tropical birds. During 2025, several teams of researchers reported substantial declines in bird abundance, even in intact rainforests that have not been affected directly by human activities such as slash-and-burn agriculture.

Most recently, population declines of 25%-38% since 1950 among tropical birds have been attributed to increasingly extreme heat events. Tellingly, these declines have been more pronounced in songbirds compared to other groups. Rising temperature and humidity is a global-scale problem. The only long-term solution is halting human-driven climate warming.

The Conversation

Andrew McKechnie receives funding from the National Research Foundation and University of Pretoria.

Susan Cunningham receives funding from the National Research Foundation and the University of Cape Town.

ref. Humidity and heat are killers for tropical birds – waxbill and hornbill studies highlight the dangers – https://theconversation.com/humidity-and-heat-are-killers-for-tropical-birds-waxbill-and-hornbill-studies-highlight-the-dangers-271634