James Watson, el ‘Picasso’ del genoma

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Lluís Montoliu, Investigador científico del CSIC, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB – CSIC)

James D. Watson Cold Spring Harbor Laboratoryderivative work: Jan Arkesteijn, CC BY

Estamos de luto en Biología, y también en Química, y por supuesto en la combinación de las mismas (Bioquímica). El jueves 6 de noviembre falleció James Watson (1928-2025), a los 97 años. Y al despedirle se mezclan en nuestra memoria (y en los comentarios que se publican en las redes sociales) sus méritos, sus virtudes y también sus “maldades”, esas opiniones indefendibles que contaminaron el tramo final de su carrera.

Al fin y al cabo, Watson era una persona, un ser complejo, como cualquiera de nosotros: los humanos somos una amalgama de comportamientos y acciones que nos definen. En mi humilde opinión, al recordarle deberíamos diferenciar sus aportaciones a la ciencia de las acciones e ideas que manifestó como ser humano.

Nos encanta pensar que todos aquellos artistas o científicos que destacan por sus aportaciones fundamentales a la historia de la humanidad deben ser también un dechado de virtud humana, pero la realidad es siempre más complicada. Sin ir más lejos, a mi me sigue conmoviendo plantarme delante del Guernica de Picasso, en el Museo Reina Sofía. Es un cuadro que transmite todo el horror de la guerra civil, y sigo disfrutándolo incluso después de saber que Picasso fue un maltratador psicológico de sus mujeres. No por tener esos comportamientos altamente reprobables deja de ser uno de los mejores pintores de la historia.

Algo parecido me ocurre con uno de los libros que más disfruté en mi juventud, El tambor de hojalata, obra cumbre antibelicista de Günther Grass, publicada en 1959, que explica lo acontecido en la segunda guerra mundial a través de la mirada y las vivencias de un niño. La película fue llevada al cine en 1979 por Volker Schlöndorff y ganó un Óscar. Y sigo pensando que tanto el libro como la película son magistrales, aún después de conocer que Grass confesó haber colaborado con el régimen nazi en su juventud durante la segunda guerra mundial.

Watson y Crick, una pareja histórica

La estructura de doble hélice de una molécula de ADN descrita por James Watson y Francis Crick en Nature en 1953.

La estructura de la doble hélice del ADN. La única figura que ilustra el artículo de Watson y Crick en Nature de 1953. James Watson se puede considerar una figura irrepetible. Inteligente, valiente, sagaz, astuto, de verbo fácil, pero también misógino, soberbio, con facilidad para la humillación o para lanzar comentarios hirientes, sorpresivos, a diestro y siniestro.

Junto a Francis Crick, forma parte de una de las parejas más famosas de la historia de la bioquímica. El motivo es obvio: en 1953 publicaron su obra cumbre en la revista Nature, un artículo de apenas dos páginas (en realidad una página y unas pocas líneas de la segunda página) y una sola figura que cambió para siempre la historia de la ciencia. En ese artículo describían la estructura del ADN como una doble hélice, antiparalela, complementaria, con una sucesión de surcos mayores y menores. Esto explicaba la perpetuación de la secuencia del ADN al replicarse, la transferencia de información, algo absolutamente genial que nos metió en una nueva etapa de la biología: la biología molecular. Watson tenía entonces solamente 25 años.

Al final del artículo de Watson & Crick, publicado el 23 de abril de 1953, aparece uno de los párrafos más famosos e influyentes de la ciencia moderna:

“No nos ha pasado desapercibido que el emparejamiento específico que hemos postulado sugiere inmediatamente un posible mecanismo de copia del material genético. Los detalles completos de la estructura, incluidas las condiciones asumidas para su construcción, junto con un conjunto de coordenadas para los átomos, se publicarán en algún otro lugar”.

Fue una verdadera bomba de conocimiento que explotó en 1953 y les llevó, junto a Maurice Wilkins, a recibir el Premio Nobel de Fisiología o Medicina en 1962.

Pero James Watson es también quien se aprovechó de los resultados no publicados de Rosalind Franklin (la famosa fotografía 51 de difracción de rayos X de un cristal de una molécula de ADN), que le mostró Maurice Wilkins (sin permiso de Rosalind) para interpretar, correctamente, que aquella foto sugería la estructura helicoidal de la molécula. Franklin falleció de un cáncer de ovarios en 1958, por lo que no pudo formar parte de la terna premiada con el Nobel. En su lugar se premió a Wilkins, su colega y jefe en el Kings College, aunque ni Franklin ni Wilkins fueron coautores del artículo de 1953, pero (y esto se olvida muchas veces) sí estaban en los agradecimientos del artículo:

“También nos ha estimulado el conocimiento de naturaleza general de los resultados experimentales no publicados y las ideas del Dr. M. H. F. Wilkins, Dr. R. E. Franklin y sus compañeros de trabajo en el King’s College, London”.

Watson fue cruel al describir a Rosalind (a quien se refiere como Rosy) como “altamente competente, pero también carente de sentido del humor, engreída e incluso agresiva”. También dijo de ella que “estaba claro que Rosy tenía que irse o ser puesta en su lugar”, además de describirla como “una científica estricta, con temperamentos beligerantes, que no compartía sus resultados y no le importaba mucho su apariencia ni la moda” (The double helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA, 1968).

Hace un par de años, gracias a una investigación liderada por el historiador de la ciencia de la Universidad de Manchester, Matthew Cobb, se confirmó que la participación de Rosalind Franklin fue decisiva en el descubrimiento de la estructura del ADN. De hecho, los cuatro científicos (James Waton, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin y Maurice Wilkins) deben recibir el crédito por codescubrir la estructura del ADN. Hasta el propio James Watson (y, más tarde, también Crick) acabó admitiendo que sin las imágenes de difracción de rayos X tomadas por Rosalind Franklin no hubieran podido descifrar la estructura del ADN.

El impulsor del proyecto Genoma Humano

James Watson fue también el gran impulsor y primer director del proyecto Genoma Humano, lanzado en 1988. Lo hizo contra viento y marea, ya que, por entonces, muchos científicos discutían la oportunidad y necesidad de secuenciar el genoma humano, considerándolo en muchos casos “carente de interés”. En aquel momento eran muchos los que defendían ir gen a gen, estudiando en profundidad cada uno de los genes, y no acumular información sin un objetivo determinado, solo “para tener la secuencia completa del genoma humano”. Watson dimitió en 1992 cuando Craig Venter amagó con intentar patentar los genes del genoma humano, algo con lo que Watson no estaba de acuerdo.

Desgraciadamente para Watson, todos estos éxitos han quedado eclipsado por unas muy desafortunadas declaraciones que realizó en sendas entrevistas que le hicieron en 2000 y 2007. En el año 2000 proclamó que en la melanina de los afroamericanos y personas de piel oscura había elementos que explicaban su mayor libido, “por eso tienes amantes latinos”. No contento con eso, soltó una ristra de comentarios asociando la genética con diferentes etnias: “los judíos son inteligentes, los chinos son inteligentes pero no creativos debido a la selección para la conformidad, y los indios son serviles debido a la selección bajo la endogamia de castas”.

En 2007 lo empeoró aún más al afirmar:

“Todas nuestras políticas sociales se basan en el hecho de que su inteligencia (la de los negros) es la misma que la nuestra (la de los blancos), mientras que todas las pruebas dicen que no es así… las personas que tienen que tratar con empleados negros saben que esto no es cierto”.

Sus declaraciones sexistas y racistas le han perseguido hasta su muerte. Tuvo ocasión de desdecirse en varias ocasiones que le preguntaron por ello, pero se mantuvo firme en sus indefendibles ideas. Genio y figura hasta la sepultura.

James Watson fue tan complejo que incluso llegó a vender su medalla del premio Nobel en 2014 por 4,1 millones de dólares (aunque luego quien la compró, un oligarca ruso llamado Alisher Usmanov, se la devolvió) tras ser denostado públicamente por sus ideas. El dinero que obtuvo lo dedicó a la investigación y a dar apoyo a algunas ONGs.

También inspiró a He Jiankui, con quien coincidió en una conferencia, para que el investigador chino abordara de forma injustificada e imprudente la edición genética de embriones humanos y produjera las primeras personas con su genoma editado. He Jiankui le pidió a Watson que le diera un consejo y James Watson le dijo “make people better” (que puede traducirse por “haz mejor a la gente, mejora a las personas o haz que la gente sea mejor”, dependiendo del matiz. La frase en inglés es también el título del documental sobre el periodista Antonio Regalado, que fue el primero en publicar la noticia del desgraciado experimento de He.

James Watson fue un personaje único y complejo, con aportaciones admirables al conocimiento y con comportamientos nada edificantes. Son dos caras de la misma moneda que viajan juntas. No deberíamos condenar su ciencia por sus acciones personales, pero tampoco blanquear sus despropósitos por su ciencia. Son muchos los científicos, artistas e intelectuales que no compaginan grandes aportaciones a la humanidad con vidas intachables. Aceptemos la complejidad del ser humano y separemos la vida científica de la vida personal de este gran investigador.

Hay personas que leemos la historia y personas que la escriben. Watson netamente pertenecía al segundo grupo. Descanse en paz.

The Conversation

Los contenidos de esta publicación y las opiniones expresadas son exclusivamente las del autor y este documento no debe considerar que representa una posición oficial del CSIC ni compromete al CSIC en ninguna responsabilidad de cualquier tipo.

ref. James Watson, el ‘Picasso’ del genoma – https://theconversation.com/james-watson-el-picasso-del-genoma-269380

Los hispanos que votaron a Trump: anatomía de un cambio electoral que nadie vio venir hace ahora un año

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Pablo Biderbost, Associate Professor – Departamento de Sociología, Universidad de Salamanca

YES Market Media/Shutterstock

Un año después de las elecciones presidenciales de 2024 en EE. UU. –en las que el electorado hispano tuvo un papel clave–, el balance confirma que el voto hispano se decantó mayoritariamente por la candidata demócrata, Kamala Harris –alrededor del 56 %–, pero con un dato relevante: Donald Trump habría alcanzado cerca del 42 % de este electorado, una cota inédita para un republicano desde que hay registros comparables.

Hoy, la población hispana representa cerca del 15 % del censo electoral –unos 36,2 millones de personas– y aportó la mitad del crecimiento del electorado desde 2020, según Pew Research Center.

Estas cifras, que deben leerse con la cautela propia de las estimaciones postelectorales, confirman un desplazamiento sostenido que ha vuelto más competitiva la disputa por el voto hispano. Aún estamos entendiendo las razones de este cambio y las cifras que damos a continuación podrán ayudarnos a ello.

Del 71 % demócrata de 2012 al estrechamiento de 2024

En 2012, Barack Obama obtuvo el 71 % del voto hispano frente al 27 % de Mitt Romney. A partir de 2016, el margen comenzó a erosionarse: Trump subió del 28 % (2016) al 32 % (2020) y dio un salto adicional en 2024, mientras la candidata demócrata retuvo la mayoría.

En la recta final de 2024, los datos de intención de voto entre hispanos registrados ya apuntaban al 57 % de Harris vs. el 39 % de Trump. Y, ya con “votantes validados”, Trump ganó terreno en varios grupos clave, consolidando un avance que explica parte del resultado de 2024.

Su interés por los asuntos económicos

La “gran cifra” oculta heterogeneidad. Un informe de American Society destaca avances republicanos entre hombres hispanos (Trump habría rozado el 47 % en ese subgrupo) y estrechamientos notables en condados mayoritariamente hispanos de la frontera de Texas y en el sur de Florida.

Además, 2024 trajo una sensibilidad particular a la economía: para los hispanos, economía e inflación fueron temas centrales, y alrededor de la mitad expresó más confianza en Trump que en su rival para tomar decisiones en este ámbito. La prensa ya recogía esa pauta meses antes.

Por qué se mueven: identidad y programa electoral

La evidencia académica ayuda a ordenar el fenómeno. Un reciente estudio realizado en Arizona (Senado 2024) pone de manifiesto que la fuerza de la autoidentificación se asocia con evaluaciones más favorables del candidato hispano; sin embargo, la congruencia del programa electoral y las políticas públicas (inmigración, vivienda, educación) emerge como predictor más potente de la valoración que la etnicidad per se.

En otras palabras: la identidad importa, pero la alineación en ciertos temas cuenta más a la hora de juzgar candidaturas. La identificación partidaria no es el factor decisivo en la toma de decisiones de su voto.

Un voto menos “monolítico”

La realidad estatal invita a matices. En Arizona, el demócrata Rubén Gallego se impuso por 50,1 % vs. 47,7 % en un estado con aproximadamente 1,3 millones de votantes hispanos, un resultado estrecho en el que la “fluidez” del voto hispano pudo inclinar la balanza.

Esa fluidez se ve reforzada por la estructura demográfica del electorado hispano: en 2024, eran el 14,7 % de los votantes habilitados y su perfil es, en promedio, más joven que el conjunto del electorado (solo un 33 % tiene más de 50 años). Esto sugiere márgenes para nuevas recomposiciones según contexto y temas.

Indicios y cautelas

Tras 2024, diversos reportes periodísticos han descrito casos de voto dividido –apoyar a un partido para la presidencia y a otro en instancias estatales/locales– en segmentos hispanos. El medio de comunicación Politico documentó el fenómeno a inicios de 2025, con señales en áreas competitivas y entre votantes menos anclados partidariamente. Conviene, no obstante, tratar estos hallazgos con prudencia metodológica.

Qué implica para 2026 y 2028

Para las futuras elecciones de medio mandato (2026) y presidenciales (2028), hay tres claves:

  • Segmentación fina. Hombres hispanos jóvenes y regiones fronterizas muestran receptividad a propuestas económicas y de seguridad, pero sin garantías de fidelización estable.

  • Política de temas, no de etiquetas. La mayoría hispana sigue votando demócrata, pero evalúa ofertas concretas (inflación, empleo, vivienda, servicios). En contextos de incertidumbre, el “voto de gestión” puede pesar más que la identidad.

  • Comunicación culturalmente competente. Los mensajes genéricos a “la comunidad hispana” rinden peor que las propuestas verificables y específicas por subsegmento.

El electorado hispano en EE. UU. evoluciona hacia posiciones más competitivas entre partidos y prioriza temas económicos y políticas concretas sobre identidades étnicas. Estos aspectos redefinirán, sin duda, las estrategias electorales en los próximos comicios.

The Conversation

Las personas firmantes no son asalariadas, ni consultoras, ni poseen acciones, ni reciben financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y han declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado anteriormente.

ref. Los hispanos que votaron a Trump: anatomía de un cambio electoral que nadie vio venir hace ahora un año – https://theconversation.com/los-hispanos-que-votaron-a-trump-anatomia-de-un-cambio-electoral-que-nadie-vio-venir-hace-ahora-un-ano-265646

Electric fields steered nanoparticles through a liquid-filled maze – this new method could improve drug delivery and purification systems

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Daniel K. Schwartz, Professor of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder

Nanoparticles move through materials like tiny cars through a maze. OsakaWayne Studios/Moment via Getty Images

In the home, the lab and the factory, electric fields control technologies such as Kindle displays, medical diagnostic tests and devices that purify cancer drugs. In an electric field, anything with an electrical charge – from an individual atom to a large particle – experiences a force that can be used to push it in a desired direction.

When an electric field pushes charged particles in a fluid, the process is called electrophoresis. Our research team is investigating how to harness electrophoresis to move tiny particles – called nanoparticles – in porous, spongy materials. Many emerging technologies, including those used in DNA analysis and medical diagnostics, use these porous materials.

Figuring out how to control the tiny charged particles as they travel through these environments can make them faster and more efficient in existing technologies. It can also enable entirely new smart functions.

Ultimately, scientists are aiming to make particles like these serve as tiny nanorobots. These could perform complex tasks in our bodies or our surroundings. They could search for tumors and deliver treatments or seek out sources of toxic chemicals in the soil and convert them to benign compounds.

To make these advances, we need to understand how charged nanoparticles travel through porous, spongy materials under the influence of an electric field. In a new study, published Nov. 10, 2025, in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, our team of engineering researchers led by Anni Shi and Siamak Mirfendereski sought to do just that.

Weak and strong electric fields

Imagine a nanoparticle as a tiny submarine navigating a complex, interconnected, liquid-filled maze while simultaneously experiencing random jiggling motion. While watching nanoparticles move through a porous material, we observed a surprising behavior related to the strength of the applied electric field.

A weak electric field acts only as an accelerator, boosting the particle’s speed and dramatically improving its chance of finding any exit from a cavity, but offering no directional guidance – it’s fast, but random.

In contrast, a strong electric field provides the necessary “GPS coordinates,” forcing the particle to move rapidly in a specific, predictable direction across the network.

This discovery was puzzling but exciting, because it suggested that we could control the nanoparticles’ motion. We could choose to have them move fast and randomly with a weak field or directionally with a strong field.

The former allows them to search the environment efficiently while the latter is ideal for delivering cargo. This puzzling behavior prompted us to look more closely at what the weak field was doing to the surrounding fluid.

A diagram showing tiny particles in a porous material. On the left they are searching without direction – by moving from cavity to cavity randomly, labeled 'weak field' – and on the right they are drifting in a particular direction – by escaping from each cavity toward the neighboring cavity dictated by the electric field, labeled 'strong field'
This diagram shows how a particle moves through a porous material over time in a weak or strong electric field. The darkest color indicates the starting point of the particle, and successively lighter colors represent the particle’s position after more time has passed. The particle in a weak field moves randomly, while the particle in a strong field gradually moves in the direction determined by the electric field.
Anni Shi

By studying the phenomenon more closely, we discovered the reasons for these behaviors. A weak field causes the stagnant liquid to flow in random swirling motions within the material’s tiny cavities. This random flow enhances a particle’s natural jiggling and pushes it toward the cavity walls. By moving along walls, the particle drastically increases its probability of finding a random escape route, compared to searching throughout the entire cavity space.

A strong field, however, provides a powerful directional push to the particle. That push overcomes the natural jiggling of the particle as well as the random flow of the surrounding liquid. It ensures that the particle migrates predictably along the direction of the electric field. This insight opens the door for new, efficient strategies to move, sort and separate particles.

Tracking nanoparticles

To conduct this research, we integrated laboratory observation with computational modeling. Experimentally, we used an advanced microscope to meticulously track how individual nanoparticles moved inside a perfectly structured porous material called a silica inverse opal.

A zoomed in microscope image of a porous material, which is made up of small circles, each with three small cavities, arranged in a grid pattern.
A scanning electron micrograph of a silica inverse opal, showing a cross section of the engineered porous material with cavities, 500 nanometers in diameter, set in small holes, 90 nanometers in diameter.
Anni Shi

We then used computer simulations to model the underlying physics. We modeled the particle’s random jiggling motion, the electrical driving force and the fluid flow near the walls.

By combining this precise visualization with theoretical modeling, we deconstructed the overall behavior of the nanoparticles. We could quantify the effect of each individual physical process, from the jiggling to the electrical push.

A large, see-through box connected to machinery.
This high-resolution fluorescence microscope, in the advanced light microscopy core facility at the University of Colorado Boulder, obtained three-dimensional tracks of nanoparticles moving within porous materials.
Joseph Dragavon

Devices that move particles

This research could have major implications for technologies requiring precise microscopic transport. In these, the goal is fast, accurate and differential particle movement. Examples include drug delivery, which requires guiding “nanocargo” to specific tissue targets, or industrial separation, which entails purifying chemicals and filtering contaminants.

Our discovery – the ability to separately control a particle’s speed using weak fields and its direction using strong fields – acts as a two-lever control tool.

This control may allow engineers to design devices that apply weak or strong fields to move different particle types in tailored ways. Ultimately, this tool could improve faster and more efficient diagnostic tools and purification systems.

What’s next

We’ve established independent control over the particles’ searching using speed and their migration using direction. But we still don’t know the phenomenon’s full limits.

Key questions remain: What are the upper and lower sizes of particles that can be controlled in this way? Can this method be reliably applied in complex, dynamic biological environments?

Most fundamentally, we’ll need to investigate the exact mechanism behind the dramatic speedup of these particles under a weak electric field. Answering these questions is essential to unlocking the full precision of this particle control method.

Our work is part of a larger scientific push to understand how confinement and boundaries influence the motion of nanoscale objects. As technology shrinks, understanding how these particles interact with nearby surfaces will help design efficient, tiny devices. And when moving through spongy, porous materials, nanoparticles are constantly encountering surfaces and boundaries.

The collective goal of our and others’ related research is to transform the control of tiny particles from a process of trial and error into a reliable, predictable science.

The Conversation

Daniel K. Schwartz receives funding from the US Department of Energy, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health.

Ankur Gupta receives funding from the National Science Foundation and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

ref. Electric fields steered nanoparticles through a liquid-filled maze – this new method could improve drug delivery and purification systems – https://theconversation.com/electric-fields-steered-nanoparticles-through-a-liquid-filled-maze-this-new-method-could-improve-drug-delivery-and-purification-systems-268553

Blame the shutdown on citizens who prefer politicians to vanquish their opponents rather than to work for the common good

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Robert B. Talisse, W. Alton Jones Professor of Philosophy, Vanderbilt University

Who is really responsible for the longest government shutdown in history? iStock/Getty Images Plus

The United States was founded on the idea that government exists to serve its people. To do this, government must deliver services that promote the common good. When the government shuts down, it fails to meet its fundamental purpose.

While government shutdowns are not new in the U.S., most have lasted less than a week. At 40 days, the current shutdown may well be on the way to an end this week, as enough Senate Democratic caucus members have voted with Republicans on a measure to reopen the government. But it will remain the longest in the history of the nation.

When the government shuts down for such a long time, it inflicts hardships, anxieties and irritations on its citizens. You might wonder why elected officials allow lengthy disruptions to happen.

It is common to blame the politicians for the shutdown. However, as a philosopher who researches democracy, I think the fault lies also with us, the citizens. In a democracy, we generally get the politics we ask for, and the electorate has developed a taste for political spectacle over competent leadership.

American democracy has grown increasingly tribal, leading us to become more invested in punishing our partisan rivals than in demanding competent government. We are infatuated with the spectacle of our side dominating the other.

Understandably, politicians have embraced obstruction. They have learned that deadlock can pay, because they have the support of their voters in behaving this way. Politics is no longer about representation and policy, it’s now about vanquishing and even humiliating the other side.

Three women and two men on a stage with American flags flanking them, and one of them speaking at a lectern.
U.S. Sen. Maggie Hassan speaks at a press conference with other Senate Democratic caucus members who voted to restore government funding, in Washington, D.C., on Nov. 9, 2025.
Nathan Posner/Anadolu via Getty Images

More fervent, not better informed

To see this, we must examine polarization. Let’s start by distinguishing two kinds of polarization.

First is political polarization. It measures the divide between the U.S.’s two major parties. When political polarization is severe, the common ground among the parties falls away. This naturally undermines cooperation. That Republicans and Democrats are politically polarized is certainly part of the explanation for the shutdown.

But that’s not the entire story. As I argue in my book “Civic Solitude,” the deeper trouble has to do with belief polarization.

Unlike political polarization, which measures the distance between opposing groups, belief polarization occurs within a single group. In belief polarization, like-minded people transform into more extreme version of themselves: Liberals become more liberal, conservatives become more conservative, Second Amendment advocates become more pro-gun, environmentalists become more green, and so on.

Importantly, this shift is driven by the desire to fit in with one’s peers, not by evidence or reason. Hence, we become more fervent but no better informed.

Additionally, our more extreme selves are also more tribal and conformist. As we shift, we become more antagonistic toward outsiders. We also become more insistent on uniformity within our group, less tolerant of differences.

Animosity and obstruction

The combination of intensifying antagonism toward those on the “other side” and escalating cohesion among those on “your side” turns all aspects of life into politics.

In the U.S. today, liberals and conservatives are heavily socially segregated. They live in different neighborhoods, work in different professions, vacation in different locations, drive different vehicles and shop in different stores. Everyday behavior has become an extension of partisan affiliation.

Ironically, as everyday life becomes politically saturated, politics itself becomes more about lifestyle and less about policy. Research suggests that while animosity across the parties has intensified significantly, citizens’ disagreements over policy have either remained stable or eased. We dislike one another more intensely yet are not more divided.

This paints a grim portrait of U.S. democracy. Note that this condition incentivizes politicians to amplify their contempt for political rivals. Politicians seek to win elections, and stoking negative feelings such as fear and indignation are potent triggers of political behavior, including voting.

Consequently, when citizens are belief polarized, animosity and obstruction become winning electoral strategies. Meanwhile, politicians are released from the task of serving the common good.

A group of people standing behind a man who's standing at a lectern, behind a sign that says 'The DEMOCRAT SHUTDOWN.'
U.S. Speaker of the House Mike Johnson speaks during a news conference with House Republican leadership at the U.S. Capitol on Nov. 6, 2025.
Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images

Channeling contempt

It is no surprise that discussions of the shutdown have consistently focused on blame.

The Republicans, who hold the congressional majority, have sought to score points by depicting the shutdown as the Democrats’ fault. Several official websites maintained by the federal government included statements denouncing the shutdown as strictly the doing of the Democrats. Their aim has been to channel citizens’ frustration into contempt for the Democratic Party.

At the beginning of the shutdown, House Speaker Mike Johnson claimed that there was “literally nothing to negotiate” with congressional Democrats.

But there’s the rub. Democratic government is fundamentally a matter of negotiation. Neither winning an election nor being a member of the majority party means that you can simply call the shots. The constitutional procedures by which our representatives govern are designed to force cooperation, collaboration and compromise.

Thanks to polarization, however, these noble ideals of political give-and-take have dissolved. Cooperation is now seen as surrender to political enemies. That’s very clear in many Democrats’ outraged reactions to the eight senators from their caucus who have now voted with Republicans to end the shutdown.

Meanwhile, more than 1 million government employees haven’t been paid, many crucial government services have been interrupted, diminished or suspended, and, with the Thanksgiving holiday approaching, travelers are experiencing flight disruptions. While there may be an end to the shutdown on the near horizon, any deal could simply postpone crucial policy debates and could well end in another shutdown in the new year.

The key to avoiding this kind of failure is to become a citizenry that demands competent government over partisan domination.

The Conversation

Robert B. Talisse does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Blame the shutdown on citizens who prefer politicians to vanquish their opponents rather than to work for the common good – https://theconversation.com/blame-the-shutdown-on-citizens-who-prefer-politicians-to-vanquish-their-opponents-rather-than-to-work-for-the-common-good-269041

A bold new investment fund aims to channel billions into tropical forest protection – one key change can make it better

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Jason Gray, Environmental Attorney, Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, University of California, Los Angeles

Cattle, the No. 1 cause of tropical deforestation, roam on tropical forest land that was stripped bare in Acre, Brazil. AP Photo/Eraldo Peres

The world is losing vast swaths of forests to agriculture, logging, mining and fires every year — more than 20 million acres in 2024 alone, roughly the size of South Carolina.

That’s bad news because tropical forests in particular regulate rainfall, shelter plant and animal species and act as a thermostat for the planet by storing carbon, keeping it out of the atmosphere where it would heat up the planet. The United Nations estimates that deforestation and forest degradation globally contribute about 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions.

Over the years, countries have committed to reverse that forest loss, and many organizations, governments, and Indigenous and local communities have worked hard to advance those goals. Many of their efforts have been at least partly successful.

For instance, Brazil credits stronger law enforcement and better monitoring at the state and national levels for helping reduce illegal land clearing and deforestation in the Amazon. The deforestation rate there fell by 31% from 2023 to 2024.

A ranger puts a red line on a tree to mark it. Villagers stand near by with evidence of cut down trees around them.
A forest ranger in Indonesia marks a tree to encourage protecting it in an area where villagers have cleared forest for a coffee plantation.
AP Photo/Dita Alangkara

Funding from governments and the private sector is helping communities restore land that has already been cleared. Often this involves planting native tree species that bring additional economic value to communities by providing fruits and nuts.

Other programs protect forests through payments for ecosystem services, such as paying landowners to maintain existing forests and the benefits those forests provide. These programs provide money to a government, community or landowner based on verified results that the forest is being protected over time.

And yet, despite these and many other efforts, the world is falling short on its commitments to protect tropical forests. The planet lost 6.7 million hectares of tropical forest, nearly 26,000 square miles (67,000 square kilometers), in 2024 alone.

Law enforcement is not enough by itself. When enforcement is weakened, as happened in Brazil from 2019 to 2023, illegal land clearing and forest loss ramp back up. Programs that pay landowners to keep forests standing also have drawbacks. Research has shown they might only temporarily reduce deforestation if they don’t continue payments long term.

The problem is that deforestation is often driven by economic factors such as global demand for crops, cattle and minerals such as gold and copper. This demand provides significant incentives to farmers, companies and governments to continue clearing forests.

The amount of money committed to protecting forests globally is about US$5.7 billion per year – a fraction of the tens of billions of dollars banks and investors put into the companies that drive deforestation.

Simply put, the scale of the deforestation problem is massive, and new efforts are needed to truly reverse the economic drivers or causes of deforestation.

In order to increase the amount of funding to protect tropical forests, Brazil launched a global program on Nov. 6, 2025, ahead of the annual U.N. climate conference, called the Tropical Forest Forever Facility, or TFFF. It is an innovative approach that combines money from countries and private investors to compensate countries for preserving tropical forests.

As an environmental law scholar who works in climate policy development, including to protect tropical forests, I believe this program has real promise. But I also see room to improve it by bringing in states and provinces to ensure money reaches programs closer to the ground that will pay off for the environment.

What makes the Tropical Forest Forever Facility different?

The Tropical Forest Forever Facility seeks to tackle the deforestation problem by focusing on the issue of scale – both geographic and economic.

First, it will measure results across entire countries rather than at the smaller landowner level. That can help reduce deforestation more broadly within countries and influence national policies that currently contribute to deforestation.

Second, it seeks to raise billions of dollars. This is important to counter the economic incentives for clearing forests for agriculture, livestock and timber.

The mechanics of raising these funds is intriguing – Brazil is seeking an initial $25 billion from national governments and foundations, and then another $100 billion from investors. These funds would be invested in securities – think the stock and bond markets – and returns on those investments, after a percentage is paid to investors, would be paid to countries that demonstrate successful forest protection.

These countries would be expected to invest their results-based payments into forest conservation initiatives, in particular to support communities doing the protection work on the ground, including ensuring that at least 20% directly supports local communities and Indigenous peoples whose territories often have the lowest rates of deforestation thanks to their efforts.

Most of the loss to commodities is in South America and Southeast Asia.
Where different types of deforestation are most prominent. Shifting agriculture, shown in yellow, reflects land temporarily cleared for agriculture and later allowed to regrow.
Project Drawdown, data from Curtis et al., 2018, CC BY-ND

Finally, the Tropical Forest Forever Facility recognizes that, like past efforts, it is not a silver bullet. It is being designed to complement other programs and policies, including carbon market approaches that raise money for forest protection by selling carbon credits to governments and companies that need to lower their emissions.

What has been the reaction so far?

The new forest investment fund is attracting interest because of its size, ambition and design.

Brazil and Indonesia were the first to contribute, committing $1 billion each. Norway added $3 billion on Nov. 7, and several other countries also committed to support it.

The Tropical Forest Forever Facility still has a long way to go toward its $125 billion goal, but it will likely draw additional commitments during the U.N. climate conference, COP30, being held Nov. 10-21, 2025, in Brazil. World leaders and negotiators are meeting in the Amazon for the first time.

An aerial view of the Caquetá region, with a river winding through forest and areas of deforested land.
In Caquetá, Colombia, a mix of training for farmers, expanding their ability to sell the fruit they grow, and a local government program that pays landowners relatively small amounts to restore forests helped reduce local deforestation by 67% from 2021 to 2023.
Guillermo Legaria/AFP via Getty Images

How can the Tropical Forest Forever Facility be improved?

The Tropical Forest Forever Facility’s design has drawn some criticism, both for how the money is raised and for routing the money through national governments. While the fund’s design could draw more investors, if its investments don’t have strong returns in a given year, the fund might not receive any money, likely leaving a gap in expected payments for the programs and communities protecting forests.

Many existing international funding programs also provide money solely to national governments, as the Amazon Fund and the U.N.’s Global Environment Facility do. However, a lot of the actual work to reduce deforestation, from policy innovation to implementation and enforcement, takes place at the state and provincial levels.

One way to improve the Tropical Forest Forever Facility’s implementation would be to include state- and provincial-level governments in decisions about how payments will be used and ensure those funds make it to the people taking action in their territories.

The Governors’ Climate and Forests Task Force, a group of 45 states and provinces from 11 countries, has been giving feedback on how to incorporate that recommendation.

The task force developed a Blueprint for a New Forest Economy, which can help connect efforts such as the Tropical Forest Forever Facility to state- and community-level forest protection initiatives so funding reaches projects that can pay off for forest protection.

The Tropical Forest Forever Facility is an example of the type of innovative mechanism that could accelerate action globally. But to truly succeed, it will need to be coordinated with state and provincial governments, communities and others doing the work on the ground. The world’s forests – and people – depend on it.

The Conversation

Jason Gray is the Project Director of the Governors’ Climate and Forests Task Force, a project of the Emmett Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at UCLA School of Law. The GCF Task Force receives funding support from the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation.

ref. A bold new investment fund aims to channel billions into tropical forest protection – one key change can make it better – https://theconversation.com/a-bold-new-investment-fund-aims-to-channel-billions-into-tropical-forest-protection-one-key-change-can-make-it-better-269374

Should you worry about melatonin and heart failure? The evidence isn’t clear

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Heba Ghazal, Senior Lecturer, Pharmacy, Kingston University

photo gonzo/Shutterstock.com

A study presented at the American Heart Association’s scientific meetings has raised concerns about melatonin, one of Britain’s most commonly prescribed sleep aids. The findings suggest that long-term users face a higher risk of heart failure. But the preliminary data demands careful scrutiny before the alarm is sounded.

Melatonin has been prescribed in the UK for nearly two decades, with 2.5 million prescriptions issued in England last year alone. The drug is a synthetic version of the hormone naturally produced in the brain – the so-called “hormone of darkness” that regulates our sleep–wake cycle.

For years, it’s been considered safe for treating short-term sleep problems in adults and, under specialist supervision, for children with learning disabilities or ADHD.

The study, published only as a brief summary, analysed electronic health records of roughly 130,000 adults with sleep difficulties over five years – half of whom took melatonin and half of whom didn’t.

People who took melatonin for at least a year were roughly three times more likely to be hospitalised with heart failure than non-users (19% of people who took melatonin versus 6.6% of people who did not). Long-term users also faced higher rates of heart failure diagnosis and death from any cause.

The researchers attempted to balance their comparison by matching melatonin users with non-users across 40 factors, including age, health conditions and medications. Yet the study found only an association, not causation. This distinction matters. Correlation doesn’t prove that melatonin caused heart failure.

The devil, as ever, lives in the missing details. Only a 300-word summary of the study exists so far, meaning crucial information – melatonin dosage, insomnia severity, lifestyle factors – remains unreported.

The study’s methodology raises questions. It relied on electronic medical records rather than direct patient follow-up or interviews, which can leave gaps in the data. The research drew from TriNetX Global Research Network, a large international database. But healthcare practices and record-keeping vary wildly between hospitals and nations, potentially skewing results.

In the UK, melatonin requires a prescription for specific conditions. But in the US, it’s sold over the counter – purchases that are often not documented in medical records. This means some people categorised as non-users may actually have been taking melatonin, muddying the comparison.

The missing piece of the puzzle

Even assuming both groups were correctly identified and matched, a key question lingers: why did one group receive melatonin while the other didn’t? Perhaps those prescribed the drug suffered more severe or disruptive sleep problems – symptoms that might reflect underlying health issues, including heart problems. If so, melatonin might simply be a marker of existing risk rather than the cause of it.

Intriguingly, previous studies in heart failure patients suggested melatonin may actually protect heart health by improving psychological wellbeing and heart function. Other research indicated it could ease symptoms in people with heart failure and serve as a safe complementary therapy.

Since the study exists only as an abstract, it hasn’t undergone peer review. And information on the study’s methods and results remains limited. While the findings are noteworthy and raise legitimate questions about the long-term risks of using this supplement, they’re far from conclusive. Further studies are needed to determine whether prolonged melatonin use affects heart health, and if so, how.

Doctors face a familiar balancing act: weighing treatment benefits against potential risks. Poor sleep doesn’t just affect the heart; it’s linked to problems with metabolism, mental health and the immune system, among others.

Doctors typically start with lifestyle changes, better sleep habits and talk therapy. But when these fail to improve sleep quality, short-term medication may be necessary to restore healthy patterns and prevent further health complications.

The melatonin story isn’t over. It’s just beginning. Until fuller evidence emerges, panic seems premature.

The Conversation

Heba Ghazal does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Should you worry about melatonin and heart failure? The evidence isn’t clear – https://theconversation.com/should-you-worry-about-melatonin-and-heart-failure-the-evidence-isnt-clear-269131

Pollution, poverty and power: the real cost of environmental inequality in the UK

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Gabrielle Samuel, Lecturer in Environmental Justice and Health, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King’s College London

Riccardo Mayer/Shutterstock

Environmental deaths in the UK are primarily attributed to air pollution, which the Royal College of Physicians estimates contributed to around 30,000 deaths in 2025, costing the economy billions each year. Other environmental risks include climate-related events such as extreme heat, which could cause tens of thousands of deaths annually, and pollutants from diesel emissions or home wood-burning stoves.

But environmental harm does not fall evenly. It is shaped by race and social class. The unequal distribution of risk and damage, known as environmental racism, is systemic, not accidental. It is the product of decades of inequity and political neglect.

In many countries, marginalised communities are more likely to live with polluted air, unsafe water and toxic land. In England, for example, data shows people from ethnic minority backgrounds are around three times more likely than white people to live in neighbourhoods with high air pollution.

A joint Greenpeace UK and Runnymede Trust report found that communities of colour are disproportionately affected by waste incinerators, poor housing quality and limited access to green space.

Environmental racism shows up in decisions about where factories are built, whose neighbourhoods get green spaces, whose water systems are upgraded, and who lives next to landfills, toxic waste facilities or heavy-polluting industries. Put bluntly, some communities are forced to carry the weight of environmental damage so others do not have to.

The term gained prominence in the US in the late 20th century when low-income communities of colour mobilised around anti-waste and anti-dumping campaigns. The 1987 toxic wastes and race report by the United Church of Christ showed that hazardous waste facilities were overwhelmingly located in minority and low-income areas.

It helped launch the modern environmental justice movement, which crystallised in 1991 at the first National People of Colour Environmental Leadership Summit, where delegates drafted the seventeen principles of environmental justice.

Since then, evidence of environmental racism has been documented worldwide — from the siting of polluting industries and the dumping of waste in the global south to unequal access to renewable energy and the health impacts of climate change itself.

Where we live is one of the strongest predictors of our health. When environments are unsafe, polluted or neglected, the consequences are devastating. The World Health Organization estimates that environmental factors contribute to nearly one-quarter of all deaths worldwide and almost 20% of cancers. Living with constant exposure to hazards also takes a toll on mental health, fuelling stress, anxiety and despair.

In the UK, air pollution remains the single biggest environmental threat to health. It is linked to asthma, heart disease and respiratory illness.

Yet exposure is not equally distributed. Local emissions from transport, heating and industry are higher on average in more deprived areas. A 2024 study also showed that, even after accounting for deprivation, minoritised ethnic groups in England remain exposed to higher levels of harmful emissions.

These environmental burdens do not just damage lungs; they affect livelihoods. Poor health means missed work or school, deepening financial and educational struggles. Families who want to move to safer areas often cannot afford to, trapping communities in a cycle of disadvantage.

There are, however, signs of progress. Recent data show that ethnic minorities’ exposure to air pollution in England fell from 13% above the national average in 2003 to 6% in 2023.

This narrowing reflects two decades of cleaner-air policies: low-emission zones, stricter vehicle standards and tighter industrial regulation. Yet it also reflects residential shifts, as some families move away from heavily polluted urban centres, rather than the full dismantling of structural inequalities.

So while the trend is encouraging, it does not mean environmental racism has been solved. As the Race Equality Foundation warns, the UK still lacks a coordinated strategy that explicitly addresses race and class disparities in environmental exposure, community consultation and land-use decision-making.

Polluted air, toxic stress and systemic neglect become embodied as disease — quite literally getting “under the skin”, as public health scholar Nancy Krieger puts it. The damage accumulates across lifetimes and generations.




Read more:
Who controls the air we breathe at home? Awaab’s law and the limits of individual actions


Environmental racism is not just an environmental issue. It is a health issue, a justice issue and a life-or-death issue. That reality places a moral obligation on governments, institutions and industries to act.

But history shows that change rarely comes easily. Too often, action only follows public outrage, and solutions are framed as technical fixes — treating the symptoms rather than the causes. Those causes are about power: who holds it, who benefits from it, and who is left to suffer its consequences.

Dismantling environmental racism requires more than installing air filters or building treatment plants. It demands a reckoning with history and a redistribution of power – giving the communities most affected a real seat at the table when decisions are made. Only then can we begin to talk about health for all.

The Conversation

Gabrielle Samuel does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Pollution, poverty and power: the real cost of environmental inequality in the UK – https://theconversation.com/pollution-poverty-and-power-the-real-cost-of-environmental-inequality-in-the-uk-263936

How Trump’s trade policies are weakening international climate commitments

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Maha Rafi Atal, Adam Smith Senior Lecturer in Political Economy, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow

Benjamin Doyle

The Cop30 climate summit is under way in Brazil under the shadow of US president Donald Trump’s second term. Delegates from around the world have poured into the Amazonian port of Belém for the conference, which promises to focus on economic development and the fight against global poverty, as well as green tech and finance.

For the first time in three decades of the talks, there are no high-level US officials expected at Cop30. Since taking office in January, the Trump administration has withdrawn the United States from the Paris climate agreement, dismantled key environmental regulations, and scrapped Biden-era tax credits which were designed to promote wind and solar power.

And now Trump’s aggressive tariff policy is rippling through the global economy, forcing countries to rethink how they balance trade and climate commitments.

For the UK, the consequences are particularly acute. Post-Brexit, Britain must maintain close regulatory alignment with the European Union on many goods. This effectively means that despite having quit the EU, the UK voluntarily follows its single market rules in some sectors in order to minimise trade friction.

For its part, the bloc has made compliance with European environmental standards a requirement for firms in key sectors looking to export into the EU market. Under this regulation, a foreign company selling products to European consumers must report on the carbon footprint of their factories overseas. Companies are fined per unit of carbon emitted before the product gets to the EU.

To be exempt, companies will have to show that the foreign countries where the good was produced impose an equivalent type of carbon regulation to that in EU law.

These “carbon border” mechanisms are vital for cutting emissions in a globalised economy. The UK has committed to introducing a similar measure to some of the most polluting sectors (such as steel, aluminium, cement and fertiliser) in 2027.

At the same time, the UK government hopes that closer trade with the United States will drive economic growth. But the Trump administration is pressuring its European partners to relax environmental standards, or exempt US companies from complying with them, in exchange for tariff relief. This could leave the UK caught between its two most important allies.

Race to the bottom

The ripple effects extend far beyond Europe. With the carbon border increasing the cost of exports to the EU and Trump’s tariffs doing the same for access to US markets, many countries are seeking new trading routes.

This creates openings for major carbon emitters such as China, Russia and the Gulf states to expand their influence through deals with developing nations that are unable to pay the premium for entry into US or European markets.

The result could be the creation of “sacrifice zones” – regions that become dumping grounds for high-emission products such as electronics or vehicles made with steel or aluminium produced using cheaper, less sustainable production methods. This both damages local environments and deepens global inequality in the transition to a more sustainable economy.

Trump warned delegates at the UN General Assembly in September that what he termed the ‘green scam’ would lead their contries to fail.

Meanwhile, tariffs are expected to slow down global economic growth. Businesses are diverting funds from investment and job creation to cover the extra cost of trade barriers – potentially wiping US$2 trillion (£1.5 trillion) off world GDP over the next two years.

That shortfall could have serious implications for Cop30, where rich countries will be asked to increase financial support for poorer nations so that they can build renewable energy systems and recover from climate-related disasters such as floods and wildfires.

Amid all the uncertainty that Trump is creating with his impulsive and inconsistent approach to trade, governments may feel that they cannot afford to make these commitments right now. But the planet cannot afford for them to wait.


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The Conversation

Maha Rafi Atal does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. How Trump’s trade policies are weakening international climate commitments – https://theconversation.com/how-trumps-trade-policies-are-weakening-international-climate-commitments-269409

How to empower teachers and help students prepare for a sustainable future

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Nicola Walshe, Professor of Education, UCL

WorldStockStudio/Shutterstock

Education about climate change and sustainability is a vital part of responding to a rapidly changing world, including the negative effects of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.

Teachers, including in Brazil and England, help young people live with futures shaped by local and global environmental challenges. However, despite expressing overwhelming concern about issues related to climate change and sustainability, many teachers do not feel equipped to teach it in schools.

Urgent action from policymakers is needed to support them.

Teachers shape how young people understand and respond to environmental crises. Without proper support, students risk leaving school unprepared for some of the most urgent challenges of our time: this is a societal risk, not just an educational issue.

Despite public demand for action in response to climate change, schools often lack the expertise and resources to realise this. Empowering teachers means building stronger communities: when well-equipped teachers foster agency and action, not just knowledge and skills.

Young people can bring ideas home, influence families and drive local change. So climate change and sustainability education becomes a catalyst for resilience and transformation, essential for preparing the next generation to thrive in a rapidly changing world.

Leaders from across the world are coming together in Brazil to discuss progress and negotiate actions in response to climate change as part of an annual UN climate summit (Cop30). This provides a vital opportunity to underline for global leaders the support that teachers and schools need.

Over the last few years, we have worked with hundreds of teachers in both England and Brazil to explore their experiences of teaching climate change and sustainability. Teachers have shared with us the barriers they experience related to climate change and sustainability education and the support they need to overcome them. While there is diversity in terms of geographical context, there are many commonalities.

Barriers

Education systems which have a rigid national curriculum with an emphasis on high-stakes examinations create barriers for teachers in both England and Brazil. Existing systems require teachers to prioritise examination content which frequently has limited focus on climate change and sustainability topics.

Teachers in both countries reported challenges in teaching climate change and sustainability in ways that underlined the real-world relevance to the lives of the young people they teach.

Another limitation is the lack of opportunities for professional learning that support teachers in integrating climate change and sustainability into their teaching. This gap exists throughout their careers, such that they frequently share they have insufficient or insecure knowledge and understanding of climate change and sustainability issues. This lowers teachers’ confidence and limits their classroom practices.

Brazilian school children in white T shirts sat at desks looking at teacher
Teachers in Brazil and England face similar limitations when it comes to delivering climate change education.
J.P. Junior Pereira/Shutterstock

Boosts

Governments can better support teachers by ensuring that climate change and sustainability is explicitly recognised and valued in local, regional and national policies that govern schools. This could include national curricula, professional standards for teachers and school leaders and school-inspection frameworks.

Teachers in both England and Brazil recognise how important it is to have school leaders who value climate change and sustainability and how – when school leaders provide a culture of support across the school community – this is transformational for climate change and sustainability education.

All teachers can benefit from high-quality professional learning focused on climate change and sustainability education from the beginning of their careers and throughout their professional lives. When teachers have the time and support to co-design learning – with each other and with their students – which draws on different ways of understanding climate change and sustainability issues, this builds teacher confidence and provides richer learning experiences for children and young people.




Read more:
Three ways for schools to make climate education inclusive for all children


Climate change and sustainability education is essential for preparing young people to navigate and shape a rapidly changing world, but teachers cannot carry this responsibility alone.

By embedding climate change and sustainability in curricula and supporting career-long professional learning for teachers, classrooms can be transformed into sites of agency and local action. This can amplify young people’s influence in their communities and reduce a wider societal risk of leaving a generation unprepared.

Cop30 offers a timely moment for leaders to commit to support for teachers so that policy matches public concern and evidence-based practice translates into real-world resilience.


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The Conversation

Nicola Walshe acknowledges the significant input of our co-researcher Lizzie Rushton, Danielle Aparecida Reis Leite for her support with the in-person workshop in Brazil, and the contribution of colleagues based at the UCL Centre for Climate Change and Sustainability Education in the creation and implementation of the Teacher survey. Thanks also go to the teachers in England and Brazil who contributed to the research. This work was supported by funding from UCL Institute of Education’s Strategic Investment Board.

Denise Quiroz Martinez and Luciano Fernandes Silva do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. How to empower teachers and help students prepare for a sustainable future – https://theconversation.com/how-to-empower-teachers-and-help-students-prepare-for-a-sustainable-future-268689

Horses at 50: three reasons why Patti Smith still cuts to the bone

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Ryann Donnelly, Assistant Professor in Art History, School of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex

Today is the 50th anniversary of Patti Smith’s album, Horses. I feel honoured to reflect on this work, but also a tremendous amount of pressure to capture what it is for the people who love it, and – perhaps even more so – for those who are not yet familiar with Smith’s music.

I desperately want to convince you to listen to this album and to see her perform, as if your life depends on it. I want you to tremble under her spell. I recognise this aim suggests a certain level of bias, but I actually don’t consider myself a “super-fan”.

I have seen Smith several times across a significant amount of time, which should allow me to offer some insights about her work. I first saw her perform in 2000, when I was 14 years old. I saw her again on New Year’s Eve in 2011 at the Bowery Ballroom in NYC, and in London in 2015 and 2018. I’ve read her first memoir, Just Kids (her third, Bread of Angels is published this week). But I can’t recount her life story. I just think she’s cool as hell.

I clarify the particular angles of my vantage point to emphasise that the urgency and embrace I’m encouraging here, and indeed the transformation I’m just shy of promising, still feels quite measured. As someone who examines queer and feminist performance for a living, I’ve given it some thought: Patti Smith still cuts to the bone.

This is for a variety of reasons, but in my campaign to compel a new audience to her and perhaps galvanise some shared feelings among her existing appreciators, I’ll elaborate on three.

1. A sense of magic and incantation

Seriously: magic and incantation. I have a friend who immediately chants: “Horses! Horses!” whenever actual horses come up in conversation, regardless of context. The delivery is reminiscent of Smith’s on what I consider to be the title track of Horses (the actual title is the poetic, if longwinded: Land: Horses/Land of a Thousand Dances/La Mer[de]).

The song physically moves me. I nod my head and lift my heel, then drop it on the down beat and it feels good. I’m in it. It’s in me.
These are the aftershocks of possession. These songs have been put in us, along with a heat – I think the literal friction of joy and pleasure being stirred in us as we listen or recite.

What I’m describing relies on Smith’s singular way of building a sonic momentum. The rhythm, dynamics and crooked jangly tones of the guitar at times seem to competitively race the drums.

On Birdland, this black magic swells through pounding eighth notes on a slightly out-of-tune piano that collide with waves and washes of distorted guitar as Smith seems to chase words out of her mouth – poetry that rattles out breathlessly like a cautionary sermon: “White lids, white opals, seeing everything just a little bit too clearly. And he looked around and there was no black ship in sight. No black funeral cars, nothing except him the raven.”

I will acknowledge here her long-time guitarist and co-writer, Lenny Kaye, drummer Jay Dee Daugherty, Horses bassist Ivan Král, and the album’s producer, John Cale – formerly of the Velvet Underground. But the brutal thrash of affect comes directly from Smith, and is more potent live than you could ever imagine from listening to the records alone.

I have been so overwhelmed by her spasm, the vibration of her bones, I worried her heart would explode. Through lyrical and rhythmic incantation, her music produces a trance, and she gets there, with you. This feels most dangerous and is most totally levelling when she performs Gloria: In Excelsis Duo.

It is an adaptation of Van Morrison’s Gloria, her best-known song next to her Bruce Springsteen collaboration, Because the Night, and one I couldn’t get past when I first heard Horses 26 years ago. I just kept playing it over and over and over. I still can’t listen to it just once. This song leads me to my second point though – the second reason Horses is so raw and compelling.

2. Sexuality and sensuality

It’s all over. It’s prismatic. It’s her cool masculine dress – her blazers paired with collared shirts or ripped cotton Ts – and her wiry, slinky form. It’s in the enveloping reggae sway of Redondo Beach. It’s the nakedness and aesthetics of her lyrics. It’s in the words – the story – but it’s in the horny, desperate, silky sounds she makes too, and how she signals sex with lewd, obvious motions.

In Gloria, she grunts, hisses, and does these snarling, vocal flips that play at the edges of the ecstatic with a delicate control, before she eventually just completely loses it as she describes the character of Gloria getting physically closer, walking toward the male character whom Smith has occupied, and psychically penetrated and exposed.

As she spells out Gloria’s name, she leans in gutturally to the “O” with an “Ohhhhh” and reduces the “R” to an “Ahhhhh”, slowing everything down to the vowels of sexual moaning, before speeding right back up, repeating in a raging, choral freakout: G-L-O-R-I-A!

3. Showing up

My final point is based on something Smith wailed the first time I saw her. She was getting totally worked up, shaking, freaking out, and started intoning: “I forget the words! I forget the words!”. She seemed totally lost and upset, grumbling in non-word noise for a bit before something emerged: “You better… you better… you better take care of your teeth for when the revolution comes!”

I was absolutely certain that she was having a psychotic episode. But, she said it again when I saw her in 2018, and when asked in a recent TV interview if she had any advice for young people, she repeated: “Take care of your teeth” (along with the self-deprecating: “Don’t listen to me”).

I think she does mean this literally, but also that you have to keep showing up: taking care of yourself, and contributing in small or even mundane ways to bigger things – stay creative, keep making art.

Smith has continued to write music, books and poetry, and tour and perform with the same shocking level of intensity past the peak of her commercial success. She has also continued to collaborate and engage with contemporary music. When I first saw her in 2000 a still-emerging version of the now legendary feminist punk band, Sleater Kinney opened her show, and Smith covered Heart Shaped Box by Nirvana.

Just this week, Rosalía, one of the biggest contemporary pop acts, included a clip of Smith from an interview in 1976 on her new song, La Yugular. Smith speaks about “breaking through” doors, and into levels of heaven, but says you have to keep breaking through: “One door isn’t enough. A million doors aren’t enough.”

This is the spirit that runs through Horses, through Patti Smith’s entire oeuvre, and has made her a lasting, powerful presence.


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Ryann Donnelly does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Horses at 50: three reasons why Patti Smith still cuts to the bone – https://theconversation.com/horses-at-50-three-reasons-why-patti-smith-still-cuts-to-the-bone-269418