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August 4, 2025

How selfie parks limit tourism damage to the world’s most ‘Instagrammable’ destinations

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Lauren A. Siegel, Senior Lecturer in Tourism and Events, University of Greenwich

The real thing? Getting the money shot Tegalalang Rice Terrace in Bali, Indonesia, kitzcorner/Shutterstock

It’s no secret that social media has changed travel. Holidaymakers increasingly seek to imitate images posted by influencers and their peers on platforms like Instagram and TikTok. In our increasingly digital world, travellers now chase the perfect shot like treasure hunters. That can mean navigating crowds, long lines and sometimes even danger – all for content from the world’s most “Instagrammable” spots.

In a widely viewed TikTok video, influencer Zoe Rae (the sister of Love Island star Molly-Mae Hague) voiced her disappointment after visiting Bali. Apparently, it did not look as it did when she saw it online. Her comments attracted a backlash, with critics arguing she was simply experiencing the reality behind the content she and others have helped to promote.

Research has found that many influencers and social media users participate in an “aesthetic economy”. That is, travel is “performed” for likes, views and brand deals. The result? Holidaymakers seeking out highly photogenic (“Instagrammable”) destinations from which to stage their content.

Sometimes “getting the shot” becomes more important than any meaningful cultural exchange between hosts and guests. The behaviour of social media-induced tourists has been found to be more irresponsible than that of other types of travellers.

There were 379 selfie-related deaths between 2008-21, and the quest for the perfect photo can also lead to trespassing and vandalism. Additionally, studies have found that social-media-induced tourists can cause varying levels of damage to the hotspots they visit. This can include environmental erosion, traffic congestion, pollution, increased rubbish and generally making daily life difficult for locals.

Stage-managed selfies

But the demand has fuelled the development of shadow economies like “selfie museums”. These have begun to emerge around the world: Chicago’s wndr Museum, London’s Selfie Factory, Selfie House in Prague, Brazil’s Museum Selfie Day in Sao Paulo, to name just a few.

Our new study shines a light on these parks – purpose-built, self-contained spaces that give visitors a visually stunning, curated environment in which to create content (most often of themselves). For the price of admission, they get convenient access to lighting, props, professional photographers and backdrops for creating content for social media in “Instagrammable” places.

Selfie parks in Bali, Indonesia, offer rice terraces, swings, nests and other “sceneography” associated with its destination image. And there are add-ons like dress rentals, professional photographers who can follow visitors around the park, and personalised photo-editing services.

Selfie parks can offer soft control over visitors in the form of guards, guides and security cameras to monitor behaviour. And they implement daily safety checks and regularly train staff to ensure guests are supervised as they take photos. This is an important alternative to the sometimes risky behaviour of selfie-seekers in viral hotspots.

Of course, the elephant in the room here might be the commodification and inauthenticity that selfie parks represent. Other research has found that locals can be divided about staged photo opportunities, with some seeing them as inauthentic and gimmicky.

There is an awareness that these encounters do not represent the real life of locals. Others, however, consider the money to be made and employment that these opportunities can provide.

Our findings from Bali showed that the selfie parks are extremely successful – with more than 1,500 visitors reported in low season. The offering has been expanded in recent years to add more photo spots, infinity pools and even a day club.

For now, all of Bali’s selfie parks are locally owned and managed. This creates an important source of employment, as well as being a launchpad for entrepreneurship among locals.

The idea of selfie parks may take a bit of getting used to. But having spaces where people can take photos, videos and create social media content safely, while bringing in revenue and employment for local communities, offers a viable solution. This is especially true of the places that struggle most with the negative impacts of tourists motivated by social media.

Love them or loathe them, selfie parks probably aren’t going away. And they may represent a broader shift in how people travel, share and consume experiences. In destinations facing an influx of selfie-seeking visitors, they might just be a surprisingly practical solution.

Other “viral” destinations should consider establishing dedicated spaces in which tourists can create content. Destinations like the island of Santorini, nicknamed Greece’s “Instagram island” amid extreme overcrowding alongside other harms, could be the type of place to benefit.

If so many of today’s tourists are chasing the perfect picture, maybe it makes sense to give them a place designed exactly for that.

Lauren A. Siegel does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. How selfie parks limit tourism damage to the world’s most ‘Instagrammable’ destinations – https://theconversation.com/how-selfie-parks-limit-tourism-damage-to-the-worlds-most-instagrammable-destinations-262071

August 4, 2025

Agents masqués et armés : la police migratoire de Trump sème la peur dans les rues américaines

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Dafydd Townley, Teaching Fellow in US politics and international security, University of Portsmouth

Aux États-Unis, la police de l’immigration de Donald Trump multiplient les raids ciblant les personnes non blanches, principalement sans papiers ou titulaires d’un titre de séjour. Bras armé de la politique migratoire de Donald Trump, cette agence fédérale (ICE), renforcée par un budget historique, applique une répression de grande ampleur.

Des hommes masqués, et parfois des femmes, patrouillent dans les rues des villes américaines, parfois à bord de voitures banalisées, souvent armés et vêtus de tenues militaires. Ils ont le pouvoir d’identifier, d’arrêter, de détenir des personnes qui n’ont pas la citoyenneté américaine et d’expulser les immigrés sans papiers. Ils ont également le droit d’interroger toute personne qu’ils soupçonnent de ne pas être citoyenne américaine afin de vérifier son droit de séjourner aux États-Unis.

Ce sont des agents de l’Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency, connue sous le nom d’Ice. Il s’agit d’un organisme fédéral chargé de l’application de la loi, qui relève du département de la Sécurité intérieure (DHS) et qui joue un rôle important et controversé dans la mise en œuvre de la politique d’immigration stricte de Donald Trump.

Lors de la campagne électorale, Trump a promis « la plus grande opération d’expulsion intérieure de l’histoire américaine ». Et il donne à Ice plus de pouvoir pour réaliser ses projets.

Depuis l’entrée en fonction de Trump en janvier, le financement d’Ice a été considérablement augmenté. Le « big beautiful bill » (« grand et beau projet de loi ») de Trump, adopté par le Congrès en juillet 2025, a accordé à Ice 75 milliards de dollars US (65 milliards d’euros) pour les quatre années à venir, contre environ 8 milliards de dollars US (6,9 milliards d’euros) par an auparavant.

Cette augmentation de financement permettra à l’agence de recruter davantage d’agents, d’ajouter des milliers de lits supplémentaires et des extensions aux bâtiments afin d’augmenter la capacité des centres de détention. De nouveaux fonds sont également prévus pour des outils de surveillance avancés, incluant la reconnaissance faciale assistée par IA et la collecte de données mobiles. Une enveloppe supplémentaire de 30 milliards de dollars (26 milliards d’euros) est destinée aux opérations de première ligne, notamment l’expulsion des immigrants et leur transfert vers les centres de détention.

Le président s’est engagé à expulser toutes les personnes en situation irrégulière aux États-Unis, soit, selon le Wall Street Journal, environ 4 % de la population actuelle. Au cours des cinq derniers mois, le nombre de personnes interpellées par les agents d’Ice a augmenté rapidement.

Le nombre moyen d’arrestations quotidiennes a augmenté de 268 %, atteignant environ 1 000 par jour en juin 2025, comparé au même mois un an plus tôt. Cela représente également une hausse de 42 % par rapport à mai 2025, selon une analyse des données réalisée par le Guardian et le Deportation Data Project. Cependant, ce chiffre reste bien en deçà des 3 000 arrestations par jour ordonnées par la secrétaire à la Sécurité intérieure Kristi Noem et le chef adjoint de cabinet de la Maison Blanche Stephen Miller.

Les tactiques d’Ice ont déjà suscité de vives critiques. La chaîne de télévision conservatrice Fox News a rapporté que des agents masqués ne présentaient pas leur carte d’identité ni le nom de leur agence lorsqu’ils interpellaient des personnes lors de raids. D’autres reportages ont mis en lumière des allégations selon lesquelles des citoyens américains seraient également parfois pris dans ces raids.

Fonctionnement et organisation d’ICE

L’agence, actuellement dirigée par le directeur par intérim Todd M. Lyons, comporte trois divisions principales :

La division Enforcement and Removal Operations, qui identifie et expulse les immigrés sans papiers et gère les centres de détention ;
La division Homeland Security Investigations, qui enquête sur les activités criminelles ayant un lien international ou frontalier telles que la traite des êtres humains, le trafic de drogues et la contrebande d’armes ;
Le Office of the Principal Legal Advisor, qui conseille juridiquement Ice et poursuit les affaires d’immigration devant les tribunaux.

Lyons a affirmé que le port du masque était nécessaire car les agents de l’ICE étaient victimes de « doxxing », c’est-à-dire que leurs informations personnelles, telles que leurs noms et adresses, étaient divulguées en ligne sans leur consentement. Il a également déclaré que les agressions contre les agents d’Ice avaient augmenté. Les données du DHS indiquent qu’il y avait eu 79 agressions contre des agents d’Ice entre janvier et juin 2025, contre dix sur la même période en 2024.

Le chef de la minorité démocrate à la Chambre des représentants, Hakeem Jeffries, a comparé le port du masque par les agents d’Ice à des forces de police secrète dans des régimes autoritaires : « Nous ne sommes pas derrière le Rideau de fer. Nous ne sommes pas dans les années 1930. »

L’agence Ice a été créée en 2003 par l’administration de George W. Bush, en partie à la suite des attentats terroristes du 11 septembre, et faisait partie d’une réorganisation plus large des agences fédérales sous la direction du DHS alors tout juste créé. Elle a intégré des parties de l’ancienne Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) ainsi que certains éléments du Service des douanes américaines.

Selon le site web de l’agence, la mission principale d’Ice est « de protéger l’Amérique par le biais d’enquêtes criminelles et de l’application des lois sur l’immigration afin de préserver la sécurité nationale et la sécurité publique ».

Comment ICE a accru ses moyens et son champ d’action

Au début du mandat présidentiel en janvier dernier, la Maison Blanche a donné à Ice le droit d’accélérer l’expulsion des immigrés entrés légalement dans le pays sous l’administration précédente. Ce « droit d’expulsion accélérée » permettait à Ice d’expulser des personnes sans qu’elles aient à comparaître devant un juge de l’immigration.

Alors que les arrestations se sont multipliées ces derniers mois, Lyons a déclaré à CBS News qu’Ice traquait tout immigrant sans papiers, même s’il n’avait pas de casier judiciaire.

L’administration Trump a également autorisé les agents de l’ICE à procéder à des arrestations dans les tribunaux d’immigration, ce qui était auparavant interdit. Cette restriction avait été introduite par l’administration Biden en 2021 afin de garantir que les témoins, les victimes de crimes et les accusés puissent toujours comparaître devant la justice sans craindre d’être arrêtés pour des infractions à la législation sur l’immigration (à l’exception des personnes représentant une menace pour la sécurité nationale).

La plupart du temps, Ice a ciblé les immigrants illégaux. Mais l’agence a aussi arrêté et détenu certaines personnes qui étaient résidentes (détentrices de la carte verte) ou touristes – et, dans certains cas même des citoyens étatsuniens.

Ces dernières semaines, selon le Washington Post, ICE a reçu l’ordre d’augmenter le nombre d’immigrants équipés de bracelets électroniques GPS. Cela augmenterait considérablement le nombre d’immigrants sous surveillance. Ces dispositifs limitent également la liberté de mouvement des personnes concernées.

Des manifestations face aux raids d’ICE

De nombreuses manifestations publiques ont eu lieu contre les raids d’Ice, notamment en Californie. Le point culminant a été atteint le 6 juin après qu’Ice ait mené plusieurs raids à Los Angeles, qui ont donné lieu à des affrontements entre agents et manifestants. Cela a conduit la Maison Blanche à envoyer environ 2 000 soldats de la Garde nationale et 700 Marines à Los Angeles, malgré l’opposition du gouverneur de Californie, Gavin Newsom.

Une partie des tensions entre l’administration Trump et l’État vient du fait que Los Angeles et San Francisco ont adopté des politiques locales limitant la coopération avec les autorités fédérales en matière d’immigration, notamment ICE. La Californie dispose de lois sur les sanctuaires, telles que la SB 54, qui interdisent aux forces de police et aux shérifs locaux d’aider Ice dans l’application des lois civiles sur l’immigration.

Cependant, Trump semble déterminé à durcir et accélérer la répression contre les immigrants illégaux, et les agents d’Ice sont clairement en première ligne de cette stratégie.

Dafydd Townley ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Agents masqués et armés : la police migratoire de Trump sème la peur dans les rues américaines – https://theconversation.com/agents-masques-et-armes-la-police-migratoire-de-trump-seme-la-peur-dans-les-rues-americaines-262539

August 4, 2025

Storm Floris: the weather is rarely this windy in August – which makes it more dangerous

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Colin Manning, Postdoctoral Research Associate in Climate Science, Newcastle University

Storm Floris made landfall in northern parts of the UK on the morning of Monday August 4 2025, bringing intense rainfall followed by severe winds throughout the afternoon. The Met Office issued an amber weather warning for much of Scotland and yellow alerts for parts of Northern Ireland and northern England.

Affected areas can expect 20mm–40mm of rain on average, with some areas of Scotland potentially receiving up to 80mm. Wind speeds in exposed and elevated regions could reach 80mph–90mph, while gusts of 50mph-60mph are forecast for much of Scotland.

The storm’s defining characteristic is the unusually strong winds for August, a time typically less prone to severe wind events. The odd seasonal timing has increased the risk to the public, as more people are outdoors, travelling for holidays or staying in campsites. In addition, trees remain in full leaf, making them more likely to be brought down by high winds.

Authorities are anticipating significant disruption to transport and electricity networks largely due to falling trees. This is underlined by recent research showing an increased risk of large power outages during windstorms that occur in summer. A large amount of debris on the ground from trees may also block drainage systems and contribute to localised flooding.

Persistent strong winds will combine with periods of heavy rainfall for the duration of the amber alert, which expires at 23:00. This will create difficult conditions for emergency workers and prevent access to affected locations if roads are blocked, potentially prolonging disruptions to travel and power networks.

Is this typical of summer months?

Storm Floris carries all the hallmarks of a classic mid-latitude storm. These develop due to sharp temperature contrasts between the northern and southern Atlantic Ocean and intensify under the influence of a strong jet stream. This is a core of fast-moving air high in the atmosphere that stretches across the Atlantic and often steers storms towards the UK.

Such conditions are unusual for the summer months, when warmer Atlantic sea temperatures typically weaken these temperature gradients and shift them farther north, closer to the polar regions. However, it is not uncommon for such storms to occur in August.

Notable ones in the past five years include Storm Ellen, which extensively damaged electricity distribution infrastructure in Ireland and led the Irish meterological service to produce and red and amber weather warning for southern parts of Ireland. Previous storms in August cancelled the Boardmasters music festival in Cornwall in 2019 and closed two stages of Leeds festival in 2024.

Floris is classified as a Shapiro-Keyser cyclone, a type distinguished by a warm core encircled by colder air on its north, west and south sides. This structure is visible in the way the storm’s frontal system wraps around its centre, forming a characteristic comma-shape in the clouds around the cyclone centre. Storms of this kind are responsible for a significant number of the UK’s most damaging wind events.

These cyclones often feature sharp pressure gradients and strong low-level airflows, particularly an air stream known as the cold jet, or cold conveyor belt, which can produce severe surface winds. In some cases, they can also generate a sting jet, a narrow stream of air that descends rapidly from around 5km above the land surface, delivering intense, damaging gusts.

Fortunately, satellite imagery suggests that Storm Floris is unlikely to have produced a sting jet. However, the cold jet alone may still drive wind speeds high enough to cause widespread disruption.

These types of storms can also produce intense rainfall along their frontal boundaries, as seen with Storm Floris. Warmer summer temperatures allow the atmosphere to hold more moisture, increasing the potential for heavier downpours. In addition, the heat contributes to a more unstable atmosphere, encouraging strong convective ascents of air that can yield extremely heavy and localised rainfall.

Floris in the future

Research shows that climate change will influence the characteristics of storms like Floris, though not all aspects will be affected equally. Warmer temperatures are expected to make future storms wetter, as increased atmospheric moisture and convective activity enhances rainfall, particularly along frontal systems. However, projections of wind extremes remain more uncertain.

Climate models generally suggest a modest intensification of winter storms over the UK and a decrease in the intensity of summer storms, implying that systems like Floris could become less common. These projections are largely tied to expected changes in Atlantic temperature gradients and the behaviour of the jet stream.

That said, most long-term climate projections rely on relatively coarse-resolution models which often fail to capture key features that drive storm intensification. These include the gulf stream (a warm Atlantic Ocean current) and drivers of extreme winds including the cold jet and sting jet.

A higher-resolution model, like that used in real-time forecasting for Storm Floris, predicts more intense winter windstorms in a warmer climate. Much of this intensification is linked to stronger cold jets and a potential increase in storms that generate sting jets.

Many powerful summer and autumn storms in the UK originate from tropical cyclones such as hurricanes, as seen with Storm Ophelia in 2017. These systems are poorly represented in lower-resolution climate models, yet they contribute significantly to Europe’s most extreme windstorms.

While Storm Floris has no tropical origins, a variety of storms can affect northern Europe at this time of year. The complexity of assessing their risks remains an area of ongoing research.

Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?

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Colin Manning receives funding from UKRI.

– ref. Storm Floris: the weather is rarely this windy in August – which makes it more dangerous – https://theconversation.com/storm-floris-the-weather-is-rarely-this-windy-in-august-which-makes-it-more-dangerous-262535

August 4, 2025

Boîtes de conserve : des risques invisibles pour la santé ?

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Antía Lestido Cardama, Doctora en el área de Innovación en Seguridad y Tecnologías Alimentarias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Mieux vaut éviter d’assaisonner des pâtes ou des salades avec le liquide contenu dans les boîtes de conserve, car cela pourrait augmenter l’exposition à certaines substances à risque. Ilia Nesolenyi/Shutterstock

Les boîtes de conserve métalliques qui contiennent des aliments ou des boissons sont des emballages sûrs pour la santé. Cependant, il est nécessaire d’approfondir les interactions possibles entre l’emballage et les aliments. C’est ce qui ressort d’analyses faites sur du thon et des boissons en conserves par des chercheurs de l’Université de Santiago de Compostela, en Espagne, en collaboration avec l’Agence nationale de sécurité alimentaire et nutrition (AESAN).

Elles font partie de tout kit de survie et beaucoup d’entre elles sont indispensables à la vie universitaire des étudiants. Si nous n’avons pas envie de cuisiner ou quand nous manquons de temps, elles sont la meilleure option, et elles sont indispensables si nous partons camper. Nous parlons bien sûr des conserves qui permettent de garder différents types d’aliments et de boissons dans des conditions nutritionnelles et organoleptiques parfaites.

Ce mode de conservation est utilisé depuis des décennies dans notre système alimentaire. Parmi ses nombreux avantages, il permet notamment de garder les aliments dans nos placards pendant des années grâce à leur date limite de consommation très longue.

De ce fait, traditionnellement, dans la société, les boîtes de conserve sont associées à un moyen sûr de conserver les aliments. Cependant, d’un point de vue chimique, il est nécessaire d’étudier plus en profondeur les interactions possibles entre l’emballage et les aliments qu’il contient afin de garantir leur innocuité.

En général, sauf si nous constations des bosses ou des traces de rouille sur les conserves, nous considérions que nous pouvions être tranquilles. Un choc nous mettait en alerte et ce, à juste titre, car cela peut endommager l’intégrité de la boîte au point de provoquer de petites perforations qui ne sont pas toujours visibles, ce qui facilite l’entrée de bactéries et, par conséquent, la contamination des aliments à l’intérieur de la conserve.

Ce qui a généralement été ignoré ou, a minima, insuffisamment abordé, ce sont les questions de sécurité alimentaire liées aux composants de la boîte de conserve, par exemple l’augmentation potentielle de l’exposition à des substances dangereuses que représenterait l’assaisonnement d’une salade avec l’huile qui accompagne le thon en conserve.

Les risques liés aux composants des boîtes de conserve

De quelles substances parlons-nous ? Et surtout, à quels risques sommes-nous exposés ? Les emballages métalliques contiennent généralement des revêtements polymères qui agissent comme une barrière entre les aliments et le métal. Ce revêtement empêche la corrosion de la boîte et préserve les propriétés organoleptiques et la qualité des aliments.

Cependant, certains de ses composants peuvent se retrouver dans les aliments par un processus appelé migration. Cela peut affecter la qualité du produit et, dans certains cas, représenter un risque potentiel pour la santé du consommateur, soit en raison de son ingestion en quantités importantes, soit en raison d’une exposition cumulée tout au long de la vie via l’alimentation.

Des perturbateurs endocriniens dans les boîtes de conserve

Le groupe FoodChemPack (Recherche, développement et évaluation de la sécurité chimique des aliments et des matériaux en contact avec les aliments) de la faculté de pharmacie de l’université de Santiago de Compostela (USC), en Espagne, étudie les revêtements des boîtes métalliques, pour les boissons comme pour les conserves alimentaires, dans le cadre de plusieurs projets (MIGRAEXPO, MIGRACOATING, BACFood4Expo et ACHED), en collaboration avec l’Agence espagnole dédiée à la sécurité alimentaire et à la nutrition (AESAN).

Au cours de ces dernières années, nous avons constaté que de nombreux revêtements contenaient des résines époxy à base de bisphénol A diglycidyl éther (BADGE), synthétisé à partir d’épichlorhydrine et de bisphénol A (BPA), un perturbateur endocrinien qui interfère avec le système hormonal. Il contribue ainsi au développement de maladies métaboliques, telles que le diabète ou l’obésité, et peut affecter le système reproducteur, entre autres effets néfastes. En 2011, la dangerosité de ce composé a ainsi conduit à son interdiction dans les biberons pour bébé.

Les autorités européennes réduisent de plus en plus la quantité maximale de bisphénol à laquelle la population générale devrait être exposée. À tel point que la Commission européenne a récemment interdit l’utilisation du BPA et de ses dérivés dans les matériaux destinés à entrer en contact avec des denrées alimentaires.

Le thon, plutôt au naturel que dans l’huile ou à l’escabèche

Dans les boissons que nous avons étudiées (boissons alcoolisées, énergisantes, rafraîchissantes ou eau minérale), la migration de ces composés dérivés du bisphénol A s’est avérée faible. En revanche, dans les aliments en conserve, en particulier dans ceux à forte teneur en matières grasses, des niveaux de migration plus élevés ont été mesurés.

Par exemple, dans les conserves, comme le thon à la tomate, à l’escabèche ou à l’huile, des concentrations plus élevées que dans le thon au naturel ont été relevées pour un autre composé appelé cyclo-di-BADGE. Contrairement au BPA, ce composé n’est pas encore réglementé en raison du manque d’informations toxicologiques.

Pour toutes ces raisons, nous considérons que ce n’est pas une bonne habitude d’assaisonner des pâtes ou des salades avec le liquide contenu dans les boîtes de conserve, car cela pourrait augmenter notre exposition à ces substances.

De plus, il a été observé que le fait de réchauffer les aliments directement dans la boîte de conserve, une pratique associée à des contextes spécifiques, tels que le camping, peut augmenter la migration de ces composés. En effet, la chaleur accélère les processus de transfert des substances depuis la couche interne de l’emballage vers les aliments, ce qui pourrait augmenter les risques pour la santé.

Qu’absorbons-nous, comment et en quelle quantité ?

Dans des études récentes, nous avons constaté que la bioaccessibilité de ces substances, c’est-à-dire la quantité qui pourrait être absorbée par l’organisme, augmente considérablement lorsqu’elles sont ingérées avec des aliments gras.

Pour parvenir à cette conclusion, nous avons tenté de simuler la manière dont notre système digestif traite ces composés. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé le protocole de digestion gastro-intestinale in vitro INFOGEST qui, entre autres, simule la composition de la salive et des fluides gastro-intestinaux, la durée de chaque phase, la température ou les valeurs de pH corporelles. Nous avons ainsi pu observer comment différents groupes de populations sont exposés de manière différente à ces substances, principalement en fonction du pH basal de l’estomac, qui est de 1,5 chez les adultes, tandis que les enfants et les personnes âgées ont un pH gastrique moins acide.

Dans la majorité des cas, les quantités détectées étaient inférieures aux limites fixées par la Commission européenne. Il est toutefois important de tenir compte de l’exposition potentielle par différentes voies et de l’exposition cumulative tout au long de la vie. En effet, une personne peut être en contact avec la même substance de différentes manières, non seulement par voie orale, par l’eau ou les aliments, mais aussi par d’autres voies, telles que les voies respiratoires ou cutanées. Cela peut augmenter l’exposition totale de l’organisme à cette substance.

Même à de faibles niveaux, une exposition prolongée peut avoir des effets négatifs sur la santé, en particulier chez les groupes de populations les plus vulnérables.

Une société informée, une alimentation plus sûre

La connaissance de ces résultats, et de ceux à venir, permettra aux consommateurs de prendre des décisions éclairées concernant l’utilisation de ce type d’emballages (par exemple, ne pas chauffer directement les boîtes de conserve sur le feu lorsque l’on fait du camping) et la consommation des aliments (par exemple, éviter de réutiliser les liquides de couverture pour assaisonner les salades), ce qui contribuera ainsi à une alimentation plus sûre.

Lara Pazos Soto a reçu des financements de Xunta de Galicia.

Antía Lestido Cardama ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Boîtes de conserve : des risques invisibles pour la santé ? – https://theconversation.com/boites-de-conserve-des-risques-invisibles-pour-la-sante-258330

August 4, 2025

Should back-to-school require parent fundraising? Ontario schools are woefully underfunded, and families pay the price

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Lana Parker, Associate Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Windsor

Back-to-school is around the corner, which means that many parents will soon receive requests from schools to pay fees, contribute supplies or support fundraising activities.

But many families are already shouldering significant financial concerns. This raises the question why Ontario schools have become so reliant on direct fundraising contributions from parents.

Though the Ontario government insists it has never spent more money on education, a closer look at the facts and figures reveals that the budget allocated to education is woefully short of covering necessities.

My research, “Infinite Demands, Finite Resources: A Window into the Effects of Ongoing Underfunding and Trends of Privatization in Ontario Schools,” draws on discussions with educators to share insiders’ perspectives on how underfunding looks and feels in schools.

Increased demands, shortfalls

The Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) released a 2022 report showing that, even amid the increased complexity of teaching during the pandemic, the Ontario government increased class sizes, cut funding and teaching staff and continued to permit the backlog for school infrastructure repair to balloon to nearly $17 billion.

Using the current government’s budget projections, Ontario’s Financial Accountability Office has forecast the education system will see a $12.3 billion shortfall over the next decade.

While some people might ask whether these cuts are a marker of prudent financial stewardship, the numbers once again reveal a different story.

The CCPA report showed that while Ontario had robust GDP growth of nine per cent in 2021 and 6.6 per cent in 2022, Ontario’s Financial Accountability Office found that, in 2017, “overall program spending in Ontario averaged roughly $2,000 per person, per year less than the average of the other provinces.”

In other words, the province has adequate funding, but is choosing to under-serve certain portfolios. For example, Ontario announced in its latest budget it will invest $28 billion on highways over 10 years.

Public investment with future returns

The choice to underfund education is shortsighted because research shows education is a public investment that can generate a high level of future returns.

This under-investment in education has real consequences for the day-to-day quality of schools. Parents who have children with special education needs have long been raising the alarm that their children lack access to adequate testing and supports, which is a direct function of insufficient funding.

Ontario’s principals, teachers and other educators issued an urgent statement in February 2025 advising the public of chronic underfunding and subsequent system challenges that “threaten the very foundation of the education our children and young people deserve.”

How boards are managing shortfalls

My recent research shines a light on the need for more sustainable funding.

The 11 highly experienced educators and one education organizer in my study described how school boards are trying to manage budget shortfalls by asking schools to increase fundraising and by asking school principals to look for private sector contributions.

They discuss how fees are becoming commonplace for extracurricular activities, which places a burden on families.

They decry the loss of materials for school libraries, arts programs and performance spaces. And they warn that the system cannot take many more years of disinvestment.

Full scope may not be clear to parents

Because educators are employed by public school boards and are responsible to the Ministry of Education, they might not be empowered to express their concerns to parents directly. Even parents who participate in school council meetings or fundraising efforts may not understand how much of an issue education underfunding is in their child’s school.

However, with their decades of experience, the educators in my study are unambiguous about the current situation.

One educator shared, “The students who suffer the most are the ones who are in our ESL programs and who are in our special education programs.”

Another noted, “With the formulas that would have been used pre-pandemic, I would have had four and a half, maybe five special education resource teachers and last year I had fewer than two.”

Yet another revealed, “There’s hundreds of kids in our neighbourhood who have never had a music teacher.” Another spoke about playgrounds, noting their board was being encouraged to seek private donations:

“That was part of the message we got the other day: ‘Look over to this school. The
[foundation name] came and built their playground. Maybe y’all should try that.’ We’re being told that we should be seeking out these donations. That’s highly problematic.”

These are losses of public education goods and services that not that long ago would have been available to all children.

As one of the participants noted:

“There are a number of opportunities that used to exist that no longer exist, and then parents get upset because they think, ‘Well, when I was in school, all of this was around. What happened?’ … Really, it’s about the underfunding.”

Province appointing supervisors

Recently, the Ontario government appointed supervisors to some boards, announcing that “investigations showed they each had accumulated deficits.”

In so doing, the government is asserting more control over public education and runs the risk of political partisanship (one of the appointed supervisors is a former Progressive Conservative MPP).

Journalist Wendy Leung with The Local, who has covered the significance of these appointments, reports the move also “hampers public scrutiny over what’s happening at the boards.”

Taking over boards can be seen as a distraction tactic as the government is asking them to meet growing needs with fewer resources.

Instead of increasing funding, which is necessary and long overdue, the government is likely to cut costs in the short term by privatizing services, a trajectory researchers have documented for some time. These shifts to the private sector are shortsighted attempts to balance a budget that only serve to raise the taxpayer burden over time.

People in Ontario — and across Canada — should be proud of our public education systems. They are held in high regard globally. But education requires ongoing financial investment in our children’s futures.

It took robust political will to compel governments to offer free public education to all children.

This history suggests it will take ongoing pressure from parents applied directly to the Ministry of Education, or via engagement with school councils and school boards, to demonstrate their desire for fair and sustainable public schooling and ensure governments do not shortchange education.

In this way, support for children today will be improved, and the proud inheritance of public education will be strengthened and viable for generations to come.

Lana Parker receives funding from the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. She is affiliated with the Public Education Exchange.

– ref. Should back-to-school require parent fundraising? Ontario schools are woefully underfunded, and families pay the price – https://theconversation.com/should-back-to-school-require-parent-fundraising-ontario-schools-are-woefully-underfunded-and-families-pay-the-price-261036

August 4, 2025

Vaccine hesitancy: How social and technological issues converged to spawn mistrust

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Emanuele Blasioli, PhD Candidate in Management Science, DeGroote School of Business, McMaster University

The rise in vaccine-preventable diseases around the world is threatening decades of progress in public health and putting millions of people at risk.

The decline in vaccination coverage in the United States illustrates the global problem. Rates of most routine vaccinations recommended for children by age 24 months by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, which focus on 15 potentially serious illnesses, have declined.

Canada has not been spared from this phenomenon. As of July 19, there have been 4,206 measles cases (3,878 confirmed, 328 probable) in 2025 reported by 10 jurisdictions (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec and Saskatchewan).

This decline in vaccine coverage is often attributed to misinformation and disinformation. As data analytics researchers, we used operations research techniques to understand why people are vaccine-hesitant. In our study, we explore how anti-vaccination sentiments and attitudes can be better understood through an integrated approach that combines social network analysis with insights into psychological reactance and the influence of eHealth literacy on health-related behaviours.

So what fuels skepticism about vaccines? It’s a complex blend of personal, social and environmental factors.

How our brains decide (and often get it wrong)

People typically use mental shortcuts, known as heuristics, to simplify complex issues.

The purpose is to minimize analytical efforts and speed up decision-making, which can sacrifice accuracy for the sake of efficiency. This results in distortions known as cognitive biases, which influence judgment and decision-making.

Vaccination decisions are influenced by these processes in the same way as any other decision.

Skepticism toward vaccines has often been associated with fears related to possible side-effects. These fears are fuelled by our broad tendency to overestimate negative consequences, a mechanism known as risk-perception bias.

A recent study published in Nature Scientific Reports confirmed that vaccine-hesitant individuals are more sensitive to risk, and give undue weight to potential side-effects.

Another study, from the journal Vaccine: X, looked at cognitive biases related to vaccine hesitancy and revealed four factors significantly associated with hesitancy. These are:

fear of vaccine side-effects (skepticism factor),
carelessness about the risks of not being vaccinated (denial factor),
optimistic attitude, believing they are less at risk of illness (optimistic bias factor) and
preference for natural products (naturalness bias factor).

Existing beliefs can also significantly interfere with evaluations and decisions, since people are inclined to seek information that reinforces and confirms their convictions. Confirmation bias interferes with the rational evaluation of evidence related to vaccine safety and efficacy.

The effect of this bias becomes particularly relevant when analyzing how susceptible individuals are to misinformation — a major barrier to vaccine uptake.

The myth of rationality

Assuming human beings can make fully rational decisions is helpful for developing simulations and models, like those in game theory. Game theory is a powerful analytical tool often used in operations research to understand phenomena arising from the interaction of multiple decision-makers, allowing us to predict the possible scenarios that may unfold.

Insights from behavioural economics and cognitive psychology suggest that any assumption of rationality is often wildly optimistic.

“Bounded rationality” describes the constraints within which reason operates. Human judgments suffer from a scarcity of information, time limitations and our limited ability to analyze.

Still, even the most effective information would not be enough to convince all vaccine-hesitant individuals. In some cases, it can have the opposite effect.

Understanding psychological and attitudinal predictors of vaccine hesitancy allows us to compare their influence in different contexts. Contexts define the environmental background (or setting) in which individuals decide about the vaccine.

These comparisons show that thought patterns and attitudes that feed into vaccine hesitancy can be modified, unlike stable risk factors, including demographic factors, such as unemployment, lower education, younger age, rural residency, sex and migrant status.

Change in vaccination decision over time

Immunization behaviours evolve over time, influenced by social dynamics. Researchers have studied why voluntary vaccination programs for childhood disease sometimes fail, showing how self-interested decision-making leads to lower vaccination rates and prevents the complete eradication of the illnesses that vaccination could otherwise control.

Assuming parents can make perfectly rational decisions, the study outlined two scenarios:

The benefit of vaccination for their child, accepting there might be some risk of side-effects;
The benefit of not vaccinating, knowing they can avoid side-effects, and hoping their child won’t catch the disease.

Whenever these choices seem equally good to parents, the researchers found there is a critical drop in vaccination uptake, especially for highly contagious diseases.

Another study investigated why vaccination rates swing wildly up and down over time instead of remaining steady.

The authors focused on how people copy each other’s behaviour and looked at two actual vaccine scares that happened in England and Wales, one in the 1970s with whooping cough vaccine and another in the 1990s with the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine.

They found that parents oscillated between vaccinating and not as they followed the herd in whatever choice seemed safest, causing boom-and-bust cycles and unstable community protection from the targeted illnesses.

Such dynamics can also result in localized pockets of under-vaccination that benefit the unprotected through herd immunity, but also risk unvaccinated groups becoming high-risk clusters if that protection deteriorates.

Echo chambers in social media

The COVID-19 pandemic has proven how damaging misinformation, disinformation, information voids and information gaps can be to public health, including immunization coverage and vaccine hesitancy.

The relationship between social media misinformation and vaccine hesitancy can be understood by looking at two elements: how much individuals are exposed to it and how persuasive social media is.

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccine-skeptical content on social media had a significant negative effect and fuelled doubts about vaccine safety and effectiveness, particularly when not subjected to flagging by fact-checkers.

The impact of unflagged vaccine-skeptical content in driving vaccine hesitancy was estimated to be 46 times greater than flagged misinformation content.

Factually accurate but potentially misleading content — such as a rare instance where a young, healthy individual passed away shortly after being vaccinated — also plays a critical role in driving up vaccine hesitancy.

In our own research, we and our collaborators argue that investigating the role of social media networks can help us develop new strategies to promote and increase evidence-based vaccine literacy.

Elkafi Hassini received Discovery and Alliance grants funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada that supported this research.

Emanuele Blasioli does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Vaccine hesitancy: How social and technological issues converged to spawn mistrust – https://theconversation.com/vaccine-hesitancy-how-social-and-technological-issues-converged-to-spawn-mistrust-261938

August 4, 2025

Pets don’t necessarily improve their owners’ well-being

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Christophe Gagné, PhD candidate, Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM)

People often turn to pets to boost their mood and find companionship. Improving well-being and reducing loneliness are among the most cited reasons for adopting an animal companion.

But even though the belief that pets bring many benefits to their owners is widespread, research shows that having a pet is not a panacea for bolstering human psychological well-being.

Despite this, pets are often portrayed in the news and on social media as effective solutions to reduce stress and loneliness, reflecting a popular belief in their health benefits. This can lead people to adopt pets without fully considering the responsibilities and demands involved, which can have negative consequences for both themselves and their pets.

As social psychologists studying human-pet relationships, we take a more nuanced approach, examining when, how and for whom pets can — or cannot — enhance well-being.

What the research says

Many studies have found that pet owners are less anxious, lonely and stressed out compared to people who don’t have pets. Pet owners also report being more satisfied with their life.

These studies often catch our attention because they tap into something many of us believe: that our pets are good for us. This type of research offers reassurance and validates the deep bond we may feel with our animal companions. But they only tell one side of the story.

Other studies have found no significant link between pet ownership and human well-being. In other words, people with pets don’t necessarily report higher well-being, nor do they have better mental health than those without pets.

Our research into pet ownership in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic was surprising: it found that owning a pet was generally associated with lower well-being and mental health.

The study included both pet owners and those without pets, aiming to compare the two groups on various well-being indicators during the pandemic. Pet owners reported lower well-being than non-pet owners during that time, including higher levels of loneliness.

These inconsistencies across different studies show that the connection between having a pet and feeling good isn’t so straightforward. Our study indicated some of these complexities. For example, compared to owners of other pets, dog owners reported higher well-being.

To make sense of these mixed findings, researchers have started to look more closely at the nature of the relationship between owners and their pets. This approach may help us better understand the factors that influence whether pet ownership is beneficial for our well-being.

The quality of the connection

Just like our relationships with people, our bond with pets is complex. Many aspects of this connection can influence how much we benefit from it. It’s not just having a pet that counts, but how we bond and interact with them.

For example, owners who experience anxiety about being away from their pets or question their pet’s affection — reflecting an insecure attachment to a pet — also report feeling more depressed. Perceiving our pets as less understanding or more insensitive to our needs is also associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety and loneliness.

In contrast, the more people feel that they share characteristics with their pets (for example, loyalty, a mutual love of sleeping), the more likely they are to report higher well-being. Pets are also perceived as living in the present, not dwelling on the past or worrying about the future. Interacting with our animal companions mindfully can help us focus on the present moment as well, which also promotes greater well-being.

By nurturing the positive aspects of our relationships with pets and working through the more difficult ones, we may ease the stress associated with some of the challenges of caring for them, including the financial resources required or the anxiety we feel when they get sick.

Some challenges of pet ownership

In fact, pet ownership comes with responsibilities and challenges that don’t seem to be discussed as often as the benefits. These more difficult aspects of caring for a pet can sometimes be emotionally distressing and negatively impact a pet owner’s psychological well-being.

Having pets, no matter how much we love them, requires time, energy and financial resources. For some, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, this responsibility may represent an additional source of stress. In our study, pet ownership was linked to lower well-being among women and among those with two or more children at home — groups already facing increased child-care and household demands.

Similarly, pet ownership was associated with lower well-being for people who were unemployed or in less stable forms of employment (for example, students, homemakers). Limited financial resources may have made pet care more challenging.

Likewise, having to care for a sick animal can be emotionally distressing for the owners. Caregivers of chronically sick dogs report feeling hopeless and powerless, especially when they cannot help to alleviate their dogs’ suffering.

Other factors, such as the pet’s behavioural problems and the grief experienced after losing a pet, can also be difficult for owners. For those contemplating adoption, it’s important to take these realities into account to make an informed decision.

Meeting our pet’s needs

There are many important factors to consider when welcoming a new animal companion into our homes. Above all, we need to ensure we have the time, energy and resources to meet their needs.

Choosing a pet carefully, based on what we realistically can offer and on reliable information about their characteristics and needs, gives us the best chance of having a positive and successful relationship.

Supporting our pets’ needs can also improve our own well-being as owners, showing the potential for mutually beneficial interspecies relationships. But when those needs are not met, both pets and their owners can end up feeling stressed and unwell.

When considering adopting a pet, it’s important to ask: why do we want a pet? If the idea is to improve psychological well-being, our research suggests we might need to think again.

Catherine Amiot is a member of the emerging Board of Directors of the PHAIR Society, an academic society that seeks to promote research on human-animal intergroup relations. She has received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) and from the Fond de recherche du Québec – Santé (FRQS) for the research conducted in her laboratory which is presented in this article.

Christophe Gagné does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Pets don’t necessarily improve their owners’ well-being – https://theconversation.com/pets-dont-necessarily-improve-their-owners-well-being-259973

August 4, 2025

Mars : la planète rouge se pare de vert durant la nuit

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Lauriane Soret, Planétologue, Université de Liège

Le rover Perseverance devant une aurore sur la planète Mars – observée, pour la première fois en 2024, dans le domaine visible. ©️Alex McDougall-Page, Fourni par l’auteur

Sur la planète Mars, il y a des lumières qui dansent dans la nuit, un peu comme les aurores boréales sur Terre. On peut aujourd’hui les observer dans différentes couleurs, depuis l’orbite ou à la surface de la planète rouge… et vert, donc.

Mars, la planète rouge, n’est finalement pas uniquement rouge.

Durant la nuit, la planète se pare de lumières vertes, certaines semblables aux aurores boréales ou australes se produisant sur Terre. Ces lueurs sont si intenses qu’elles pourraient être observées à l’œil nu par de futurs astronautes en orbite ou à la surface de Mars. Mais outre les aurores, les astronautes pourront également voir un autre phénomène lumineux nocturne appelé « nightglow », ce que l’on pourrait traduire par « lueur nocturne ».

Aurores et lueurs nocturnes martiennes étaient bien connues dans l’ultraviolet et l’infrarouge, principalement grâce aux missions Mars Express (depuis 2003) et MAVEN (depuis 2013). Mais c’est depuis 2023 seulement que nous avons pu les détecter dans le domaine du visible, grâce à la mission ExoMars de l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) et aux observations du rover Perseverance de la NASA.

Ces observations ouvrent la voie à de futures études avec des instruments conçus dans le domaine de visible, plus simples, plus légers et moins onéreux que ceux conçus pour observer les ultraviolets. En particulier, le nightglow doit nous apprendre davantage sur la dynamique et de la composition de l’atmosphère martienne ; tandis que les aurores nous renseignent sur les interactions entre le vent solaire et la planète rouge… et vert.

Aurore ou « nightglow » ?

Même si ces deux types d’émission lumineuse, aurore et nightglow, produisent des lueurs dans l’atmosphère, les processus en jeu sont complètement différents.

Les aurores sont le résultat de l’interaction de particules énergétiques venant de l’espace avec les atomes ou molécules de l’atmosphère neutre de la planète, par exemple l’azote ou l’oxygène sur Terre, et le CO₂ sur Mars. Sur Terre, les aurores se forment près des pôles, car c’est là que convergent les lignes du champ magnétique terrestre que suivent les électrons du vent solaire.

Mais sur Mars, la réalité est bien plus complexe, car le noyau de la planète Mars ne génère pas de champ magnétique comme celui de la planète Terre. C’est d’ailleurs pour cette raison que la communauté scientifique ne s’attendait pas à trouver d’aurores dans l’atmosphère martienne, jusqu’à la découverte d’émissions aurorales ultraviolettes, en 2005, avec l’instrument SPICAM de Mars Express (ESA).

Le nightglow se forme différemment, par une suite de réactions « photochimiques ». Du côté de la planète où il fait jour, les molécules naturellement présentes dans l’atmosphère sont dissociées par les photons émis par le Soleil. Par exemple, les photons peuvent casser une molécule de CO₂ en atomes de carbone et d’oxygène. Les atomes nouvellement créés sont transportés par la circulation atmosphérique provoquée par une différence de température, vers le côté nuit, où il fait beaucoup plus froid. Les atomes se recombinent alors pour reformer une molécule. La molécule se trouve cette fois dans un état excité : elle va émettre de la lumière à une longueur d’onde caractéristique en revenant à son état fondamental. C’est cette émission que l’on appelle nightglow.

Les sources de ces émissions lumineuses (aurores et nightglow) étant différentes, elles nous permettent d’étudier différents paramètres de l’atmosphère, à différents endroits et différentes altitudes de l’atmosphère.

Les aurores de Mars vues depuis l’orbite

Grâce à l’instrument SPICAM de Mars Express, notre équipe a pu observer une vingtaine d’aurores sur Mars. Toutes se situaient aux endroits où le champ magnétique résiduel piégé dans la roche à la surface de Mars est le plus fort – une région s’étend principalement dans l’hémisphère Sud, entre 120° et 250° de longitude.

détections d’aurores sur Mars — Deux types d’aurores détectées sur Mars dans l’ultraviolet par la mission emirati Emirates Mars Mission et son spectrographe Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrograph. À gauche, l’aurore suit le champ magnétique résiduel conservé dans les roches de la croûte martienne (lignes rose et bleue). À droite, une aurore sinueuse qui ne suit pas le champ magnétique résiduel.
Chirakkil et collaborateurs, JGR Planets, 2024, CC BY-SA

À cet endroit, les lignes de champ magnétique forment des arcs qui agissent comme des boucliers contre les particules énergétiques, un peu comme un mini champ magnétique terrestre.

Entre deux arcades, les lignes de champ sont ouvertes et forment des sortes de canyons, dans lesquels les électrons venant du vent solaire se précipitent et interagissent avec les atomes et molécules neutres de l’atmosphère, principalement dioxyde de carbone et oxygène. Ces atomes et molécules se retrouvent alors dans un état excité instable et, lorsqu’ils se désexcitent pour retrouver dans leur état fondamental, émettent des photons à des longueurs d’onde bien caractéristiques. C’est ainsi que l’on trouvera principalement des émissions de monoxyde de carbone (CO), dioxyde de carbone ionisé (CO₂⁺) et oxygène (O) dans l’ultraviolet et des émissions d’oxygène dans l’ultraviolet lointain. Ces émissions se produisent à environ 135 kilomètres d’altitude.

Depuis 2013, grâce aux instruments IUVS de la mission MAVEN de la NASA et EMUS à bord d’Emirates Mars Mission bien plus sensibles que SPICAM, nous sommes constamment surpris !

En effet, nous savons désormais que des émissions aurorales se produisent également en dehors de la zone de fort champ magnétique résiduel. Elles sont moins intenses, mais beaucoup plus fréquentes dans l’hémisphère Nord, par exemple.

D’autres types d’aurores ont également été observés : des aurores sinueuses, avec une forme de serpent dont la longueur peut couvrir tout un hémisphère en se déplaçant très rapidement, ou encore des aurores diffuses qui peuvent recouvrir toute la face nocturne de la planète ! Ces aurores diffuses se produisent plus bas en altitude, à environ 60 kilomètres à 80 kilomètres. Elles se produisent assez rarement car elles nécessitent la présence d’évènements SEP (pour Solar Energetic Particle) durant lesquels les particules émises par le Soleil, principalement des protons, se retrouvent fortement accélérées.

Aurores et activité solaire sont donc intimement liées. Les aurores martiennes peuvent avoir, comme sur Terre, des endroits de formation privilégiés, mais sont globalement très variables et assez difficilement prévisibles.

Observer des aurores depuis la surface de Mars

Nous savons que l’une des émissions aurorales précédemment observées dans l’UV (les atomes d’oxygène excités émettant à 297 nanomètres) possède une contrepartie dans le domaine du visible – il s’agit de la raie de l’oxygène à 557 nanomètres, qui donne sa couleur verte aux aurores terrestres. Cette composante devrait également être observable dans l’atmosphère martienne.

Et c’est l’exploit qu’a réalisé l’équipe du rover Perseverance en détectant la première aurore visible dans le ciel martien en mars 2024. L’équipe a guetté l’apparition d’évènements SEP au niveau du Soleil pour commander à distance au rover d’observer le ciel durant les nuits correspondantes. Une stratégie fructueuse, puisque l’émission à 557 nanomètres a été détectée par le spectromètre de Perseverance ! C’est donc la première fois qu’une image d’une aurore a été prise depuis le sol d’une planète autre que celui de la Terre.

L’intensité de cet évènement aurait probablement été trop faible pour pouvoir être perceptible par un œil humain, mais d’autres aurores, plus intenses, pourraient tout à fait être détectées à l’œil nu par de futurs astronautes à la surface ou en orbite autour de Mars.

Le « nightglow » de Mars serait visible par de futurs astronautes

Dans le cas de Mars, les photons émis par le Soleil interagissent avec les molécules de CO₂ majoritairement présentes dans l’atmosphère martienne (~96 %), principalement au niveau du pôle d’été, éclairé et échauffé par le Soleil.

Les molécules de CO₂ sont alors dissociées et les atomes d’oxygène sont transportés vers le pôle d’hiver plongé dans la nuit et le froid, par ce que l’on appelle la circulation été-hiver. Là, les atomes d’oxygène se recombinent pour former une molécule de O₂ dans un état excité, qui émet alors une émission lumineuse à une longueur d’onde caractéristique en retournant à son état fondamental. C’est cette émission, que l’on observe dans la nuit polaire martienne d’hiver, que l’on appelle nightglow.

animation montrant la migration d’atomes dissociés d’une région à une autre — Production du *nightglow* sur Mars : des molécules de dioxyde de carbone présentes dans l’atmosphère sont dissociées côté été, et des atomes d’oxygène résultant de la dissociation se voient transportés vers les régions polaires hivernales. Les atomes d’oxygène (sphères rouges) s’y recombinent pour y former des molécules de dioxygène excitées qui émettent la lueur nocturne.
ESA, CC BY

Ce nightglow a d’abord été observé dans l’infrarouge, à 1,27 micromètre, à partir de l’orbite martienne, par la mission MRO (pour Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter), lancée en 2005, par la NASA.

Mais c’est en 2023 que cette émission de l’oxygène a été observée pour la toute première fois dans le domaine du visible, à environ 50 kilomètres d’altitude. Contrairement aux aurores, variables et difficilement prévisibles, le nightglow est très homogène dans le temps et dans l’espace.

De plus, son intensité est telle que de futurs astronautes n’auraient aucune difficulté à observer un ciel vert au-dessus du pôle d’hiver lors d’une belle nuit étoilée.

Les futures missions

Grâce à ces avancées majeures dans le domaine du visible, nous savons désormais qu’il nous est possible de continuer d’étudier l’atmosphère de Mars en utilisant des instruments plus simples, plus légers et moins onéreux en utilisant le domaine visible plutôt que celui de l’ultraviolet.

C’est ce que nous voulons faire avec la caméra aurorale M-AC à bord de M-MATISSE, une mission que nous avons proposée à l’Agence spatiale européenne (ESA) et qui est actuellement en phase de sélection. Deux orbiteurs emporteraient à leur bord différents instruments pour analyser l’environnement de Mars, ainsi qu’une caméra avec un filtre pour observer les émissions vertes autour de 557 nanomètres.

Grâce à M-AC, nous pourrions photographier et prendre des vidéos des aurores martiennes avec une résolution et une sensibilité jamais atteintes auparavant. Si elle est acceptée par l’ESA, cette mission devrait être lancée en 2037 en direction de la planète rouge… et vert !

Lauriane Soret a reçu des financements du F.R.S.-FNRS.

– ref. Mars : la planète rouge se pare de vert durant la nuit – https://theconversation.com/mars-la-planete-rouge-se-pare-de-vert-durant-la-nuit-261723

August 4, 2025

Survivors’ voices 80 years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki sound a warning and a call to action

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Masako Toki, Senior Education Project Manager and Research Associate, Nonproliferation Education Program, Middlebury

Supporters of nuclear disarmament, including Hibakusha, demonstrate in Oslo, Norway, in 2024. Hideo Asano, CC BY-ND

Eighty years ago, in August 1945, the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were incinerated by the first and only use of nuclear weapons in war. By the end of that year, approximately 140,000 people had died in Hiroshima and 74,000 in Nagasaki.

Those who survived – known as Hibakusha – have carried their suffering as living testimony to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear war, with one key wish: that no one else will suffer as they have.

Now, in 2025, as the world marks 80 years of remembrance since those bombings, the voices of the Hibakusha offer not only memory, but also moral clarity in an age of growing peril.

As someone who focuses on nuclear disarmament and has heard Hibakusha testimonies in my native Japanese language, I have been enthusiastically promoting disarmament education grounded in their voices and experience. I believe their message is more vital than ever at a time of rising nuclear risk. Nuclear threats have reemerged in global discourse, breaking long-standing taboos against even talking about their use. From Russia and Europe to the Middle East and East Asia, the possibility of nuclear escalation is no longer unthinkable.

Amid a landscape of rubble, a partially destroyed building stands, with the skeleton of a metal dome atop a tower. — The Hiroshima Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall was one of the few buildings not totally demolished in the Aug. 6, 1945, U.S. atomic bombing of Japan.
Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

Japan’s deepening reliance on deterrence

Ironically, increasing nuclear threats are contributing to further reliance on nuclear deterrence, the strategy of preventing attack by threatening nuclear retaliation, rather than renewed efforts toward nuclear disarmament, which seeks to eliminate nuclear weapons entirely.

Nowhere is this contradiction more visible than in Japan. While the Hibakusha have long stood as global advocates for nuclear abolition, Japan’s approach to national security has placed growing emphasis on the role of nuclear deterrence.

In the face of regional threats, the Japanese government has strengthened its dependence on U.S. nuclear protection – even as the survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki warn not only of the dangers of relying on nuclear weapons for security, but also of the profound moral failure such reliance represents.

Masako Wada, a survivor of the 1945 atomic bomb attack on Nagasaki, speaks about the risk of nuclear weapons in the 21st century.

Listen to Hibakusha voices

For eight decades, the Hibakusha have shared their stories to prevent future tragedy – not to assign blame, but to awaken conscience and spark action.

Masako Wada, assistant secretary general of Nihon Hidankyo, a nationwide organization of atomic bomb survivors working for the abolition of nuclear weapons, was just under 2 years old when the atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Her home, 1.8 miles from the blast center, was shielded by surrounding mountains, sparing her from burns or injury. Though too young to remember the bombing herself, she grew up hearing about it from her mother and grandfather, who witnessed the devastation firsthand.

In July 2025 at a nuclear risk reduction conference in Chicago, Wada told the attendees:

“The risk of using nuclear weapons has never been higher than it is now. … Nuclear deterrence, which intimidates other countries by possessing nuclear weapons, cannot save humanity.”

In a piece she wrote for Arms Control Today that same month, she further implored:

“The Hibakusha are the ones who know the humanitarian consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. We will continue to convey that reality. Please listen to us, please empathize with us. Find out what you can do and take action together with us. Nuclear weapons cannot coexist with human beings. They were created by humans; let us assume the responsibility to abolish them with the wisdom of public conscience.”

This plea – rooted in lived experience and moral responsibility – was recognized globally when the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Nihon Hidankyo. The award honored not only the survivors’ suffering, but their decades-long commitment to preventing future use of nuclear weapons through education, activism and testimony.

A concrete building with no windows and a metal skeleton of a dome atop a tower stand against a blue sky. — The Hiroshima Peace Memorial stands as it has since 1945, partially destroyed by the atomic bomb blast and serving as a reminder of the 140,000 people who died in the attack and its aftermath.
Masako Toki, CC BY-ND

A dwindling number

But time is running out. Most Hibakusha were children or young adults in 1945. Today, their average age is over 86. In March 2025, the number of officially recognized Hibakusha fell below 100,000, according to Japan’s Ministry of Health.

As Terumi Tanaka, a Hiroshima survivor and longtime leader of Nihon Hidankyo, said at the Nobel Peace Prize ceremony:

“Ten years from now, there may only be a handful of us able to give testimony as firsthand survivors. From now on, I hope that the next generation will find ways to build on our efforts and develop the movement even further.”

Terumi Tanaka, a survivor of the 1945 atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima, delivers the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize lecture.

The role of empathy in disarmament education

Empathy is not a luxury in disarmament education – it is a necessity. Without it, nuclear weapons remain abstract. With it, they become personal, real and morally unacceptable.

That’s why disarmament education begins with human stories. The Hibakusha testimonies illuminate not only the physical destruction caused by nuclear weapons, but also the long-term trauma, discrimination and intergenerational pain that follow. They remind us that nuclear policy is not just a matter of strategy – it is a question of human survival. Nuclear weapons are the only weapons ever created with the power to annihilate all of humanity – and that makes disarmament not just a political issue, but a moral imperative.

Yet opportunities for young people to learn about nuclear risks, or hear from the Hibakusha directly, are extremely limited. In most countries, these issues are absent from school and university classrooms. This lack of education feeds ignorance and, in turn, complacency – allowing the flawed logic of deterrence to remain unchallenged.

Disarmament education that puts empathy and ethics at its center, along with survivors’ voices, can empower the next generation not only with knowledge, but with moral strength to choose their path.

A person stands at a lectern in front of a screen with photos and text reading 'As long as I could see, all the roof tiles had been blown to one side. The green of the mountain that surround the city was gone. They were brown mountains now.' — Masako Wada, a Hibakusha who survived the U.S. bombing of Nagasaki in August 1945, speaks at a church in California in 2019, spreading the message of the horror of the attack and its aftermath, and urging people to promote nuclear disarmament.
Masako Toki, CC BY-ND

From remembrance to responsibility

Commemorating 80 years since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is not about history alone. It is about the future. It is about what people choose to remember – and what people choose to do with that memory.

The Hibakusha have never sought revenge. Their message is clear: This can happen again. But it doesn’t have to.

The Hibakusha’s journey shows that human beings are not destined to remain divided, nor are they doomed to repeat cycles of destruction. In the face of unimaginable loss, many Hibakusha chose not to dwell on anger or seek retribution, but instead to speak out for the good of all humanity. Their activism has been marked not by bitterness, but by an unwavering commitment to peace, empathy and the prevention of future suffering. Rather than directing their pain toward blame, they have transformed it into a powerful appeal to conscience and global solidarity. Their concern has never been only for Japan – but for the future of the entire human race.

That moral clarity, grounded in lived experience, remains profoundly instructive. In a world increasingly filled with conflict and fear, I believe there is much to learn from the Hibakusha. Their testimony is not just a warning – it is a guide.

I try to listen, and urge others, as well, to truly listen to what they have to say. I seek the company of people who also refuse complacency, question the legitimacy of nuclear deterrence, and work for a future where human dignity, not mutual destruction, defines human security.

Masako Toki does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Survivors’ voices 80 years after Hiroshima and Nagasaki sound a warning and a call to action – https://theconversation.com/survivors-voices-80-years-after-hiroshima-and-nagasaki-sound-a-warning-and-a-call-to-action-262174

August 4, 2025

South African learners struggle with reading comprehension: study reveals a gap between policy and classroom practice

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Tracy Kitchen, Lecturer: Student Academic Development, Rhodes University

South African learners consistently struggle with reading comprehension, performing poorly in both international and local assessments. A significant issue is that 81% of grade 4 learners (aged 9 or 10) are unable to read for meaning: they can decode words, but do not necessarily understand them.

While this problem has received considerable attention, no clear explanation has emerged.

In my recent PhD thesis, I considered a crucial, but often overlooked, piece of the puzzle – the curriculum policy. My research sought to uncover and understand the gaps and contradictions in reading comprehension, especially between policy and practice, in a grade 4 classroom.

This research revealed a difference between curriculum policy and practice, and between what learners seemed to have understood and what they actually understood in a routine reading comprehension task.

My main findings were that:

grade 4 learners were being asked overly simple, literal questions about what they were reading, despite the text being more complex than expected
the kinds of questions that learners should be asked (as indicated in the curriculum policy) were different from what they were being asked
this gap led to learners seeming to be more successful at reading comprehension than they actually were.

Pinpointing the gaps between what the policy says and how reading comprehension is actually taught at this crucial stage of development (grade 4) could pave the way for more effective interventions.

Curriculum policy

South African teachers are expected to base their reading comprehension instruction and assessment on the guidelines provided by the 2012 Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement.

The policy outlines specific cognitive skill levels – essentially, ways of thinking and understanding – that learners should master for each reading task. These levels are drawn from Barrett’s 1956 Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension, an international guideline. It’s based on the popular Bloom’s Taxonomy of Reading Comprehension, which categorises reading comprehension according to varying skill levels.

According to Barrett’s Taxonomy, reading comprehension involves five progressively complex levels:

Literal comprehension: Identifying meaning that is directly stated in the text. (For example, “Name the animals in the story”.)
Reorganisation: Organising, paraphrasing, or classifying information that is explicitly stated. (“Find four verbs in the story to describe what the animals did.”)
Inference: Understanding meaning that is not directly stated, but implied. (“When in the story is the leopard being selfish?”)
Evaluation: Making judgements about the text’s content or quality. (“Who do you think this story is usually told to?”)
Appreciation: Making emotional or personal evaluations about the text. (“How well was the author able to get the message across?”)

Typically, reading comprehension tasks will assess a range of these cognitive skills.

South Africa’s Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement document specifies (on pages 91-92) that all reading comprehension tasks should comprise questions that are:

40% literal/reorganisation (lower-order thinking skills)
40% inferential (middle-order)
20% evaluation and appreciation (higher-order).

This approach aims to allow most students to demonstrate a basic understanding of the text, while challenging more advanced learners.

However, as my classroom case study shows, the system appears to be failing. There was a mismatch between the policy and what was taking place in the classroom.

Classroom practice

For this research, I observed the reading comprehension practices in a single classroom in a public school in the Eastern Cape province. This took place over six months, at a time when schools were not fully reopened during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The task in question included a text and activity selected by the teacher from a textbook aligned with the policy. My analysis (which used Appraisal, a linguistic framework that tracks evaluative meaning) showed that most of the text’s meaning was implicit. To fully understand it, learners would need higher-order thinking and sophisticated English first-language skills. This was a surprising finding for a grade 4 resource, especially because most learners in this study were not English first-language speakers.

Even more surprising, learners achieved seemingly high marks on comprehension, with an average of 82.9%. This suggested they understood this complex text.

However, I found that the questions in the textbook did not align with policy. Instead of the balance of skills required by the policy, 73% of the questions called only for lower-order skills. Only 20% were inferential and a mere 7% required evaluation or appreciation (middle- to higher-order skills).

At least six of the 15 available marks could be gained simply by listing explicitly stated items, not requiring genuine comprehension.

This reveals that, in this classroom, activities labelled as policy-compliant actually tested only lower-order comprehension. Learners could pass simply by identifying and listing information from the text. This creates a false sense of comprehension success, as revealed by the high marks.

When learners were tested on the same text but using different questions that I designed to align with the policy requirements, they scored lower marks, especially for the higher-order questions.

This mismatch might partly explain why South Africans score poorly in international tests (which require more higher-order thinking).

Why this matters and moving forward

These findings are concerning, as learners may be lulled into believing that they are successful readers. A false sense of accomplishment could have significant impacts on the rest of their education.

Comprehension difficulties can’t be blamed solely on the disconnect between policy and practice, however. Many other contextual factors shape how learners perform in reading comprehension tasks.

In my study, factors like COVID-19, insufficient home language teaching policies, educational inequalities, and the pressures on teachers during a crisis (brought on by COVID-19) all contributed to the literacy crisis.

However, two key points became clear during this study.

Firstly, teaching materials favour lower-order comprehension skills, skewing perceptions of learners’ abilities.

Secondly, teachers may lack the knowledge, resources or motivation to adjust these materials to truly align with the national policy in how reading comprehension is assessed.

This calls for urgent intervention in how reading comprehension is taught and assessed and in how teachers are prepared to do this effectively.

This research was partially funded by the National Research Foundation (NRF).

– ref. South African learners struggle with reading comprehension: study reveals a gap between policy and classroom practice – https://theconversation.com/south-african-learners-struggle-with-reading-comprehension-study-reveals-a-gap-between-policy-and-classroom-practice-260033