‘Eso es IA’: cómo los ‘deepfakes’ nos hacen sospechar de todo

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Eugenia San Segundo Fernández, Científica Titular del CSIC (Fonética Experimental y Aplicada), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)

Ole.CNX/Shutterstock

En los últimos años, los deepfakes, contenidos hiperrealistas generados por inteligencia artificial, se han convertido en parte del panorama digital cotidiano. Este tipo de contenido ha dado lugar a una reacción casi automática en redes sociales. Un comentario breve que resume la sospecha colectiva: “Es IA”.

Esta frase aparece bajo cualquier publicación ligeramente sorprendente. Basta con que algo nos descoloque para que surja la duda. Por ejemplo, sabemos que la inteligencia artificial es capaz de clonar voces y esto ha cambiado nuestra forma de percibir la información y juzgar su autenticidad. El problema no es solo que existan audios falsos que se presentan como reales, sino el hecho de que, cuando cualquier contenido puede fabricarse con unos pocos clics, la sospecha deja de ser excepcional y se convierte en un reflejo automático.

Así, aparece una pregunta inevitable: ¿cómo distinguimos lo auténtico de lo artificial? Precisamente de eso trata el proyecto de investigación ¿Qué hace humana a una voz?, desarrollado en el Laboratorio de Fonética del CSIC. Conscientes del impacto social provocado por la proliferación de deepfakes, nuestro proyecto nace con una clara vocación divulgativa.

Para conocer mejor qué se ha publicado en el último año y medio sobre este tema, se puede consultar nuestra lista de lecturas, un recurso de acceso abierto con más de 100 entradas que recoge publicaciones científicas, ejemplos de deepfakes, referencias a la normativa sobre el tema y otros recursos para que el ciudadano pueda informarse sobre los usos maliciosos de la IA generativa.

Este artículo pretende trasladar parte de ese conocimiento a la ciudadanía mediante recomendaciones basadas en datos que, en el futuro, también puedan orientar la elaboración de políticas públicas. Para ello, conviene analizar qué ocurre cuando la desconfianza deja de ser la excepción y pasa a ser la norma.

¿Qué es el “dividendo del mentiroso”?

Esta situación da lugar al fenómeno conocido como el “dividendo del mentiroso” (liar’s dividend). El concepto describe una paradoja contemporánea: cuando sabemos que existen falsificaciones casi perfectas, resulta más fácil negar aquello que sí es auténtico. La mera posibilidad de que un audio sea falso se convierte en una coartada, siendo suficiente sembrar la duda para que pierda credibilidad ante la opinión pública.

Este fenómeno tiene implicaciones especialmente preocupantes en el ámbito judicial, pues se ha empleado como estrategia de defensa legal. Un ejemplo conocido es el de Elon Musk. En un litigio relacionado con el funcionamiento del autopiloto de un vehículo Tesla, argumentó que, al tratarse de una figura pública, era probable que existieran deepfakes de su voz, por lo que no debía admitirse como prueba un vídeo en el que aseguraba la fiabilidad absoluta de su tecnología. Sin embargo, al no presentarse pruebas que respaldaran la sospecha de que era un deepfake, el tribunal decidió mantener el vídeo como evidencia, señalando que lo contrario sentaría un precedente peligroso de inmunidad para figuras públicas.

Claves para la detección de deepfakes de audio

1. Cada vez es más difícil diferenciar únicamente con el oído si una voz es real o ha sido creada artificialmente. Son varios los estudios científicos que evidencian la limitada capacidad humana para detectar voces sintéticas. En cuatro años, hemos observado que los porcentajes de acierto de los oyentes que participan en estudios experimentales controlados de tipo perceptivo tienden a ser cada vez más bajos. Aunque los resultados no son directamente comparables entre estudios debido a diferencias metodológicas, todo indica que en condiciones reales –fuera del laboratorio– nuestra capacidad de acierto sería aún menor. Es decir, en la vida cotidiana somos especialmente vulnerables al engaño.

2. Las herramientas de detección automática de deepfakes tampoco son infalibles. Para que sean eficaces, deben tener en cuenta las condiciones reales en las que se crean y difunden los deepfakes, como el ruido de fondo o el uso de distintos algoritmos de clonación. Además, las bases de datos utilizadas para entrenar estos sistemas de detección deben ser realistas, diversas y abundantes. Por ejemplo, deben comprender distintos dialectos, estilos de habla, situaciones comunicativas, etc.

Los sistemas de detección producen buenos resultados cuando se entrenan con audiolibros, pero un deepfake en la vida real no suena como un actor leyendo un libro en un estudio de grabación profesional. La mayoría de las bases de datos con las que se entrenan los sistemas de detección consisten en habla leída, que dista mucho de la espontánea y conversacional.

3. Las recomendaciones actuales para identificar deepfakes son más útiles cuando el audio va acompañado de imágenes. Se suele recomendar fijarse en posibles fallos visuales como movimientos entrecortados o parpadeo irregular. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de audio solo –como en mensajes de voz– estas pistas desaparecen. Aun así, sigue siendo recomendable desconfiar de audios breves, verificar su origen y prestar atención a incoherencias o cambios repentinos.

En conclusión, aunque se están desarrollando sistemas de detección desde distintas disciplinas, estos aún deben mejorar para adaptarse a tecnologías de generación en constante evolución, pues su creación está mucho más desarrollada que su detección. Por ello, la responsabilidad se reparte entre la comunidad científica, que debe seguir investigando, y la ciudadanía, que debe ser consciente de los riesgos asociados.

La facilidad de acceso a estas herramientas, junto con su uso frecuente sin consentimiento, plantea problemas reales como la suplantación de identidad, la difamación o el fraude. En un entorno donde todo puede parecer falso, cuidar la confianza se convierte en un reto colectivo.

The Conversation

Este artículo de divulgación forma parte de dos proyectos: Proyecto PID2021-124995OA-I00 financiado por MICIU/AEI /10.13039/501100011033 y por FEDER, UE y Proyecto PID2024-161495OB-I00 financiado por MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 y por FEDER, UE.

Vega Rodríguez Sánchez no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. ‘Eso es IA’: cómo los ‘deepfakes’ nos hacen sospechar de todo – https://theconversation.com/eso-es-ia-como-los-deepfakes-nos-hacen-sospechar-de-todo-279183

Un análisis en 43 países revela que los jóvenes de entornos desfavorecidos son más vulnerables a los riesgos de las redes sociales

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Roger Fernandez-Urbano, Ramón y Cajal Research Fellow (Tenure-Track) Department of Sociology, Universitat de Barcelona

EF Stock/Shutterstock

A medida que las redes sociales se convierten en una parte fundamental de la vida de los jóvenes, crece la preocupación por su impacto en su salud mental. Sin embargo, los debates públicos y las medidas adoptadas tienden a tratar a los adolescentes como un grupo homogéneo. A menudo ignoramos el hecho de que el uso de estas plataformas no afecta a todos de la misma manera, ni tiene los mismos efectos en su bienestar.

En un capítulo del Informe Mundial sobre la Felicidad 2026, publicado por la Red de Soluciones para el Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas en colaboración con la Universidad de Oxford, hemos examinado cómo el uso problemático de las redes sociales se relaciona con el bienestar de los adolescentes de diferentes entornos socioeconómicos.

Analizamos 43 países repartidos por seis grandes regiones –anglo-celta, Cáucaso-mar Negro, Europa central y oriental, Mediterráneo, nórdica y Europa occidental– que abarcan principalmente países europeos y sus zonas vecinas inmediatas.

Utilizando datos de más de 330 000 jóvenes, hemos observado un patrón claro y consistente: los niveles más altos de uso problemático de las redes sociales –es decir, el uso compulsivo o descontrolado de las redes sociales– se asocian con un menor bienestar.

Los adolescentes que informan de este tipo de uso tienden a experimentar más problemas psicológicos, como sentirse deprimidos, nerviosos, irritables o tener dificultades para dormir. También presentan una menor satisfacción con la vida, una medida de lo positivamente que evalúan sus vidas en su conjunto.

Este patrón se observa en todos los países de nuestro estudio, pero su intensidad varía de un país a otro. Es especialmente pronunciado en países anglo-célticos como el Reino Unido e Irlanda, mientras que es comparativamente más débil en la región del Cáucaso y el mar Negro.

El contexto socioeconómico importa

La historia no termina con la geografía. A nivel mundial, los adolescentes de entornos menos favorecidos tienden a ser más vulnerables a las consecuencias negativas del uso problemático de las redes sociales que sus compañeros de entornos más privilegiados.

Esto significa que el estatus socioeconómico –los recursos materiales y sociales de que dispone un hogar, como los ingresos y las condiciones de vida– influye activamente en los riesgos y oportunidades que experimentan los jóvenes como resultado de su actividad en internet.

Curiosamente, estas desigualdades son especialmente visibles cuando nos fijamos en la satisfacción con la vida. Las diferencias entre los grupos socioeconómicos son menores en lo que respecta a los problemas psicológicos, pero mucho más claras y consistentes en cuanto a cómo los adolescentes evalúan sus vidas en general.

Una posible razón es que este parámetro es más sensible a las comparaciones sociales. Las redes sociales exponen a los jóvenes a constantes puntos de referencia –lo que otros tienen, hacen y logran– lo que puede amplificar las diferencias en las oportunidades y los recursos percibidos.

Al mismo tiempo, estos patrones no son idénticos en todas partes. Por ejemplo, las diferencias socioeconómicas en las molestias psicológicas tienden a ser modestas en la mayoría de las regiones, incluidos países de Europa continental como Francia, Austria o Bélgica, pero se observan con mayor claridad en países anglo-célticos como Escocia y Gales.

Por el contrario, las brechas socioeconómicas en la satisfacción con la vida aparecen en la mayoría de las regiones, aunque tienden a ser más débiles en países mediterráneos como Italia, Chipre y Grecia.




Leer más:
Ansiosos y sin controlar su tiempo: así se sienten muchos universitarios hiperconectados


Un problema creciente

También examinamos cómo han evolucionado estos patrones a lo largo del tiempo. Entre 2018 y 2022, la relación entre el uso problemático de las redes sociales y el bajo bienestar de los adolescentes se hizo más fuerte.

Esto sugiere que los riesgos de este comportamiento pueden haberse intensificado en los últimos años, lo que posiblemente refleje el papel cada vez mayor de las tecnologías digitales en la vida cotidiana de los jóvenes, especialmente durante y después de la pandemia de covid-19.

Es importante destacar que esta intensificación ha afectado a los adolescentes de todos los grupos socioeconómicos de manera muy similar en la mayoría de las regiones. En otras palabras, aunque las desigualdades persisten, no se han acentuado durante este periodo.




Leer más:
¿Cómo afectan la tecnología digital y las redes sociales al cerebro de niños y adolescentes?


No existe una solución única para todos

Aunque los debates públicos sobre las redes sociales y la salud mental suelen tratar a los adolescentes como un único grupo demográfico, nuestros resultados muestran una realidad más compleja. El uso problemático de estas plataformas está relacionado con un menor bienestar en todos los países, pero sus efectos vienen determinados por las realidades sociales. Varían en función del lugar donde viven los jóvenes y de los recursos de que disponen.

No todos ellos experimentan el mundo digital de la misma manera, y no todos están igualmente preparados para hacer frente a sus presiones. Reconocer esto es esencial para diseñar políticas que no solo sean eficaces, sino también equitativas, garantizando que las intervenciones lleguen a aquellos adolescentes que son más vulnerables a los riesgos digitales.

The Conversation

Roger Fernández-Urbano recibe fondos del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades del Gobierno español y de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación a través de una beca Ramón y Cajal (RYC). Roger es miembro de la Sociedad Internacional para los Estudios sobre la Calidad de Vida (ISQOLS).

La participación de María Rubio-Cabañez en esta investigación contó con el apoyo del proyecto DIGINEQ (Uso del tiempo en el ámbito digital, bienestar de los adolescentes y desigualdades sociales) (n.º de acuerdo de subvención: 101089233), financiado por la beca Consolidator Grant del Consejo Europeo de Investigación.

La participación de Pablo Gracia en esta investigación contó con el apoyo del proyecto DIGINEQ (Uso del tiempo en el ámbito digital, bienestar de los adolescentes y desigualdades sociales) (n.º de acuerdo de subvención: 101089233), financiado por la beca Consolidator Grant del Consejo Europeo de Investigación.

ref. Un análisis en 43 países revela que los jóvenes de entornos desfavorecidos son más vulnerables a los riesgos de las redes sociales – https://theconversation.com/un-analisis-en-43-paises-revela-que-los-jovenes-de-entornos-desfavorecidos-son-mas-vulnerables-a-los-riesgos-de-las-redes-sociales-281951

Teledetección y satélites para convertir a los estudiantes en científicos y activistas por el suelo

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Luis Armando Martínez Echeverría, Formación académica que incluye la Licenciatura en Geografía y Ordenamiento, Ambiental, por la Universidad de Guadalajara, y la Maestría y Doctorado en Innovación Educativa por Centro Educativo Valles Virtual. Además de Diplomados., Universidad de Guadalajara

Imagen satelital de incendios en México tomada en febrero de 2024. BEST-BACKGROUNDS/Shutterstock

Para entender la importancia del suelo, es necesario reconocerlo como un ecosistema complejo. La densidad biológica es tan alta que una sola cucharada de tierra superaría en población a la humanidad entera. Este sistema se compone de microfauna, bacterias y hongos, capaces de generar materia orgánica que regula el clima y facilita la filtración de agua hacia los mantos acuíferos.

Trasladar esta realidad a la enseñanza no consiste en imponerla con argumentos académicos. Gracias a los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), los estudiantes pueden observar imágenes y, después, analizar los cambios en el uso del suelo en periodos de tiempo determinados.

Si además integramos la teledetección mediante sistemas satelitales en el aula, hacemos del aprendizaje en un proceso científico. Este convierte al alumno en protagonista del monitoreo de su propio territorio y en un agente crítico sobre lo que le sucede a ese suelo como fuente de vida.

Auge de los invernaderos: el caso de Zapotlán el Grande

Un ejemplo de ello lo encontramos en el proyecto docente desarrollado en torno al municipio de Zapotlán el Grande, en Jalisco (México). Las investigaciones han documentado un crecimiento exponencial de los invernaderos en el suelo agrícola de esta localidad en los últimos 25 años. Esta modalidad de explotación ejerce gran presión sobre el suelo, transformando zonas de vocación agrícola temporal en cultivos de precisión con rendimientos cada vez menores a medida que los suelos pierden su fertilidad original.

Mediante la integración de imágenes satelitales y análisis de los SIG en el aula, los estudiantes no solo constatan por sí mismos este cambio en el uso del suelo y su impacto sobre la fertilidad, sino que también descubren y reflexionan sobre cuestiones relacionadas con el cambio climático.

La verdadera innovación pedagógica en el caso de Zapotlán el Grande no tiene que ver únicamente con utilizar las imágenes de los satélites de última generación: integrar la teledetección en el aula significa dejar que la ciencia sea una actividad exclusiva de laboratorios lejanos y convertirla en una herramienta ciudadana. Al analizar la reflectancia de los plásticos de los invernaderos frente a la textura rugosa de los bosques nativos, el estudiante de secundaria es consciente del cambio climático y, además, lo documenta.

Incidencia educativa y políticas públicas

A menudo caminamos por la ciudad, el parque o el campo sin notar que bajo nuestros pies está uno los recursos naturales más importantes. El suelo, más que un elemento común de nuestros ecosistemas, constituye un componente ambiental muy valioso, pero a menudo olvidado en las políticas públicas y en las agendas educativas.

Se trata del soporte fundamental para la vida y del sustento para las actividades económicas primarias. Posicionar al suelo como el eje transversal que conecte diversas disciplinas dentro de la educación ambiental, responde a la necesidad de promover el aprendizaje significativo en las escuelas. Una vía para que los estudiantes puedan contrastar los datos con la realidad palpable de su propio territorio.

En el contexto actual, el suelo se ha convertido en el aliado perfecto para contrarrestar el cambio climático. Se trata del elemento que más carbono absorbe y retiene, solo comparable al papel que juegan en este mismo sentido los océanos. Tener un suelo sano, rico en materia orgánica, garantiza que el desastre natural que enfrentamos a nivel global pueda solucionarse.

No obstante, el tiempo no está de nuestro lado, en la escala de vida humana, al tratarse de un recurso no renovable. Se necesita de aproximadamente un milenio para formar apenas un centímetro de tierra fértil. Lo que la naturaleza toma siglos para crear, el ser humano lo desaparece en poco tiempo con la deforestación, las malas prácticas agrícolas, los incendios intencionados y la expansión de la mancha urbana.

Cabe recordar que el 95 % de la producción alimentaria mundial depende directamente del suelo. Ignorar su importancia por la ambición de mayores rendimientos por hectárea terminará sobreexplotándolo y comprometerá el futuro de nuestro medio ambiente, la agricultura y la vida humana.

Mapas y satélites: ojos científicos en el aula

¿Cómo podemos monitorear estos cambios que ocurren en nuestra vida sin darnos cuenta y, en las últimas décadas, de manera acelerada? La respuesta está en la tecnología. La mencionada teledetección permite obtener información a distancia sobre objetos o escenarios sin estar en contacto con ellos y sus aplicaciones resultan fundamentales para los estudios sobre el medio ambiente.

Un ejemplo al alcance de casi todos lo ofrece Google a través de sus plataformas Google Earth Engine o Google Maps. Estas utilizan imágenes de teledetección provenientes principalmente de satélites como Landsat 7 y 8 (NASA), así como satélites Sentinel (ESA/Copernicus). También entran en juego algoritmos avanzados para mejorar la definición, eliminar nubes, corregir colores y generar mosaicos visuales.

A través de estas herramientas y de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), los estudiantes pueden observar imágenes y, después, analizar los cambios en el uso del suelo en periodos de tiempo determinados. Esto permite detectar detalles invisibles a la vista del ser humano y valorar procesos complejos, sin distinguir fronteras administrativas.

Además, los SIG facilitan la detección de incendios forestales, permitiendo conocer mejor la superficie afectada, ayudan a interpretar la sequía de los cuerpos de agua y permiten observar el crecimiento de la mancha urbana.

Metodologías activas

El docente deja de ser un simple transmisor de información para convertirse en un mediador que guía al alumno a transformar su entorno con base en datos técnicos. Si este proceso se acompaña con metodologías activas, tales como el aula invertida, la modalidad DUA (Diseño Universal de Aprendizaje), la transmisión de conocimiento a partir de problemas y la ludificación, entre otras, tendremos alumnos-ciudadanos que no sólo habitan su espacio, sino que se vuelven críticos ante lo que sucede con el suelo.

La vigilancia satelital, aplicada con una ética de la tierra, asegura que la protección de nuestros suelos no sea una idea abstracta, sino una decisión informada para preservar la vida en todas sus escalas.

The Conversation

Luis Armando Martínez Echeverría no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Teledetección y satélites para convertir a los estudiantes en científicos y activistas por el suelo – https://theconversation.com/teledeteccion-y-satelites-para-convertir-a-los-estudiantes-en-cientificos-y-activistas-por-el-suelo-276883

From ancient goddesses to modern peace activists − Mother’s Day celebrates women’s political power

Source: The Conversation – USA (3) – By Marie-Claire Beaulieu, Associate Professor of Classical Studies, Tufts University

Mothers are often honored and gifted flowers on Mother’s Day, but their broader influence in the political sphere is not celebrated enough. www.direct2florist.co.uk/ via Flickr, CC BY

On Mother’s Day, Americans go all out with gift-buying and dining out to honor the women in their lives. In fact, according to some estimates, consumer spending in the United States on this day is around US$34 billion.

This consumerist emphasis has long been criticized – including by the holiday’s founder, Anna Jarvis. She started the celebration in 1908 to honor her own mother, Civil War-era activist Ann Jarvis, who founded Mothers’ Day Work Clubs in her native West Virginia.

These clubs were associations of local mothers who came together for collective workdays during which they provided education and assistance to families. When the Civil War broke out, the clubs pivoted to promoting peace and reconciliation and offered food and medical assistance to both Union and Confederate soldiers. These mothers viewed peace as the only way to preserve their communities and to ensure the health and well-being of all.

As a scholar of Greek and Roman antiquity, I’m aware that honoring motherhood goes far beyond women’s work in the domestic sphere. In fact, for millennia the role of mothers has included not only childbearing and education but also protection over the community as a whole, especially through advocacy for peace.

Texts dating as far back as the fifth century B.C.E. show mothers promoting peace. In Aristophanes’ comedy “Lysistrata,” the women of Athens unite to end the Peloponnesian War. The leader of the peace movement argues that women suffer twice as much as men in war – bearing children only to send them off to die as soldiers.

Mothers and ancient goddesses

In the ancient world, motherhood itself guaranteed a woman’s power within her family and community, especially if the baby was male. The birth provided an heir for the family and ensured that the woman was not going to be rejected by her husband for childlessness.

In fact, as classical scholar Florencia Foxley explains, motherhood elevated a woman to the rank of protectress and sustainer of the city because she provided a new generation of citizens and soldiers for the community.

A woman in a brown dress stands center stage, while several male actors look up at her. Greek-style buildings form the backdrop.
In ‘Lysistrata,’ the women of Athens unite to end the Peloponnesian War – depicted in the 2008 Macmillan Films staging directed by James Thomas.
Wisdomforlife via Wikimedia Commons

The birth of children also gave the woman unofficial power and influence over the political decisions made by her husband and sons, as dramatized in the play “Lysistrata.”

The cult of the Greek goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus and queen of the gods, reflects this dual function of mothers as protectors of children and of communities in the ancient world.

Hera was worshipped in wedding rituals, and she presided over childbirth in the figure of her daughter Eileithyia, the midwife goddess. Beyond the domestic sphere, Hera was also the divine protectress of the ancient city of Argos.

An old coin with a woman in the center with two children on either side and one on her shoulder.
Ancient Roman bronze coin with the goddess Juno Lucina, protectress of motherhood, with three children.
American Numismatic Society

In Rome, under her Latin name Juno, she was worshipped with the epithets of Pronuba as the goddess of marriage, and Lucina as the goddess of childbirth. Nonetheless, Juno was also an integral part of the Capitoline Triad with Jupiter and Minerva, the trio of deities that protected the city. In fact, Juno was credited with saving Rome from an attack by the Gauls in 390 B.C.E. when her sacred geese warned the Romans of the approaching enemy army.

Contemporary practices

The tremendous power of women as peace advocates and protectors of communities continues today.

As journalist Margot Adler has shown, some neo-pagans believe that ancient societies that worshipped mother deities were more peaceful than cultures with patriarchal religious traditions. Today, these worshippers seek to revive the cults of mother deities in order to return to this harmonious way of life. They invoke mother goddesses to promote the political power of women, demilitarization and harmony with the natural world, as well as world peace.

A green, ceramic, seated female figurine sits beneath a tree, with a metal wine glass and a bottle containing a red liquid placed beside her.
Mother Earth figurine on a modern Wiccan altar.
Amber Avalona, CC0, via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY

Similarly, “Lysistrata” continues to inspire women’s advocacy for peace worldwide. In 2003, for instance, peace activists Kathryn Blume and Sharron Bower advocated against the Iraq War by coordinating over 1,000 readings of “Lysistrata” worldwide in a single day.

Admittedly, the play presents female characters in ridiculous ways and, as classical scholar Mary Beard has pointed out, the ending of the play makes it clear that women’s political power is only a fantasy. Yet the play acknowledges that women suffered disproportionately from the consequences of war in ancient times, just as they do today.

The play also acknowledges, albeit in a humorous way, that women wield tremendous power for peace, which is borne out today as well. In fact, according to a study by King’s College London, “states where women hold more political power are less likely to go to war and less likely to commit human rights abuses.”

A painting of Our Lady of Guadalupe shows her with hands folded in prayer, wearing a green cloak and surrounded by a golden halo.
The Virgin of Guadalupe.
Courtesy of the Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields, inventory number 2008.361

In a different context, Catholics around the world honor Mary as a mother figure associated with peace and justice. One of her manifestations, Our Lady of Guadalupe, is a popular figure of veneration in Mexico and Latin America, particularly among people of Indigenous descent.

Our Lady of Guadalupe is represented pregnant and venerated by devotees seeking protection and peace. Pope John Paul II, in a public prayer to Our Lady of Guadalupe in 1979, asked her to “grant peace, justice and prosperity to our peoples.”

The way Mother’s Day is celebrated in the U.S. today conspicuously omits the tremendous power that women wield beyond the domestic sphere. While women’s work raising children and supporting their families is important and should always be honored, Anna Jarvis envisioned this day as more expansive – a day that honors women as political and moral actors, especially as agents of peace globally.

The Conversation

Marie-Claire Beaulieu does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. From ancient goddesses to modern peace activists − Mother’s Day celebrates women’s political power – https://theconversation.com/from-ancient-goddesses-to-modern-peace-activists-mothers-day-celebrates-womens-political-power-275805

In the age of AI, human creative output is becoming a luxury

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Nathan Murray, Assistant Professor, Department of English and History, Algoma University

Imagine two identical spoons. One is hand-wrought from silver by a skilled metalworker. The other, a base-metal facsimile, was mass-produced by a machine. Which would you value more? Most of us would say the handmade spoon.

In 1899, more than a century ago, American economist and sociologist Thorstein Veblen used this very example to explain how we assign value, or his theory of conspicuous consumption, in which he contended that bourgeois consumption was driven primarily by a desire to display wealth to others. Even if these spoons were indistinguishable, explained Veblen, the hand-made spoon, once identified, would be more highly valued.

This is in part because “the hand-wrought spoon gratifies our taste, our sense of the beautiful, while that made by machinery out of base metal has no useful office beyond a brute efficiency.” But for Veblen there is another factor more important than any aesthetic judgment: costliness.

The hand-wrought spoon is preferred above all, Veblen suggested, because it is a means of demonstrating wealth. However, as we enter a world in which almost anything, including art, writing and music, can be machine-wrought, it seems that Veblen may have misjudged his spoons.

We don’t value human creations solely for their beauty or their price tag. We also value them because they embody deliberate labour and expertise.

AI-generated writing is judged differently

Our own research has shown that even highly trained writing educators cannot reliably distinguish between AI-generated and human-written essays. In fact, one study has shown that general audiences may actually prefer blander AI-generated poetry over more difficult, human-written poetry.

But while public taste may favour the simple and formulaic, the disclosure of artificial authorship is enough to make most people recoil.

In a recent study involving a series of experiments, participants were asked to compare pieces of AI-generated creative writing, including poetry and fiction. In each case, they were told that some passages were human-written and some were AI-generated. Across 16 experiments, respondents consistently devalued the writing labelled as AI-generated.

The authors of the study call this the “AI disclosure penalty.” It is possible to conclude from the study that audiences unfairly judge AI-generated content, but we disagree. This bias towards human creation is inherent to our relationship with art. When people believe something was made by a machine, they like it less.

Some argue that AI can democratize creativity by lowering barriers to production and enabling more people to participate in cultural expression. But the evidence suggests that when authorship becomes effortless, perceived value declines.

The importance of effort and experience

Art costs something. Both John Milton and James Joyce believed that their writing had cost them their eyesight. John Keats believed that the emotional exertion of writing poetry would worsen his tuberculosis and cost him his life. They kept writing anyway. We resent the machine because its creations cost it nothing.

When an algorithm generates a story about heartbreak or an essay on human struggle, it is trading in stolen emotions. AI has never felt pain, suffered a loss or wrestled with the frustration of a blank page, so its output, no matter how technically smooth, feels fundamentally deceptive.

People hate the idea of being moved by a parlour trick. In addition, many of us have a deep, instinctive revulsion to the industrialization of our inner lives. As Joanna Maciejewska observed, “I want AI to do my laundry and dishes so that I can do art and writing, not for AI to do my art and writing so that I can do my laundry and dishes.”

We happily accept machines stamping out our car parts and toasters because efficiency is the goal, but applying that same cold logic to human expression strips away the vulnerability, risk and stakes that make art mean anything in the first place.

This becomes more consequential as AI-generated content floods the digital media landscape.

Why human work is becoming more valuable

Our media ecosystem has evolved so that paying directly for much of the content we consume is optional. In an era of streaming music, television and film, we rarely own the product we consume, and creators receive pennies on the dollar compared to previous economic models.

To make matters worse, media companies are increasingly pushing AI-generated content in the form of tens of thousands of social media posts, books, podcasts and videos every day and encouraging artists and content creators to supercharge the quantity of their output by relying on AI.

Much of this output is highly formulaic — produced at scale and designed for rapid, low-engagement consumption. It is an endless, flavourless paste of clichés and nonsense, meant to be mindlessly consumed by doomscrolling thumbs and immediately forgotten. Despite working in an era in which payment is optional amid a deluge of slop, many artists, journalists and writers are making a living because enough of their audience chooses to support the work of real human creators.

The “AI disclosure penalty” reminds us that the consumption of art is not tied to purely aesthetic considerations but involves a need to connect with and appreciate the effort and labour of others.

Consumers have long been willing to pay more for goods labelled “handmade,” “handcrafted,” “artisanal” or “bespoke” on the understanding that those goods were made using traditional techniques that took more effort and human skill.

As generative AI turns writing, art and digital media into frictionless, infinitely replicable outputs, human cognitive effort is undergoing a profound shift. It is becoming an artisanal good that consumers must choose to support and value.

The Industrial Revolution transformed hand-made furniture and hand-woven textiles into premium markers of craftsmanship and authenticity. The AI revolution is doing something similar for intellectual and creative labour — audiences are beginning to place a premium not necessarily on the competent execution of a poem or an essay, which a machine can generate in seconds, but on the invisible friction, the lived experience and the deliberate toil of the human mind behind it.

In a landscape increasingly saturated with instant content, the verified effort of a human creator is shifting from a baseline expectation to a highly coveted, bespoke quality. Ultimately, what we value about art is not whether it’s perfect, but its ability to connect us with another human being.

The Conversation

Nathan Murray has received funding for his research from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

Elisa Tersigni has received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

ref. In the age of AI, human creative output is becoming a luxury – https://theconversation.com/in-the-age-of-ai-human-creative-output-is-becoming-a-luxury-276514

White House wants to vet powerful AI models for risks − a computer scientist explains why AI safety is so difficult

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Ahmed Hamza, Associate Teaching Professor of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder

Is it possible to keep AI from causing harm? J Studios/DigitalVision via Getty Images

The Trump administration is looking to develop a process that would have the federal government review the safety of powerful artificial intelligence models before approving their release, according to a report in The New York Times on May 4, 2026. The move would stand in contrast to the administration’s generally anti-regulatory approach to industry and comes in the wake of Anthropic voluntarily postponing the release of its latest AI model, Mythos.

Anthropic was concerned because when it tested Mythos, the model found thousands of vulnerabilities in operating systems and web browsers. The implication was that if a cybercriminal or hostile foreign agent had Mythos, they could penetrate computer systems worldwide and compromise the basic computer code underlying public safety, national economies and military security.

As a result, Anthropic gave limited access only to about 50 companies and organizations managing critical infrastructure as part of its Project Glasswing. The initiative aims to help governments and corporations close software loopholes Mythos has identified. When Anthropic sought to broaden the number of organizations with access to Mythos, the White House objected.

Security experts, meanwhile, have expressed concern that AI researchers in nations such as China, Russia, Iran and North Korea might soon create similarly powerful AI models and use them to threaten or attack other countries, or to create chaos in those countries’ economies.

Major challenges

As a computer scientist in this area, my work on computer security and malware shows it’s difficult to even define what safety measures the field should take to make models safe to use. Yet the future of many industries, critical infrastructure, national security and human well-being seems to depend on achieving AI models that are truthful, ethical and reasonable.

The first of these challenges, truthfulness and factual accuracy, came to light when OpenAI’s ChatGPT burst onto the scene in 2022. People worldwide realized that the output of large language models does not necessarily reflect a truthful reality. The goal for AI companies was coherent writing that read as if a human wrote it. If an output was factually flawed, programmers wrote it off as a “hallucination” by the model.

After AI programs led to some legal catastrophes and stock market panic, AI companies have made at least some effort to ensure that their models avoid falsehoods and inaccuracies.

Nonetheless, false information stated confidently within a sea of solid-sounding text can take on a life of its own. Because of the consequences, research is underway on how to engineer truthfulness into models, or at least prevent hallucination.

Truthfulness and grounding in reality are part of a larger and more general concern about safe AI models. The very pace of their advancement may pose a threat.

Cybersecurity experts are worried about Anthropic’s powerful Mythos model: Here’s why. Joseph Squillace, Pennsylvania State University, via AP

Troubling breaches by AI bots

Numerous incidents in the past two years show that large language models have already caused harm.

The National Law Review uncovered multiple cases in 2024 and 2025 of teenagers and children using chatbots to explore self-harm, in some cases with lethal consequences. Lawsuits have since been filed claiming that the chatbots encouraged suicide.

In 2025, investigators at cybersecurity company ESET Research discovered a program called PromptLock. It uses large language models to generate ransomware that executes attacks and decides autonomously whether to steal files or encrypt them for ransom.

Anthropic engineers revealed that a group of people whom they suspected were sponsored by the Chinese government used Anthropic’s Claude model to launch a “highly sophisticated espionage campaign” that attempted to infiltrated roughly 30 targets around the world and “succeeded in a small number of cases.” Anthropic said it disrupted the campaign by banning accounts involved in the campaign, notifying affected organizations and coordinating with authorities.

In 2024 Microsoft and OpenAI warned that foreign agencies in Russia, Iran, China and other countries used AI tools and large language models to automate attacks and to increase attack sophistication.

Finally, whistleblowers have filed reports about governments using AI tools for real-time decision-making in both military and civilian arenas. In my view, this could lead to a completely new level of potential harm to innocent people.

How to lessen the danger

These incidents, and the broad variety of dangers they present, raise the question of whether society should encourage clearer, bolder safety principles for AI corporations and the governments that employ their technology. Are there reliable technical solutions that could keep AI from being used maliciously?

AI providers have differed widely in their treatment of ethics and safety, but they have attempted to engineer better models by inserting additional instructions on best safety practices or code that can proactively detect and resist attacks.

Today’s AI agent models pose a much bigger threat than AI chatbots.

But it may be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to provide a guarantee of safety against malicious users. In 2025 researchers from the U.S. and Europe showed that any filtering safety method imposed on an existing AI model is unreliable.

This means that judgment about truth and safe behavior must be baked into the model, not added later. Sure enough, recent findings show that the leading AI models were 100% successful at circumventing imposed safety measures, a capability known as jailbreaking.

Research also indicates that the leading large language models exhibit a bizarre emergent feature: They can fake their safety alignment to appear harmless, helpful and truthful, hiding toxic behavior.

Today there are no definitive answers about what safe AI looks like. I think it’s fair to assert that software engineers do not know how to build reliable protections into AI models. Nor do members of Congress, who in April met to consider special bills on AI ethics and safety.

Steps forward

Some basic steps could help users and regulators assess the ethical and safety standards in an AI program. Large language models that are open, rather than proprietary, are easier to assess. Knowing which data a model is trained on helps.

Also, AI companies could clearly define their ethics principles. Governments could clearly define and enforce legal constraints that reflect the expectations of society, without being influenced by AI campaigners.

Any vast set of challenges can appear like a mountain: foreboding, encased in moving mist, insurmountable. But as mountain climbers will tell you, clarity in strategy, careful planning and a collaborative persistence can help you scale the peak.

The Conversation

Ahmed Hamza receives funding from the NSF.

ref. White House wants to vet powerful AI models for risks − a computer scientist explains why AI safety is so difficult – https://theconversation.com/white-house-wants-to-vet-powerful-ai-models-for-risks-a-computer-scientist-explains-why-ai-safety-is-so-difficult-281117

The EU measures media freedom country by country, but cross-border risks remain overlooked

Source: The Conversation – France – By Pier Luigi Parcu, Professor of Communications, Media and Economics at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute

Europe has spent years building effective tools to measure media pluralism within its member states. This made sense because newspapers, broadcasters, regulators, ownership structures and public service media were organised within national borders.

But the media environment is changing. News is now distributed through global digital platforms, and its provision is not necessarily mediated by professional journalists. Information is shaped by algorithms, exposed to foreign information manipulation, and increasingly summarised and generated by AI assistants.

The result is a mismatch. Europe faces a plurality of risks to media pluralism that are European in scale, but it still mainly assesses them from national perspectives.

National media systems still matter. Media law, journalists’ safety, ownership, public service media and political pressure vary sharply across countries. Any serious assessment must continue to examine conditions at national level. But if major risk factors operate across borders, through global platforms and AI mediation, Europe also needs to treat them as European risks.

What Europe already has

For more than a decade, the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) has provided a common framework for assessing risks to media freedom and pluralism.

This scientific project of the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom at the European University Institute has become a trusted resource for understanding the complex factors that shape the media ecosystem.

Media pluralism is often invoked as a democratic principle, but the Monitor helped turn it into something that can be systematically assessed. It has made risks visible, comparable and politically harder to ignore.

Its value lies not only in the final risk scores, but in the method behind them.

The MPM brings together legal, economic and socio-political evidence through a structured set of indicators, local expert assessment, primary and secondary data, peer review and a transparent risk-scoring methodology. It therefore does more than rank countries. It identifies where risks arise, whether from weak legal safeguards, concentrated market structures, pervasive political interference, polluted online environments or insufficient social inclusion.

This has allowed the MPM to become more than an academic tool. It has created a shared European vocabulary for discussing media pluralism and has entered the EU’s democratic oversight architecture.

Since 2020, the European Commission’s Rule of Law Report has used MPM results in its media pluralism pillar.

Precisely because this framework has been successful, in the present chaotic technological transition, it raises a further question: should Europe continue to assess media pluralism only by looking at national systems?

Since 2014 the Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom (CMPF) has been using the Media Pluralism Monitor (MPM) to assess the risks for media pluralism across the EU.

How the European Media Freedom Act changes the equation

Most provisions of the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) became applicable in August 2025, marking a turning point. The Act recognises that media freedom and pluralism are no longer only national matters.

Its articles set essential conditions in the field of media for a well-functioning internal market and for liberal democracy across the European Union.

If Europe now has a common legal framework for media pluralism and media freedom, it also needs the capacity to assess whether that framework is working at European level.

Article 26 of the EMFA points in this direction, requiring monitoring of media markets, concentration, foreign information manipulation and interference, online platforms, editorial independence and state advertising.

But measuring these only as national phenomena, as the MPM already does year after year, may now be insufficient.

An “EU average” says several important things about general risk across member states. But it does not tell us whether Europeans can access reliable information about EU and global affairs across borders.

It does not show whether language barriers still confine citizens within national silos. Nor does it reveal how platforms or AI interfaces affect the visibility of public-interest journalism. Above all, it does not account for the fact that while media ownership concentration is very high at national level, concentration of digital intermediaries is even higher at national, European and global level.

Finally, it does not capture the full impact of foreign information manipulation and interference. Such interference moves through common digital infrastructures, targets European political debates and exploits the fragmentation of Europe’s information space. These are not national risks repeated 27 times. They are European systemic risks.

What a European media monitor should measure

Europe therefore needs a second layer of monitoring: not a replacement for national assessment, but a key complement.

A European Media Pluralism Monitor should focus on risks that emerge across Europe’s shared news and information space.

It should ask whether citizens can access plural and reliable news about European affairs beyond their domestic media sphere. It should assess whether language barriers are being reduced through translation, subtitling, multilingual publishing and AI tools, or whether they still prevent common debates. It should examine how public-interest journalism, especially about Europe, appears on platforms and AI interfaces.

A European monitor should also measure dependency. Many publishers rely on a few digital intermediaries for traffic, audience reach and advertising revenue. This affects journalism’s sustainability and may disproportionately weaken smaller and local media. Furthermore, the choices made by AI providers when training their models might affect not only the economic sustainability of media by using media content without paying for it, but also content diversity by privileging more widespread languages and larger media markets.

It should also look at mobile EU citizens, border communities and transnational audiences. A citizen living outside her country of origin may not fit neatly into a national media system. The same is true for people in border regions or following politics in more than one language.

Finally, such a monitor should examine whether EU safeguards produce real convergence in practice across member states. Formal compliance is not enough. The question is whether European rules concretely improve journalism and citizens’ access to information.

Measuring the European public sphere

None of this implies that Europe is becoming a single media system. It remains linguistically diverse, politically uneven and institutionally layered.

But that is precisely why an additional and complementary European layer of analysis, coordinated and incorporated within the MPM, is now necessary.

If Europe’s information space is fragmented, asymmetrical and only partially integrated, those features and their evolution should themselves become objects of measurement.

What is not measured is often not governed. With the EMFA, Europe has adopted a common framework for media freedom. But law alone does not guarantee protection. The European Union should now develop the tools to understand whether media pluralism is protected not only within member states, but also whether the conditions for a healthy European public sphere are improving or deteriorating across its shared information space.


The Media Pluralism Monitor is a project co-funded by the European Union.


A weekly e-mail in English featuring expertise from scholars and researchers. It provides an introduction to the diversity of research coming out of the continent and considers some of the key issues facing European countries. Get the newsletter!


The Conversation

Pier Luigi Parcu ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. The EU measures media freedom country by country, but cross-border risks remain overlooked – https://theconversation.com/the-eu-measures-media-freedom-country-by-country-but-cross-border-risks-remain-overlooked-280316

Diaspora distress: When geopolitical conflict follows immigrant workers into the office

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Amir Bahman Radnejad, Chair and Associate Professor of Innovation and Marketing, Mount Royal University

Rostam does not sleep through the night anymore. At 2 a.m., when his phone buzzes, he’s awake before the sound finishes. It might be his parents calling from Tehran, on a connection that is unreliable, sporadic and sometimes cut off mid-sentence. He has learned not to miss those calls, because the next one may not come for days.

Rostam is a pseudonym for a participant in our ongoing research study on diaspora workers, but his experience is one that many workers across Canada will recognize.

Rostam checks the news constantly, piecing together what is happening. Since the United States and Israel launched joint strikes on Iran in late February, the conflict has escalated rapidly. By 4 a.m., he has been awake for two hours. This is hypervigilance: the body monitoring a threat it cannot act on and refusing to stand down.

When the call does come through, the relief is physical. They are alive. They speak carefully, partly to protect him and partly because the call may be monitored. He hears his father’s voice and thinks this could be the last time.

In the morning, he will go to work. He will sit in meetings, contribute to agendas and make sure his face doesn’t betray what he’s feeling — a competency that has always served him well.

He doesn’t speak about any of this at work. To talk about it risks being regarded as a representative of a country he has complicated feelings about or as importing politics into a space that doesn’t want them. So he says nothing. That silence is the problem.

The invisible cost at work

Decades of research have established that code-switching — the constant calibration of self-presentation across cultural contexts — carries a real psychological toll on workers. It can contribute to stress, anxiety, burnout and costly errors in judgment at work.

These impacts often remain invisible to employers until the damage has already been done to both the individual and the organization.

Diaspora employees who are struggling don’t signal it in ways that trigger organizational concern. They manage, but at considerable personal cost. These costs accumulate in ways that surface slowly and are almost always misattributed. Declining engagement is read as a shift in attitude, and withdrawal is interpreted as a personality change.

In some cases, employees do not withdraw at all. Instead, they bury themselves in work and appear by every visible metric to be thriving. Managers have no reason to look closer until the break happens.

This isn’t a problem that diversity, equity and inclusion programs can solve as they exist, because it’s not about inclusion or diversity. It’s a perceptual problem: leaders don’t see what diaspora employees are managing and therefore cannot respond to it.




Read more:
Diaspora communities carry the burden of watching war from afar


A condition without a name

This challenge extends well beyond Canada’s Iranian community, which numbered approximately 200,000 people in the 2021 census. Many other diaspora communities, including Ukrainians, Palestinians, Sudanese, Afghans and Syrians, are navigating similar terrain.

A 2025 study found higher rates of severe depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder among diaspora Tigrayans in Australia than among people inside the war zone itself.

People inside a conflict zone often suppress their own fear to protect family members living through it with them. Members of the diaspora, by contrast, often cannot meaningfully assist those in immediate danger, which creates a profound sense of helplessness. At the same time, those around them may not recognize the fear and distress they’re concealing.

Aitak Sorahi, an Iranian Canadian, tried to explain what she was living through to a reporter at The Canadian Press in April as U.S. President Donald Trump threatened to destroy Iran unless it agreed to reopen the Strait of Hormuz. She could not find the words. “I don’t even know how to describe my feeling,” she said, “because I don’t have a name for it.”

We propose one: diaspora distress, a framework emerging from our ongoing research and organizational practice.

Diaspora distress

Diaspora distress is the psychological burden carried by people living in one country while their homeland — and the family, friends and memories embedded there — are under active geopolitical threat. Often, this burden is compounded by the policies or rhetoric of their host country’s own government.

The feeling sits closest to grief, but the comparison only goes so far. Grief has a fixed point — a death, a diagnosis, a loss that has occurred and can be named. It comes with a recognized social script: people sit together and are able to share memories of the deceased. Diaspora distress offers no comparable ritual because the loss one is anticipating may or may not arrive.

In addition, diaspora communities are not monolithic. Outsiders often assume a shared solidarity, but geopolitical crises tend to deepen existing internal divisions about what intervention means, who is to blame and what liberation looks like. The people who should be each other’s community of grief often find themselves on opposite sides of an argument.

The result is that diaspora employees are frequently alone with this in every environment they occupy: at work, at home and within communities that might otherwise support them. That isolation is the specific nature of diaspora distress.

What organizations should do

Developing the capacity to recognize diaspora distress does not require expertise in geopolitics or new policy infrastructure. It requires language: the organizational decision to name what some employees are carrying as a recognized condition.

Institutional acknowledgement works differently than other supports because it removes the requirement that employees claim what they’re carrying. It gives them a name for what they have been living with.

In practice, this can take three forms: a leadership message acknowledging that some colleagues are carrying weight from events in their home regions; a line added to standard manager check-in prompts asking whether anything outside work is affecting employees; or an addition to existing employee assistance programs and benefits communications that names diaspora distress explicitly.

Rostam will open his phone again tonight at 2 a.m. In the morning, he will code-switch from the person who spent the night reading the news into the person his organization knows. What remains is whether his organization will adopt the language to see it, and whether his leaders will decide that seeing it is part of their job.

The Conversation

Amir Bahman Radnejad is affiliated with Canadian Global Affairs Institute.

Brenda Nguyen is affiliated with the Strategic Capability Network.

ref. Diaspora distress: When geopolitical conflict follows immigrant workers into the office – https://theconversation.com/diaspora-distress-when-geopolitical-conflict-follows-immigrant-workers-into-the-office-281411

Heat-resistant corals could help reefs adapt to climate change

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Whitney Isenhower, Journalism Fellow, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto

As ocean temperatures rise, it’s difficult for many corals to thrive, but naturally occurring, heat-resistant corals can survive in warmer waters. (Unsplash/Rx’ Diaconu)

Austin Bowden-Kerby, a pioneer in coral reef conservation, spends many of his days gardening corals for reefs around Fiji and the Pacific. He grows corals in ocean nurseries. Once they’re healthy enough, he moves them to outer ocean areas with the hope they will replicate and grow.

“We’re looking at what Mother Nature would do on her own if she had 1,000 years to adapt,” said Bowden-Kerby, who founded the UNESCO-endorsed Reefs of Hope strategy. “We would have these kinds of things happening.”

Bowden-Kerby is one of several scientists trying to conserve, replicate and reproduce heat-resistant corals before climate change wipes them out.

The United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has said the world is experiencing a fourth global coral bleaching event. They’ve found that bleaching-level heat stress affected almost 85 per cent of the world’s coral reef area between 2023 and 2025.

Bleaching causes corals to lose their food source and, with it, their colour. Most corals survive in temperatures between 20 and 29 C. But as ocean temperatures rise, it’s difficult for many to thrive.

But naturally occurring, heat-resistant corals can survive in waters up to 36 C and potentially higher. They are usually found in warmer waters, like parts of the Pacific Ocean and the Persian Gulf. These corals are increasingly important as sea temperatures rise. So scientists are turning to them to help save declining reefs.

Heat-resistant corals

A colourful coral reef with fish swimming above
A coral reef in the Red Sea. Healthy corals nurture fish that feed communities and protect shores from floods and storms.
(Unsplash/Francesco Ungaro)

Corals reefs are extremely diverse places, with around 6,000 coral species worldwide. Reefs are home to more than 4,000 species and 25 per cent of global marine life. When healthy, corals nurture fish that feed communities, protect shores from floods and storms
and boost economies through tourism.

However, heatwaves have led to widespread coral bleaching and loss. When waters become too warm, corals expel the algae in their tissues that give them their colour. That causes corals to turn completely white.

Coral reefs and their ecosystems are also threatened by pollution, ocean acidification, coastal development and overfishing.




Read more:
Will 2026 be the year when coral reefs pass their tipping point?


Christopher Cornwall, a lecturer in marine biology at Te Herenga Waka-Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand, co-authored a recent review that found some reefs can survive if corals become more heat-tolerant.

He told me there are multiple things to consider when conserving and replicating corals: restoring heat-resistant corals where it’s feasible, doing so at a large enough scale and maintaining coral diversity. Restored corals also must be able to survive, he added.

“We can’t just do coral restoration without thermally tolerant corals, because they’re just going to die the next time it gets too hot,” Cornwall said.

An infographic explaining coral bleaching.
An infographic explaining how heat and pollution affect the algae in coral, causing bleaching.
(NOAA)

Assisted evolution

“A lot of the research now is about, can you scale up restoration and how do you do it more effectively?” said Peter Mumby, a professor of coral reef ecology at the University of Queensland in Australia. “One of the key concerns is to make sure those corals are as tolerant of high temperature as possible.”

Breeding heat-tolerant corals is a form of assisted evolution. Humans intervene to speed up natural processes to help corals more quickly respond to and recover from their stressors, like heatwaves from climate change.

One recent study examining the possible success of assisted evolution interventions like breeding and selecting traits found these interventions can help corals become more tolerant to heatwaves, but they need “extremely strong selection.”

Liam Lachs co-authored that study. Lachs is a former postdoctoral research associate in the CORALASSIST lab, a team of scientists led by James Guest at Newcastle University in the United Kingdom. Lachs specializes in coral reef ecosystems and researches coral in Palau, a Pacific island country where corals are surviving in warmer waters.

He told me variability within and among reefs and coral species must be considered when creating more heat-resistant coral, which makes replication complex. “Even within a single reef, there’s a range of tolerance levels,” he said.




Read more:
How accelerating evolution could help corals survive future heatwaves – new study


Algae and bacteria

Researchers at the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS) have found that some algae (Durusdinium), which symbiotically live in corals and provide them with food in exchange for housing and protection, can boost corals’ heat tolerance.

Madeleine van Oppen is a senior principal research scientist at AIMS. She co-authored a recent review about potentially introducing beneficial bacteria into corals to improve their heat tolerance.

Scientists are also exploring whether heat-tolerant corals should be planted across oceans — from the Indo-Pacific region to the Caribbean — and not just in nearby waters.

Van Oppen said new ventures ultimately need more research, and the real test of success is if something done in a lab works in the wild. “Field testing, I’d say, is the next big thing,” she said. “Finding out whether these interventions can enhance tolerance at ecologically relevant scales. Is it stable over time?”

AIMS researchers also found that heat tolerance could be passed down by interbreeding wild colonies of the same coral species. Heat-resistant coral species include some pocillopora and acropora.

If left unchecked, the sustained global temperature is on target to rise more than 1.5 C. Some evidence has shown that 70 to 90 per cent of tropical coral reefs could go extinct even if global warming is limited to 1.5 C.

Prior to the fourth event, the Earth already experienced three mass coral bleaching events over the last few decades. An El Niño is expected this year, bringing with it hotter sea surface temperatures, much like in 2024.

For all the efforts by scientists to save coral reefs and ensure heat resilience, nothing will keep corals healthy more than lowering the global temperature. “The lower we can get our greenhouse gas emissions, the more chance there will be that reefs will exist in the future,” said Cornwall.

The Conversation

Whitney Isenhower has an account with Democrats Abroad but is not an active member.

ref. Heat-resistant corals could help reefs adapt to climate change – https://theconversation.com/heat-resistant-corals-could-help-reefs-adapt-to-climate-change-279508

Rapport Alloncle : vers un audiovisuel public aux ordres en cas de victoire du RN en 2027 ?

Source: The Conversation – in French – By Patrick Eveno, Professeur émérite en histoire des médias, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne

Après des mois d’auditions, le rapport parlementaire sur l’audiovisuel public a été publié ce mardi 5 mai. Que propose-t-il, à travers ses 69 recommandations ?


Le rapport de la commission d’enquête parlementaire sur la neutralité, le fonctionnement et le financement de l’audiovisuel public vient d’être publié. 551 pages pour « préparer les esprits à la privatisation de l’audiovisuel public », croit le président de la commission, Jérémie Patrier-Leitus (Horizons) en introduction d’un rapport qu’il dénonce. Il s’attaque à la forme, notamment à « l’hypermédiatisation » du rapporteur. Il dénombre ainsi 36 interviews, dont 11 à la radio et 10 à la presse écrite, données par Charles Alloncle tout au long de la commission. « Il a déplacé en partie notre travail hors du cadre solennel des auditions à l’Assemblée », juge-t-il et note « une utilisation massive des réseaux sociaux (plus de 330 posts sur X, 80 publications recensées sur Facebook, 90 sur Instagram…) », de la part du député, « allant même jusqu’à tweeter en temps réel pendant les auditions ».

Les idées fixes de Charles Alloncle, futur ministre de la culture d’un gouvernement RN ?

Au-delà du spectacle, qui permet à Charles-Henri Alloncle de se positionner comme futur ministre de la Culture en cas de victoire de Marine Le Pen ou de Jordan Bardella en 2027, il faut comprendre ce que propose ce rapport à travers ses 69 recommandations. Ce n’est pas facile, parce que, aussi bien dans les propositions que dans les analyses du rapporteur, la confusion et les procédés caricaturaux, le défaut d’ordonnancement thématique et les nombreuses incises qui ne concernent pas l’audiovisuel public brouillent les pistes ; sans doute de façon intentionnelle. La confusion est permanente entre déontologie journalistique et neutralité ou impartialité ; les procédés, sont le « name and shame », la désignation de cibles nominatives, des amalgames et de cas particuliers qui sont érigés en généralités ; les incises sur la formation des journalistes dans les écoles professionnelles qui n’accueillent pas de journalistes d’extrême droite (Christine Kelly, Laurence Ferrari, Geoffroy Lejeune, Pascal Praud, etc.) ou RSF qualifiée d’association militante.

Enfin, il y a quelques idées fixes, les salaires de France Télévisions (surtout celui de Delphine Ernotte, Recommandations 50 et 56) les animateurs-producteurs (surtout Nagui, Rec. 27 à 31) et les groupes de productions (surtout Mediawan), tout ce petit monde qui se « gaverait d’argent public ». Ceci sans tenir compte du contexte médiatique ou de l’histoire. Ainsi, le salaire de Delphine Ernotte est compris entre 332 000 (part fixe) et 400 000 euros bruts (avec la part variable), c’est évidemment un repoussoir pour nombre de Français ; mais on ne compare pas avec celui de Rodolphe Belmer, président de TF1, dont la part fixe est de 920 000 euros et la part variable d’un maximum de 1 220 000 euros, soit un total supérieur 2 millions (5 fois plus), ou même à celui de David Larramendy, président de M6 qui culmine à 1,5 million…

L’insistance mise sur les fournisseurs de FTV (producteurs et entreprises, Rec. 24 et 25) ne tient pas compte de l’histoire : depuis l’éclatement de l’ORTF en 1974, tout a été fait pour empêcher la production interne des chaînes, afin de ne pas renouveler l’expérience de la SFP (Société française de production) qui était un foyer de syndicalisme et de grèves. Ainsi en 1990, les décrets pris par Catherine Tasca pour répondre à la demande des producteurs privés, imposent à la télévision publique d’externaliser 95 % de sa production. Certes Delphine Ernotte a négocié la diminution de ce quota à 75 %, mais pour produire plus il faudrait embaucher, alors que l’on demande à FTV de faire des économies…

Confusion encore lorsque le rapporteur veut diminuer les sports à la télévision (Rec. 42), sous prétexte que la loi impose déjà la diffusion en clair de certains événements majeurs. C’est ignorer (ou faire semblant) que cela n’empêche pas de payer des droits pour le Tour de France ou la coupe de France, faute de quoi ces retransmissions seraient reprises par d’autres chaînes. FTV est une entreprise qui vit au sein d’un paysage concurrentiel.

En dehors des mesures d’économie préconisées, suppression de FTV Slash, de F4, de la radio Le Mouv, de l’absorption de F5 par F2, de l’INA par la BNF, de la fusion France Info radio et TV avec France 24, (Rec. 2, 44 à 49, 52 et 53), et regroupement de ce qui resterait dans une entreprise unique, que veut Charles Alloncle ? Certes, il s’inscrit dans un mouvement européen et américain des partis populistes, en Suisse (l’UDC propose une nouvelle votation), en Hongrie (Orban), en Tchéquie (Babis), en Italie (Meloni), au Royaume-Uni (Farage), aux USA (Trump), qui veulent la baisse des financements pour mieux contrôler politiquement les audiovisuels publics. Mais quelles en sont les modalités ?

Un audiovisuel aux ordres

Le but est de recréer non pas l’ORTF, trop puissante et trop indépendante (quoique…), mais la RTF qui exista de 1949 à 1964 et qui était aux ordres des gouvernements successifs de la 4e et de la Ve République. Créer une Radio-Télévision Française rétrécie, corsetée, surveillée et fonctionnarisée, qui pourra ainsi devenir un instrument de propagande pour l’exécutif en cas de victoire en 2027. Alloncle préconise, sans le dire, des salariés fonctionnaires (Rec. 1 devoir de neutralité, Rec. 3 sanctions, Rec. 4 devoir de réserve), qui obéiraient aux ordres d’une pyramide dont le sommet serait le président de la République. Ce qui entre en contradiction avec les Rec. 54 et 55 qui demandent aux salariés une plus grande polyvalence et un salaire comprenant une part variable…

L’entreprise ne serait plus une ou plusieurs sociétés, mais une administration publique qui ne dit pas son nom mais qui appliquerait le code de la commande publique et des appels d’offres (Rec. 21 à 23). Ceci sans tenir compte de son environnement concurrentiel… Cette administration, dont le président serait nommé par le président de la République (Rec. 19), les autres membres de la hiérarchie par le ministre de la Culture (Rec. 20), ne serait plus gérée par ce dernier mais par le Secrétariat général du gouvernement, dépendant du premier ministre (Rec. 15). Bref, une mainmise totale de l’exécutif. Ce qui permettra accessoirement (ou principalement) de faire un ménage idéologique, comme le montre la Recommandation 5, qui propose de supprimer toute mention d’appartenance ethnique dans la promotion de la diversité imposée par la loi de 1986 à l’audiovisuel public.

The Conversation

Patrick Eveno ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Rapport Alloncle : vers un audiovisuel public aux ordres en cas de victoire du RN en 2027 ? – https://theconversation.com/rapport-alloncle-vers-un-audiovisuel-public-aux-ordres-en-cas-de-victoire-du-rn-en-2027-282197