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July 5, 2025

Is Mark Carney turning his back on climate action?

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Deborah de Lange, Associate Professor, Global Management Studies, Toronto Metropolitan University

The G7 summit in Alberta, hosted by Prime Minister Mark Carney, has ended with only passing mention of fighting climate change, including a statement on wildfires that is silent on the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

This is puzzling. Canadians didn’t opt for Conservative Pierre Poilievre, considered by some to be an oil and gas industry mouthpiece, in the last federal election. Instead, voters gave Carney’s Liberals a minority government.

Carney was the United Nations Special Envoy on Climate Action and Finance and was behind the UN-backed Net-Zero Banking Alliance, so some Canadians might have assumed he’d prioritize climate action if he won the election. Instead, Carney has described developing fossil fuel infrastructure as “pragmatic.”

But it’s unclear how a country grappling with abysmal air quality due to wildfires fuelled by global warming will benefit from further global fossil fuel development and its related emissions.

Warming rapidly

Canada is warming faster than most of the globe. Its leaders should be laser-focused on mitigating climate change by reducing fossil fuel use to the greatest extent possible, as soon as possible.

This decades-long understanding of how to approach climate action has been repeatedly explained by experts and is well known to governments globally. Canada’s prime minister was once one of those experts.

Carney now has a tremendous opportunity to lead by steering Canada in a clean direction.

Canada is at the forefront of clean technology, with numerous business opportunities emerging, particularly in areas like circular economy international trade. These opportunities not only support Canada’s commitment to meeting its Paris Agreement targets but also help expand and diversify its global trade.

Eco-industrial parks

Canada already has exemplar eco-industrial parks — co-operative businesses located on a common property that focus on reducing environmental impact through resource efficiency, waste reduction and sharing resources. Such industrial communities are in Halifax and in Delta, B.C. They represent significant investment opportunities.

Vacant urban land could be revitalized and existing industrial parks could boost their economic output and circular trade by building stronger partnerships to share resources, reduce waste and cut emissions.

Canada would benefit economically and environmentally by building on existing expertise and expanding successful sustainability strategies to achieve economic, environmental and social goals.

But by continuing to invest in fossil fuels, Canada misses out on opportunities to diversify trade and boost economic competitiveness.

The secret to China’s success

Real diversification makes Canada less vulnerable to economic shocks, like the ones caused by the tariffs imposed by United States President Donald Trump.

Fossil fuel reliance increases exposure to global economic risks, but shifting to cleaner products and services reduces climate risks and expands Canada’s global trade options. China’s economic rise is partly a result of this strategy.

That’s seemingly why Trump is so fixated on China. China today is a serious competitor to the U.S. after making smart trade and economic decisions and forging its own path, disregarding American pressure to remain a mere follower.

Investing in its huge Belt and Road Initiative, China also aligned itself with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. It’s building diplomatic bridges with many Belt and Road countries in southeast Asia as Trump’s America alienates its partners, pulling out of the Paris Agreement and cutting foreign aid.

As another one of America’s mistreated partners, Canada was poised to forge its own path under Carney. Instead, Carney is supporting American oil and gas by encouraging Canadian pipeline projects.

Clean innovation is the path forward

Canadian oil and gas is a concentrated industry controlled by a wealthy few, primarily Americans. More pipelines would therefore mean more sales of fossil fuels to other countries, with the beneficiaries mostly American.

Fossil fuel investments reduce Canada’s diversification because the resources used to further these projects could go elsewhere — toward clean diversification. With almost unlimited clean economy options across many sectors, clean diversification would broaden Canada’s economic and trade portfolios and reduce American control.

This is International Business 101, and would make the Canadian economy more competitive through innovation, while reducing the country’s climate risk.

California, often targeted by Trump for its policies, has been a leader in clean innovation, making its economy the envy of the world.

My recent research shows that clear, decisive choices like those made in California will be key to Canada’s future success. Canada must make choices aligned with goals — a core principle of strategic management.

My research also suggests Canada must restructure its energy industry to focus on renewable energy innovation while reducing fossil fuel reliance. Increased renewable energy innovation, as seen in patent numbers, leads to higher GDP.

Contrary to common beliefs, pollution taxes boost the economy in combination with clean innovation. But when the government supports both the fossil fuel industry and clean industries, it hinders Canada’s transition to a cleaner future.

Trapped by the fossil fuel industry?

Do Canadian taxpayers truly want to keep funding an outdated, polluting industry that benefits a wealthy few, or invest in clean industries that boost Canada’s economy, create better jobs and protect the environment? To differentiate Canada from the United States, it would make sense to choose the latter.

Carney should consider refraining from pushing for the fast-tracking of polluting projects. If he doesn’t, Canada will become more uncompetitive and vulnerable, trapped by the fossil fuel industry.

Carney’s support for pipelines may have stemmed from Alberta Premier Danielle Smith’s implicit support for Alberta sovereignty. She made veiled threats to Canada at a critical juncture, when Trump was making repeated assertions about annexing Canada.

Missed opportunities

Alberta didn’t vote for Carney. But Canadians who care about mitigating climate change did.

Banks that felt pressure to at least recognize sustainable finance during the Joe Biden administration joined Carney’s Net-Zero Banking Alliance.

But as soon as Trump came to power a second time and walked away from the Paris Agreement, many American banks abandoned the alliance. Canadian banks followed suit, and Carney remarkably missed another moment to show Canadian leadership by stopping their exit.

In fact, Carney seems to have abandoned his own organization to appease Trump as the president made multiple 51st state threats. The prime minister had the chance to differentiate Canada and demonstrate his own leadership. Instead, he seems to have easily turned his back on his principles under pressure from Trump.

Deborah de Lange receives funding from SSHRC and ESRC. She is affiliated with The Liberal Party of Canada and The Writers’ Union of Canada.

– ref. Is Mark Carney turning his back on climate action? – https://theconversation.com/is-mark-carney-turning-his-back-on-climate-action-258737

July 5, 2025

Misogyny has become a political strategy — here’s how the pandemic helped make it happen

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Brianna I. Wiens, Assistant Professor of Digital Media and Rhetoric, University of Waterloo

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, more overt forms of gendered hate have jumped from obscure internet forums into the mainstream, shaping culture and policy.

Social media doesn’t just reflect sexist, anti-feminist views; it helps to organize, amplify and normalize them.

Backlash against women and LGBTQ+ communities has become more overt, co-ordinated and is gaining political traction. As the United States rolls back reproductive rights and passes anti-LGBTQ+ laws, it is important to understand how digital culture fuels this regression.

While these shifts may seem distant, Canadian politics are not immune. Similar rhetoric has emerged in debates over education, gender identity, health care and so-called “parental rights.”

Our ongoing research maps how the pandemic accelerated the rise of online misogyny, especially through “manosphere” influencers and far-right rhetoric.

Drawing from more than 21,000 podcast episodes and digital artifacts, we are investigating how everyday online content works to erode women’s and LGBTQ+ rights. This rhetoric normalizes misogynistic, transphobic and homophobic views and repackages gender inequities as common sense.

How the pandemic fuelled digital misogyny

COVID-19 lockdowns set the stage for a surge in online radicalization. Isolated men and boys increasingly turned to social media for connection — spaces where manosphere personalities like English-American social media influencer Andrew Tate and American conservative political commentator Ben Shapiro gained momentum.

These figures blend anti-feminist messaging with broader pandemic-era anxieties, turning gender roles into moral and political battlegrounds.

Conservative influencers who once focused on vaccine skepticism began pivoting to anti-gender content. Steve Bannon’s podcast, for example, moved from pedalling public health disinformation to pushing narratives that feminism and LGBTQ+ rights are threats to western civilization.

Before the internet, radicalization usually required personal contact. Now, people can self-radicalize online, engaging with algorithm-driven content and communities that reinforce extremist beliefs, often without ever interacting with a recruiter. This shift coincided with a marked rise in reported online hate speech and offline hate crimes.

Misogyny as a mobilizing force

Meanwhile, women’s experiences during the pandemic — over half of whom are caregivers in Canada — involved increased labour at home and in front-line jobs. This left little time or energy for the organizational work necessary to combat the rising tides of sexism and misogyny.

Instead, public discourse began to increasingly valourize “tradwife” ideals and homemaking. This ensured traditional gender roles were brought back into the mainstream, not just as personal preferences, but as broader cultural expectations.

Though this misogyny appears to be fringe, it echoes mainstream policies that threaten reproductive health care, restrict gender expression and paint feminism as a threat to national stability.

Project 2025, the well-known policy platform from U.S. conservative think tank The Heritage Foundation, lays out an agenda to repeal reproductive rights, undermine LGBTQ+ protections and expand state control over gender and family life.

How misogynist narratives are normalized

These misogynist ideas are reinforced in popular culture. In May 2024, NFL player Harrison Butker used his commencement address at Benedictine College to tell women graduates that their true calling was to become wives and mothers.

Such rhetoric serves to re-establish patriarchal hierarchies by narrowing women’s roles to domestic life. But this isn’t about family values, it’s about power. Moves in the U.S. to restrict women’s reproductive autonomy and democratic access to vote make this abundantly clear.

While feminists pushed back, manosphere podcast influencers rushed to Butker’s defense. American white supremacist Nick Fuentes celebrated the speech as a manifesto, while Shapiro framed it as uncontroversial truth.

Our analysis of podcast episodes from Shapiro and Fuentes, among others, shows how misogynist and racist narratives are reinforced through repetition and emotional framing. In episodes focused on Butker’s commencement speech, there were significant concentrations of hate speech and misogyny in the episodes.

Both Shapiro and Fuentes positioned feminism as a threat and framed motherhood as women’s true vocation. Shapiro downplayed the backlash against Butker as liberal outrage through calculatedly mainstream language that used sanitized, “family values” language.

Fuentes promoted an extreme theocratic vision rooted in white Catholic nationalism. In Episode 1,330 of his America First podcast, he said, “I want women to be veiled. I don’t want them to be seen. I want them to be listening to their husbands.”

These talking points consistently align with Butker’s original sentiment and reflect broader political efforts to erode gender equity, as seen in political documents like Project 2025.

Other public figures like Texan megachurch pastor Joel Webbon went even further, advocating for the public execution of women who accuse men of sexual assault — a horrifying example that circulated in manosphere circles.

From the fringes to the mainstream

What’s happening online is not just cultural noise; it’s a co-ordinated effort by conservative political organizations, media outlets and right-wing influencers to shape gender norms, undermine equality and roll back decades of feminist progress.

When misogyny becomes a political strategy, it doesn’t stay confined to podcasts or memes. It seeps into everyday vernacular, court rulings and public policy, and it’s global in scope.

This isn’t new, either. In 2012, Australia’s then-prime minister, Julia Gillard, called out sexist language in parliament, including being labelled a “witch” and subjected to dismissive catcalls. Her speech highlighted the normalization of misogynistic vernacular in politics, but also triggered public backlash, including having anti-immigration remarks misattributed to her.

Similarly, in the lead-up to Germany’s 2021 federal election, Greens party candidate Annalena Baerbock faced co-ordinated disinformation and smear campaigns from foreign entities aimed at undermining her credibility and questioning her “maternal suitability” in the public eye. Digitally altered nude photos, fake protest images and disinformation graphics were circulated.

These campaigns reflect how misogyny is weaponized to influence elections, and how such campaigns can be a threat to national security.

A 2022 #MeToo litigation analysis showed how, despite increasing awareness around sexual assault and harassment, U.S. courts often use legal language that reinforces victim-blaming by placing victims in the grammatical subject position of sentences. For example, phrases like “the victim failed to resist” or “the victim did not report the incident immediately” shift focus onto the victim’s behaviour rather than the perpetrator’s actions.

These details continue to affect broader legal narratives and public acceptance.

Digital platforms are battlegrounds

Recognizing these connections is crucial. As far-right movements gain ground by repackaging ideas about gender as nostalgic “truth” or “tradition,” we need to recognize that digital platforms are not neutral, nostalgic spaces.

Rather, they are conversational battlegrounds where power is contested and jokes, tweets and speeches carry real political weight.

In the fight for gender equity, the internet is not just a mirror that reflects multiple realities. It’s a tool built by the tech industry that was never intended to democratize communication, labour or social roles. Right now, that tool is being weaponized to signal and reassert patriarchal control.

Brianna I. Wiens receives research funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

Nick Ruest receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

Shana MacDonald receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

– ref. Misogyny has become a political strategy — here’s how the pandemic helped make it happen – https://theconversation.com/misogyny-has-become-a-political-strategy-heres-how-the-pandemic-helped-make-it-happen-256043

July 5, 2025

How discussion becomes discord: Three avoidable steps on the path to polarization

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Emma Lei Jing, Assistant Professor, People and Organizations, Neoma Business School

From tariffs and sovereignty to politics and conflict, there’s no shortage of controversial topics for us to grapple with. (Shutterstock)

Many of us have become immersed in debates with family about a contentious political issue, or found ourselves on the other side of a political divide than our friends. In these contentious times, it can be all too easy for courteous debate to devolve into polarized discord.

From tariffs and sovereignty to politics and conflict, there’s no shortage of controversial topics for us to grapple with. Canada just emerged from a divisive federal election, while in the United States, President Donald Trump signed a record 143 executive orders in his first 100 days in office, many of which touched on contentious topics.

We recently conducted a study on the debate around harm reduction. Here in Canada, supervised consumption sites is one issue that has generated support and opposition from community members, healthcare and government agencies, police, addiction services and many others. And it has led to some becoming entrenched in polarized positions.

Our research traced a path which led participants farther apart. Eventually, opposing camps became deeply divided and unwilling to engage with anyone holding different views, and it didn’t happen at random.

What went wrong, and what set opposing groups on the path to discord?

Signposts on the path to polarization

Through an in-depth qualitative case study of addiction services in Alberta, our analysis showed that when the topic of harm reduction was first introduced, arguments were based mostly on evidence and reason.

Harm reduction proponents pointed to the life-saving benefits of harm reduction and the inadequacies of traditional approaches, whereas opponents talked about the effectiveness of more traditional approaches.

We saw genuine, and sometimes successful, efforts to persuade those who disagreed to change their minds.

However, we identified a systematic progression from civil discourse to the formation of echo chambers. From that, we offer ways to steer conversations from developing into irreconcilable echo chambers.

a woman and man on a sofa argue — When emotions rise, people talk less about the pros and cons of an approach and more about what should be the right approach.
(Shutterstock)

Phase 1: Emotion deepens the divide

In the case of the harm reduction debate, an opioid crisis shook Alberta. A steep increase in overdose deaths heightened urgency and intensity around the debate and ushered in more emotionally charged arguments. Before long, a moral component developed in the debate.

When emotions rise, people talk less about the pros and cons of an approach and more about what should be the right approach.

Disagreements escalate as the discussion veers away from logic and arguments become more morally and emotionally charged. This heightened a sense of being right, and the opposite view being wrong, provides fertile ground for polarization.

This phase is where there is the greatest opportunity to change course. Be aware of the rising emotional energy. If the debate is getting heated, avoid framing arguments in terms of what’s right and wrong and stay focused on evidence and reason.

Phase 2: Heightened hostility

This is where things get personal.

As emotional rhetoric takes hold, participants pull farther apart and animosity grows. They start characterizing people on either side of the debate as morally right or wrong.

Just as we saw in phase one, a watershed event deepened the divide in Alberta. A newly elected provincial government took a distinctly different approach than the previous government, leaving advocates on one side feeling vindicated and their opponents shocked, dismayed and angry.

In phase two, the issue itself takes a back seat, and participants started blaming their opponents for making matters worse. There is less dialogue about an approach being right or wrong, and more about the people involved being right or wrong.

This is possibly the last chance to turn things around. At this point, we should be mindful about the importance of neutral and respectful language. One way to do this is by avoiding making things personal, such as blaming one another for a situation.

people in an office stand around a table arguing — Disagreements escalate as a discussion veers away from logic and arguments become more morally and emotionally charged.
(Shutterstock)

Phase 3: Disdain, disgust and self-isolation

By now, logical arguments have been abandoned, replaced with intense expressions of disgust and disdain for opponents. No longer interested in persuading the other side, the focus shifts to solidifying a position as both sides withdraw from debate and only engage with like-minded people.

In our study, this phase, like the previous phases, was brought on by a distinct event. A second provincial election ushered in an abrupt reversal in leadership and harm reduction policies. Any attempts to work together were abandoned and participants started entrenching themselves in self-constructed echo chambers.

In this most devastating and possibly irreparable phase, we noted that the rhetoric wasn’t even about what was right or wrong anymore. It was more about expressing disgust toward one another, leaving no room for facts, evidence or even different opinions, firmly establishing two entrenched sides.

Moral convictions and emotions play a critical role in escalating disagreements. The damage caused when civil arguments are subtly replaced with moral convictions and moral emotions can impact how we co-operate and interact with one another, even in our day-to-day conversations with families and friends.

In the context of addiction services in Alberta, there has now been an extended period of “cooling down” where both sides are taking a wait-and-see approach. We suggest that this is creating a climate where an engaged discussion with fact-based arguments can again be possible.

But even better would be a more proactive approach where participants of a debate recognize the warning signs and take actions early.

Trish Reay received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council that supported this research.

Elizabeth Goodrick, Emma Lei Jing, and Jo-Louise Huq do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. How discussion becomes discord: Three avoidable steps on the path to polarization – https://theconversation.com/how-discussion-becomes-discord-three-avoidable-steps-on-the-path-to-polarization-257709

July 5, 2025

World Refugee Day: Prolonged refugee separation is harming families — and Canada’s economy

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Christina Clark-Kazak, Professor, Public and International Affairs, L’Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa

As World Refugee Day approaches on June 20, advocates and health experts are calling on the Canadian government to urgently address prolonged family separation for refugees. With wait times for family reunification now averaging more than four years, critics say the delays are causing irreparable harm to refugee families and imposing long-term costs on the health-care system and the Canadian economy.

The significant health, social and economic costs of prolonged family separation merit urgent action. These costs are borne by refugees and their families as well as municipal, provincial and federal governments.

People seeking refugee protection whose claims are accepted in Canada receive protected person status and are allowed to apply for permanent residence. They are permitted to include dependent children and spouses who are outside Canada on their permanent residence applications.

While accepted refugees and their family members are legally eligible for permanent residence in Canada, they must be admitted under the immigration levels for Protected Persons in Canada and Dependants Abroad. Because the number of people applying under these levels exceeds the number of spaces available, family separation currently lasts 50 months.

In 2024, the government of Canada announced major reductions in immigration levels starting in 2025. These reductions will further delay family reunification, prolonging refugees’ bureaucratic limbo.

Mental and physical health costs

Studies document the several mental health consequences of the separation of children from their parent(s), and of spouses from their partner. These challenges intensify as the duration of the separation increases.

Medical associations around the world say family separation is a traumatic event that can cause developmental regression and higher rates of unexplained illness in children.

This trauma may stem from the sense of abandonment that children experience while being separated from their parents. In one study from 2005, an interviewee said:

“It was hard at first … .The children thought that I had abandoned them. They considered me a traitor.”

Despite the time and efforts invested in long-distance relationships, family breakdown may result from prolonged family separation, necessitating counselling or child protection services.

These mental health consequences not only have human costs. They also represent a financial burden for the Canadian government through the Interim Federal Health Care (IFHC) Program. After protected people transition away from IFHC, provincial and territorial governments pay for health costs associated with family separation.

Some children may also require school-based interventions, mental health services and counselling, the costs of which are also borne by provincial governments.

Economic costs

Protected people separated from their families also pay to maintain two households: one in Canada and one overseas. In a 2019 study, a refugee said that “sending remittances was more expensive than if they lived together in Canada.”

Remittances not only represent a financial challenge to refugee families, they also result in indirect economic losses to Canada as funds leave the country instead of being invested in Canada.

Research shows that family separation also inhibits integration. The inability to find affordable child care in a single-parent household, for example, limits the ability to learn official languages, participate in community groups and find work opportunities.

For example, one woman from Afghanistan who had been waiting more than six years for reunification with her husband told researchers:

“In night I sometimes cannot sleep and I just walk and walk around the lobby of my apartment building. […] I can no longer take care of my children when they’re missing all the time their father. They need their father. Even sometimes my family asking ‘where is he?’ and other kids at my children’s schools are asking.”

This stress caused severe mental and physical health issues for this woman and her family, further limiting her ability to work.

These integration challenges mean fewer people can work to their full capacity, limiting participation in the Canadian economy. Delayed economic integration due to family separation results in lower tax revenues for all levels of the Canadian government.

Family unity provides refugees with the necessary support to manage the stresses of resettlement. Family reunification increases flexibility to adjust to a new country and culture without additional challenges.

As refugees and their families integrate, Canada benefits. They find work, pay taxes and contribute to their communities.

An easy administrative fix

The United Nations declared June 20 to be World Refugee Day almost 25 years ago. Although it’s just one day, it reminds us to honour refugees from around the world.

It is a good time for the Canadian government to work towards issuing temporary visas to eligible family members, allowing them to live in Canada while they await permanent residence.

The right to family unity is protected by international law. Canada’s reputation as a leader in refugee protection is at risk if family reunification continues to be delayed.

The social, health and economic costs of family separation are both inhumane and unnecessary.

Chloé Bissonnette, undergraduate student in Conflict Studies and Human Rights at the University of Ottawa, contributed to this article.

Christina Clark-Kazak receives funding from the Social Sciences Humanities and Research Council (SSHRC).

– ref. World Refugee Day: Prolonged refugee separation is harming families — and Canada’s economy – https://theconversation.com/world-refugee-day-prolonged-refugee-separation-is-harming-families-and-canadas-economy-258441

July 5, 2025

Pride, pages and performance: Why drag story time matters more than ever

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Phillip Joy, Assistant Professor, Applied Human Nutrition, Mount Saint Vincent University

June is Pride month. It is a time for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, Two-Spirit, intersex and other sexuality- and gender-diverse (LGBTQ+) communities to come together to celebrate identities, build communities and advocate for justice and equality.

This year’s pride carries added weight. As American legal scholar Luke Boso writes, “fear has taken hold in private, interpersonal, and public reactions,” following the rhetoric and policies promoted by United States President Donald Trump.

His current term has been marked by a growing push to erase LGBTQ+ identities and limit queer expression in public life. Within this month of Pride, the Trump administration is planning to rename the USNS Harvey Milk naval ship, named after the late civil rights leader Harvey Milk.

The implications of such actions, however, aren’t limited to the U.S. Similar patterns of anti-LGBTQ+ rhetoric have been documented across democratic countries, where drag events and other expressions of queer visibility have become flashpoints for harassment as far-right groups try to build support and spread anti-LGBTQ+ views.

But with fear also comes hope. Even as events like drag story times have become targets of anti-LGBTQ+ legislation and protests, communities continue to organize, resist and affirm their right to public joy and visibility.

Our research, recently funded by Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, explores drag story times with the hope to learn more about how drag story time leaders select books, and how these events can foster best practices in literacy and inclusive education.

Drag story time as educational event

Drag story times are more than just community events. They are creative, educational spaces often held in public venues such as libraries, schools or community centres. Typically led by a drag performer, these sessions invite children, along with parents, caregivers and educators, to enjoy storybooks that highlight themes like acceptance, self-expression, diversity and joy.

Reading aloud with children serves as an avenue for the development of language and literacy. Young children can engage with vocabulary, content and ideas to construct meaning through texts that they may not, yet, have the skills to read on their own.

At their core, drag story time events offer opportunities for child-centred literacy practices, such as dialogue and interactions throughout the “read aloud,” to encourage children to consider ideas and connect them as the story moves along.

Reading aloud to children is a powerful way to nurture emotional, social and cognitive growth. Stories offer children what literacy scholars call mirrors (reflective ways to see themselves), windows (into understanding others) and “sliding glass doors,” — vantages for imagining new perspectives. When children encounter characters and families who reflect a range of lived experiences, it opens the door to conversations about empathy, acceptance and identity.

What books are being read?

A recent content analysis, by information sciences researcher Sarah Barriage and colleagues of 103 picture books read during drag story times in the U.S. found that few explicitly featured LGBTQ+ identities.

The lead characters were predominantly white, cisgender, heterosexual and able-bodied, with only seven per cent of books featuring trans, non-binary or intersex leads, and another seven per cent portraying same-sex or undefined relationships. While this represents an increase in LGBTQ+ representation compared to other studies of story time books and classroom libraries, the overall percentage remains low.

The findings of this study, while based on a small sample size, suggest that contrary to popular perception, drag story times, while featuring drag artists leading read-aloud sessions, are not consistently grounded in explicitly LGBTQ+ narratives.

Rather, the books may be story-time favourites, (such as selections from Mo Williams’ Pigeon series), or texts that tend to promote broadly inclusive and affirming messages of individuality, confidence, empathy, inclusion and imagination (such as Todd Parr’s It’s Okay to Be Different).

Books representing range of experiences

This gap highlights the importance of thoughtfully selecting books that reflect a wider range of experiences, including LGBTQ+ main characters and stories. When children are shown diverse characters and stories, they begin to understand the world from multiple perspectives.

Researchers with expertise in children’s early literacy recommend that books for interactive read-alouds with children should reflect both the children’s communities and communities different from their own. Such books can spark meaningful conversations, encourage critical thinking and help cultivate empathy and respect for difference. This prepares young readers for life in a multicultural society and helps build a more inclusive and compassionate world view.

Euphoria: being gender-aligned, authentic

Apart from the specific book content shared with children at drag story time, these events provide opportunities for children and families to engage with diverse gender and sexuality expressions in a safe, inclusive setting with their caregivers. Such exposure does not cause confusion in children, but rather supports healthy development by fostering empathy, self-awareness and acceptance.

This may come from or be expressed through the euphoria or joy that comes from feeling aligned and authentic in your gender. The idea of “gender euphoria” comes from within the trans community as a way to push back against the narrow narrative that trans lives are defined only by dysphoria, trauma or discomfort.

Instead, gender euphoria highlights the positive side that come with expressing or affirming one’s gender identity. It can look different for everyone, from a quiet sense of contentment to a powerful feeling of joy.

A smiling person with outstretched and raised hands in a multicoloured dress with what looks like a paper teacup on their head. — Communities affirm their right to public joy and visibility. Drag Queen Barbada de Barbades, who has led story times, seen in Montréal.
(Jennifer Ricard/Wikimedia), CC BY

Queer joy

Queer joy is also a feature of drag story time, and is more than just feeling good. it is about living fully, even in the face of adversity. It is an act of resistance to a world that often tells queer and trans people they should not exist. Children still die because of hateful anti-LGTBQ+ speech.

Together, gender euphoria and queer joy remind us that LGBTQ+ lives can be full of strength, creativity, connection and celebration.

When children see diversity reflective in creative, positive and affirming ways, such as through stories, role models and community engagement, they are more likely to feel a sense of belonging and develop confidence in expressing their own identities. In this way, drag story times contribute meaningfully to both individual well-being and broader efforts towards inclusion.

Best literacy and inclusion practices

As part of our research, we plan to attend drag story times to learn more about current practices in Nova Scotia. At the national level, we will talk with performers about their experiences, practices, support and training needs and their goals and motivations.

Then we’ll co-host a workshop with performers and educators to share knowledge and build skills that combine the artistry of drag with best practices in literacy and inclusive education.

Drag story times can be a healthy and supportive way for children to develop their sense of gender and sexuality identity, both within themselves and others.

Phillip Joy receives funding from The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

Andrea Fraser receives funding from The Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).

Conor Barker receives funding from the Social Studies and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC).

– ref. Pride, pages and performance: Why drag story time matters more than ever – https://theconversation.com/pride-pages-and-performance-why-drag-story-time-matters-more-than-ever-258508

July 5, 2025

Why Israel and the U.S. are sure to encounter the limits of air power in Iran

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By James Horncastle, Assistant Professor and Edward and Emily McWhinney Professor in International Relations, Simon Fraser University

The United States has apparently answered Israel’s call to to become involved in the war between Israel and Iran.

President Donald Trump had signalled a willingness for the U.S. to become involved in the conflict. He went so far, in fact, to suggest in social media posts that he could kill Iran’s supreme leader if he wanted to.

Segment on Trump’s threats against Iran’s leader. (BBC News)

The American military can certainly make an impact in any air campaign against Iran. The problem from a military standpoint, however, is that the U.S., based on its forces’ deployment, will almost certainly seek to keep its involvement limited to its air force to avoid another Iraq-like quagmire.

While doing so could almost certainly disrupt Iran’s nuclear program, it will likely fall short of Israel’s goal of regime change.

In fact, it could reinforce the Iranian government and draw the U.S. into a costly ground war.

Israel’s need for American support

The initial stated reason for Israel’s bombing campaign — Iran’s nuclear capabilities — appears specious at best.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has argued several times in the past, without evidence, that Iran is close to achieving a nuclear weapon. U.S. intelligence, however, have assessed that Iran is three years away from deploying a nuclear weapon.

Regardless of the veracity of the claims, Israel initiated the offensive and requires American support.

Israel’s need for U.S. assistance rests on two circumstances:

While Israel succeeded in eliminating key figures from the Iranian military in its initial strikes, Iran’s response appears to have exceeded Israel’s expectations with their Arrow missile interceptors nearing depletion.
Israel’s air strikes can only achieve so much in disrupting Iran’s nuclear ambitions. Most analysts note that Israel’s bombings are only likely to delay the Iranian nuclear program by a few months. This is due to the fact that Israeli missiles are incapable of penetrating the Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, which estimates place close to 300 feet underground.

The United States, however, possesses munitions that have reportedly destroyed the Fordow facility. Most notably, the GBU-57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (more commonly known as a bunker buster) has a penetration capability of 200 feet and was reportedly used in the attack.

Romanticizing air power

Nonetheless, the efficacy of air power has been vastly overrated in the popular media and various air forces of the world. Air power is great at disrupting an opponent, but has significant limitations in influencing the outcome of a war.

Specifically, air power is likely to prove an inadequate tool for one of the supposed Israeli and American objectives in the war: regime change. For air power to be effective at bringing about regime change, it needs to demoralize the Iranian people to the point that they’re willing to oppose their own government.

Early air enthusiasts believed that a population’s demoralization would be an inevitable consequence of aerial bombardment. Italian general Giulio Douhet, a prominent air power theorist, argued that air power was so mighty that it could destroy cities and demoralize an opponent into surrendering.

Douhet was correct on the first point. He was wrong on the second.

Recent history provides evidence. While considerable ink has been spilled to demonstrate the efficacy of air power during the Second World War, close examination of the facts demonstrate that it had a minimal impact. In fact, Allied bombing of German cities in several instances created the opposite effect.

More recent bombing campaigns replicated this failure. The U.S. bombing of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War did not significantly damage North Vietnamese morale or war effort. NATO’s bombing of Serbia in 1999, likewise, rallied support for the unpopular Slobodan Milosevic due to its perceived injustice — and continues to evoke strong emotions to this day.

Iran’s political regime may be unpopular with many Iranians, but Israeli and American bombing may shore up support for the Iranian government.

Nationalism is a potent force, particularly when people are under attack. The attacks on Iran will rally segments of the population to the government that would otherwise oppose it.

Few positive options

The limitations of air power to fuel significant political change in Iran should have given Trump pause about intervening in the conflict.

Some American support, such as providing weapons, is a given due to the close relationship between the U.S. and Israel. But any realization of American and Israeli aspirations of a non-nuclear Iran and a new government will likely require ground forces.

Recent American experiences in Afghanistan and Iraq show such a ground forces operation won’t lead to the swift victory that Trump desires, but could potentially stretch on for decades.

James Horncastle does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Why Israel and the U.S. are sure to encounter the limits of air power in Iran – https://theconversation.com/why-israel-and-the-u-s-are-sure-to-encounter-the-limits-of-air-power-in-iran-259348

July 5, 2025

Non, les enfants n’étaient pas négligés au Moyen Âge : la preuve par l’éducation

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Didier Lett, Professeur émérite d’histoire médiévale, Université Paris Cité

_Geoffroi de La Tour Landry enseignant à ses filles_, enluminure tirée d’un manuscrit du _Livre du chevalier de La Tour Landry pour l’enseignement de ses filles_ (fin XV<sup>e</sup> siècle, France, Chantilly, musée Condé). via Wikimedia Commons

Les stéréotypes sur le sombre Moyen Âge ont la vie dure. Parmi ceux-ci, la place des enfants, que l’on imagine encore peu aimés et exploités, travaillant durement à un âge très précoce aux côtés des adultes. Rien, pourtant, n’est plus faux que cette vision misérabiliste.

Dans Enfants au Moyen Âge (XIIᵉ – XVᵉ siècles), une nouvelle synthèse publiée aux éditions Tallandier, Didier Lett nous montre la vive attention à l’enfance dès le ventre maternel, puis s’intéresse à la naissance, au baptême, aux premiers soins apportés au nourrisson et aux relations que l’enfant entretient avec sa famille. Plus de doutes possibles : la société médiévale a bien connu un fort « sentiment de l’enfance », comme le montre cet extrait de l’ouvrage centré sur les préoccupations des parents pour la pédagogie et la formation des plus jeunes.

Un fort souci éducatif

De nombreux traités de pédagogie

Si l’on doutait encore de la force du souci éducatif des hommes et des femmes du Moyen Âge, il faudrait rappeler qu’il existe environ une cinquantaine de termes en ancien français des XII^e-XV^e siècles qui désigne le fait d’éduquer ou d’enseigner : alever, amender, somondre, amonester, doctriner, reprendre, chastier, discipliner, monstrer, enseigner, endoctriner, conduire, governer, etc., sans parler des nombreux termes latins : instructio, educatio, disciplina, eruditio. Cette richesse sémantique traduit une réalité. Le verbe educare (ex/ducare) signifie « conduire en dehors de », c’est-à-dire exercer une direction pour sortir d’un état qui est inférieur à celui dans lequel on veut faire entrer une personne. Le terme eruditio (ex/rudictio) possède un sens très voisin. Il signifie que le but essentiel du processus est de faire sortir l’enfant de sa ruditas naturelle. L’éducation a pour but de dégrossir.

Tous les quinze jours, nos auteurs plongent dans le passé pour y trouver de quoi décrypter le présent. Et préparer l’avenir. Abonnez-vous gratuitement dès aujourd’hui !

Ce lexique se rencontre dans les nombreux traités pédagogiques rédigés dans les derniers siècles médiévaux, écrits parfois par des pères (ou des mères) pour leurs enfants. En 1238, le juriste Albertano de Brescia écrit pour ses fils le De amore et dilectione Dei et proximi et aliarum rerum de forma vitae, un traité qui connaît un grand succès, traduit rapidement dans de nombreuses langues vernaculaires. Le Catalan Raymond Lulle, un laïc marié, d’origine noble, père de famille, courtisan puis ermite, pédagogue, missionnaire, mystique et romancier, a laissé une œuvre immense parmi laquelle la Doctrine d’enfant (Doctrina pueril) qu’il commence à rédiger en 1278 à Majorque et qu’il achève à Montpellier vers 1283. C’est un traité qui s’adresse à un fils imaginaire, supposé enfant. Il a aussi composé à la même époque un roman, Le Livre d’Evast et Blaquerne (entre 1280 et 1283), dans lequel il transpose ses principes pédagogiques en y citant même parfois des passages de son traité. […]

Éduquer par la parole et par l’exemple

De l’avis de tous, ce que l’on apprend dès le plus jeune âge marque durablement, s’imprime à jamais dans l’esprit de l’enfant. Le chevalier de La Tour Landry avertit ses filles, « car la vie que vous voudrez mener dans votre jeunesse, vous voudrez la mener lorsque vous serez vieux ». Dans son Livre de la chasse, Gaston Phébus affirme : « Ce qu’on apprend dans sa jeunesse, on le retient dans sa vieillesse. »

*Gilles de Rome écrivant*, Enluminure du XIVᵉ siècle, Besançon, Bibliothèque municipale, fol. 103v, tiré de Aegidius Romanus, *Traité de gouvernement des princes*.
via Wikimedia

Selon Gilles de Rome, comme l’homme a naturellement l’habitude de mal se comporter, il faut « l’habituer en enfance à bien faire ». Dans un souci d’en faire d’abord de bons chrétiens, « on doit apprendre aux enfants les articles de la foi en jeunesse afin que leur croyance soit plus ferme ». Il faut se garder de lui montrer des « choses laides et vilaines car les jeunes gens aiment beaucoup cela et gardent en mémoire ce qu’ils voient en leur jeunesse ». Il illustre par un exemple : « Si une femme est peinte ou sculptée nue, il ne faut pas la montrer aux jeunes gens car leur âge est enclin à la jouissance et aux mauvais penchants. » Guillaume de Saint-Pathus explique les faits louables des frères et sœurs de saint Louis de la manière suivante :

« Et les bonnes œuvres que firent et continuèrent à faire toute leur vie monseigneur Robert et monseigneur Alfonse, frères du roi, et leur sœur, attestent de leur bonne éducation (norreture) et des enseignements qu’ils reçurent dès le début. »

Pour exprimer cette idée, on rencontre deux métaphores fréquentes. D’une part, celle de la cire molle. Dans le chapitre des Siete Partidas intitulé « Que les fils de roi doivent avoir des précepteurs (ayos) et comment ceux-ci doivent être », on peut lire :

« Les sages ont dit que les jeunes ont des dispositions pour apprendre, lorsqu’ils sont encore petits, comme la cire molle lorsqu’on la place sous le sceau, laquelle, plus elle est tendre, mieux elle imprime ce qui est gravé sur le sceau. »

D’autre part, celle de l’amphore ou du pot, empruntant les vers d’Horace : « L’amphore neuve conservera longtemps le parfum dont elle aura été initialement imprégnée. » Au XIII^e siècle, Berthold de Ratisbonne explique qu’« un pot garde toujours l’odeur de ce qu’on a mis dedans en premier ». Par conséquent, poursuit-il, « si vous apprenez à votre enfant tout neuf de bonnes choses, il en gardera toujours quelque chose, mais si vous lui apprenez de mauvaises choses, il agira par la suite dans ce sens […] ils gardent toujours quelque chose des premières habitudes qu’on leur donne ».

L’enseignement se fait surtout par la parole et par l’exemple (verbo et exemplo). Les parents doivent être exemplaires. Raymond Lulle conseille aux pères de se débarrasser, dans leur maison, de tous les individus qui pourraient avoir une mauvaise influence sur leur fils. Selon lui, il faut éduquer tous les sens de l’enfant. Il écrit : « Par la vue corporelle, la tentation entre et se propage jusqu’à l’âme, raison pour laquelle on doit instruire (norrir) son fils et lui enseigner à voir de telles choses qui ne l’habituent pas à avoir de mauvaises pensées. » Il vitupère aussi contre ceux qui accoutument leurs enfants « à entendre des choses inutiles et des laides paroles, romans, chansons, instruments et d’autres choses semblables qui incitent à la luxure ». Il est donc préférable de « leur enseigner les paroles de Dieu dévotes et les livres qui parlent de Dieu ». Il conseille enfin d’éduquer l’enfant dans des lieux qui dégagent une bonne odeur, car « on doit habituer l’homme à des odeurs qui ne puissent l’inciter aux futilités et aux pensées déplaisantes ».

Selon le pédagogue catalan, il faut profiter de tous les instants de la vie quotidienne pour enseigner la foi chrétienne à ses enfants. Ainsi, il conseille à son fils de penser à l’enfer quand il regarde bouillir une poignée de fèves ou de pois, image des damnés qui souffrent des peines infernales. […]

*Portrait de Matteo Palmieri*, Cristofano dell’Altissimo, après 1552. (Giunti Photographic Archive/Foto Rabatti-Domingie, Florence).
via Wikimedia

L’exemplarité apparaît bien comme un mode de transmission essentiel des valeurs de père à fils. En utilisant l’exemplum pour les enfants, les parents se font prédicateurs dans leur famille. En tant que laïcs, ils ne peuvent prêcher mais ils doivent exhorter les plus jeunes à bien faire. Ces conseils se retrouvent chez les humanistes qui demandent qu’on surveille très attentivement les fréquentations des enfants. Matteo Palmieri, dans La Vie civile, rédigée entre 1431 et 1438 écrit :

« Le père alors doit veiller à ce que les enfants que fréquente son fils aient des gestes et un langage bien châtié, et doit préférer les bonnes mœurs aux caresses et à une vie délicate, car les tendres délicatesses bien souvent les gâtent et, une fois grands, ils désirent les mêmes douceurs dans lesquelles on les a élevés petits. »

Apprendre de manière progressive

Médecins et pédagogues conseillent d’être très vigilants lorsque l’on donne des travaux intellectuels et physiques aux enfants car il faut toujours tenir compte de leurs aptitudes, de leur force et de leur capacité de résistance, donc de leur âge. Giovanni Conversini, notaire de Ravenne, fils de Coversino del Frignano, médecin du roi de Hongrie, Louis I^er, dans le Rationarium vitae, autobiographie rédigée vers 1400, écrit :

« Il faut toujours administrer aux élèves des notions qui sont au-dessous de leurs capacités : de même que l’estomac ne digère bien que si la quantité d’aliments absorbée est inférieure au niveau de satiété, de même la leçon donnée doit être inférieure à la capacité d’apprendre. Une leçon claire et non pesante s’imprime avec facilité dans l’esprit, une leçon compliquée et lourde rassasie mais ne nourrit pas. »

Gilles de Rome déconseille vivement d’exiger de la part des enfants de moins de 14 ans de gros travaux pour éviter de bloquer leur croissance. Barthélemy l’Anglais recommande, lui aussi, de ne pas donner un labeur trop rude aux enfants entre 7 et 13 ans, afin que leur croissance ne soit pas empêchée. Maffeo Vegio, dans son De educatione liberorum (milieu du XV^e siècle), conseille :

« Jusqu’à l’âge de cinq ans, aucune discipline n’est encore possible, et il conviendra d’éviter toute fatigue qui retentirait sur sa croissance. »

Ces conseils semblent entendus. À Saint-Denis, à la fin du XIII^e siècle, Louis, un enfant abandonné, sourd et muet, arrive à l’âge de 8 ans chez Gauchier, un forgeron. Ce dernier l’emploie mais, comme il le juge trop chétif, en raison de son jeune âge et sans doute aussi des privations endurées, il décide de lui confier des activités en conformité avec son état physique. Dans un premier temps, « avant que ses membres soient très forts, il soufflait le feu du forgeron pour allumer la forge ».

Puis Gauchier, qui témoigne auprès des enquêteurs du miracle après que l’enfant a retrouvé l’usage de la parole, « se rappelle bien que, lorsqu’il fut plus fort, il l’aidait, d’une part, en tenant le marteau et, d’autre part, en prenant en charge d’autres tâches dans sa boutique, qu’il lui ordonnait par signes ». Tout se passe comme si Gauchier avait intégré les préceptes du moine Théophile qui, un siècle plus tôt, conseille, pour le métier de forgeron, que l’enfant assiste d’abord le maître, entretienne les flammes, « souffle un peu » au soufflet, construise les meules de paille qui serviront de combustible, puis frappe avec un marteau petit ou moyen.

Chez les tisserands italiens du XV^e siècle, il n’est pas rare de confier aux enfants nouvellement embauchés la tâche de surveillance des ouvriers adultes, leur permettant ainsi d’apprendre leur futur métier par observation et imitation des gestes du travail qu’ils auront bientôt à accomplir. L’apprenti médecin commence par apporter les instruments de sa future profession, les nettoyer, avant de commencer lui-même à les utiliser. Dans la littérature médiévale, le jeune chevalier apprend aussi le métier des armes de manière très progressive : il est page puis écuyer, porte les armes du chevalier avant de s’en servir pleinement et de se faire adouber.

Didier Lett ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Non, les enfants n’étaient pas négligés au Moyen Âge : la preuve par l’éducation – https://theconversation.com/non-les-enfants-netaient-pas-negliges-au-moyen-age-la-preuve-par-leducation-256265

July 5, 2025

La maternité à l’époque viking, entre genres, corps et politique sexuelle – nouvelle étude archéologique

Source: The Conversation – France (in French) – By Marianne Hem Eriksen, Associate Professor of Archaeology, University of Leicester

_Britomart_, par Walter Crane (1900). Library of Decorative Arts, Paris

Malgré son rôle central dans l’histoire de l’humanité, la grossesse a souvent été négligée par l’archéologie. Or, des recherches sur l’époque viking, par exemple, montrent la place cruciale des femmes enceintes dans ces sociétés et nous invitent à revoir nos représentations de la répartition des rôles entre hommes et femmes par le passé.

Des femmes enceintes brandissant des épées et portant des casques de combat, des fœtus prêts à venger leurs pères – et un monde rude où tous les nouveau-nés ne naissaient pas libres ou ne recevaient pas de sépulture.

Voilà quelques-unes des réalités mises au jour par la première étude interdisciplinaire consacrée à la grossesse à l’époque des vikings, que j’ai menée avec Kate Olley, Brad Marshall et Emma Tollefsen dans le cadre du projet Body-Politics. Malgré son rôle central dans l’histoire de l’humanité, la grossesse a souvent été négligée par l’archéologie, en grande partie parce qu’elle ne laisse que peu de traces matérielles.

La grossesse a peut-être été particulièrement négligée dans les périodes que nous associons le plus souvent aux guerriers, aux rois et aux batailles – comme l’âge des vikings, hautement romantisé (la période allant de 800 à 1050 apr. J.-C.).

Des sujets tels que la grossesse et l’accouchement ont été traditionnellement considérés comme des « questions féminines », appartenant aux sphères « naturelles » ou « privées ». Pourtant, nous soutenons que des questions telles que « Quand la vie commence-t-elle ? » constituent une préoccupation politique importante, aujourd’hui comme par le passé.

Explorer la « politique de l’utérus » au temps des vikings

Dans notre nouvelle étude, mes coauteurs et moi-même avons rassemblé des éléments de preuve éclectiques afin de comprendre comment la grossesse et le corps de la femme enceinte étaient conceptualisés à cette époque. En explorant cette « politique de l’utérus », il est possible d’enrichir considérablement nos connaissances sur le genre, sur les corps et sur la politique sexuelle à l’époque des vikings et au-delà.

Tout d’abord, nous avons examiné les mots et les récits décrivant la grossesse dans les sources en vieux norrois. Bien que datant de plusieurs siècles après l’ère viking, les sagas et les textes juridiques nous apportent des mots et des récits concernant la procréation que les descendants immédiats des vikings utilisaient et faisaient circuler.

Nous avons appris que la grossesse pouvait être évoquée à travers des tournures comme « le ventre plein », « sans lumière » et « pas entière ». Et nous avons glané un aperçu de la croyance possible en une personnalité du fœtus, dans une expression comme : « Une femme qui ne marche pas seule. »

Etching of a Viking man and woman — Helgi et Guðrún dans la saga de Laxdæla, tels que représentés par Andreas Bloch (1898).
Wiki Commons

Dans l’une des sagas que nous avons étudiées, un épisode soutient l’idée que les enfants à naître (du moins ceux d’un statut social élevé) peuvent déjà être inscrits dans des systèmes complexes de parenté, d’alliances, de querelles et d’obligations. Il raconte l’histoire d’une confrontation tendue entre Guðrún Ósvífrsdóttir, enceinte, protagoniste de la Saga du peuple de Laxardal et l’assassin de son mari, Helgi Harðbeinsson.

En guise de provocation, Helgi essuie sa lance ensanglantée sur les vêtements de Guđrun et sur son ventre. Il déclare : « Je pense que sous le coin de ce châle se trouve ma propre mort. » La prédiction d’Helgi se réalise, le bébé va naître et grandir pour venger son père.

Un autre épisode, tiré de la Saga d’Erik le Rouge, met davantage l’accent sur l’action de la mère. Freydís Eiríksdóttir, enceinte, est prise dans une attaque des Skrælings, nom nordique des populations indigènes du Groenland et du Canada. Ne pouvant s’échapper en raison de sa grossesse, elle prend une épée, dénude son sein et frappe l’épée contre celui-ci, ce qui fait fuir les assaillants.

Bien qu’elle soit parfois considérée comme un épisode littéraire obscur, cette histoire peut trouver un parallèle dans le deuxième ensemble de preuves que nous avons examiné dans le cadre de cette étude : une figurine représentant une femme enceinte.

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Ce pendentif, trouvé dans la sépulture d’une femme du X^e siècle à Aska, en Suède, est la seule représentation connue d’une grossesse à l’époque des vikings. Il représente un personnage en tenue féminine dont les bras enserrent un ventre gonflé, signe peut-être d’un attachement pour l’enfant à venir. Ce qui rend cette figurine particulièrement intéressante, c’est que la femme enceinte porte un casque de combat.

A silver pendant showing a pregnant woman — La figurine d’une femme enceinte analysée dans le cadre de l’étude.
Historiska Museet, CC BY-ND

Pris dans leur ensemble, ces éléments montrent que les femmes enceintes pouvaient, du moins dans l’art et les récits, être confrontées à la violence et aux armes. Elles n’étaient pas cantonnées à la passivité. Avec les études récentes sur les femmes vikings enterrées comme des guerrières, cela nous incite à réfléchir à la manière dont nous envisageons les rôles des hommes et des femmes dans les sociétés vikings, souvent perçues comme hypermasculines.

Enfants disparus et grossesse malheureuse

Un dernier volet de l’enquête a consisté à rechercher des traces de décès de femmes enceintes dans les archives funéraires vikings. Les taux de mortalité maternelle et infantile sont considérés comme très élevés dans la plupart des sociétés préindustrielles. Or, nous avons constaté que, parmi les milliers de tombes vikings, seules 14 sépultures possibles de mères et d’enfants sont signalées.

Par conséquent, nous suggérons que les femmes enceintes décédées n’étaient pas systématiquement enterrées avec leur enfant à naître et qu’elles n’étaient peut-être pas commémorées comme une unité symbiotique par les sociétés vikings. En fait, nous avons également trouvé des nouveau-nés enterrés avec des hommes adultes et des femmes ménopausées, des sépultures qui peuvent être ou non des tombes familiales.

Interpretative drawing of a grave showing a woman’s skeleton and the body of her child — Dessin interprétatif de la tombe d’une femme adulte enterrée avec un nouveau-né placé entre ses cuisses, à Fjälkinge (Suède). Notez que les jambes du corps de la femme ont été alourdies par un rocher.
Matt Hitchcock/Body-Politics, CC BY-SA

Nous ne pouvons pas exclure que les enfants en bas âge – sous-représentés dans les registres d’inhumation en général – aient été disposés ailleurs en cas de décès. Lorsqu’ils sont trouvés dans des tombes avec d’autres corps, il est possible qu’ils aient été inclus en tant qu’« biens funéraires », liés à d’autres personnes présentes dans la tombe.

Voilà qui nous rappelle brutalement que la grossesse et la petite enfance peuvent être des états de transition vulnérables. Un dernier élément de preuve vient particulièrement confirmer ce point. Pour certains, comme le petit garçon de Guđrun, la gestation et la naissance représentaient un processus en plusieurs étapes vers l’accession au statut de personne sociale libre.

Pour les personnes situées en bas de l’échelle sociale, cependant, la situation pouvait être très différente. L’un des textes juridiques que nous avons examinés nous informe sèchement que, lorsque les femmes asservies étaient mises en vente, la grossesse était considérée comme un défaut de leur corps.

La grossesse était profondément politique et loin d’avoir une signification uniforme pour les communautés de l’âge viking. Elle a façonné et a été façonnée par les idées de statut social, de parenté et de personnalité. Notre étude montre que la grossesse n’était ni invisible ni privée, mais qu’elle jouait un rôle crucial dans la façon dont les sociétés vikings concevaient la vie, les identités sociales et le pouvoir.

Marianne Hem Eriksen dirige le projet BODY-POLITICS, financé par le Conseil européen de la recherche (CER) dans le cadre du programme de recherche et d’innovation Horizon 2020 de l’Union européenne (convention de subvention n° 949886). Cette recherche a également été soutenue par le Leverhulme Trust par le biais d’un prix Philip Leverhulme attribué à Marianne Hem Eriksen (PLP-2022-285).

– ref. La maternité à l’époque viking, entre genres, corps et politique sexuelle – nouvelle étude archéologique – https://theconversation.com/la-maternite-a-lepoque-viking-entre-genres-corps-et-politique-sexuelle-nouvelle-etude-archeologique-256719

July 5, 2025

Cyberattacks: how companies can communicate effectively after being hit

Source: The Conversation – France – By Paolo Antonetti, Professeur, EDHEC Business School

In its latest annual publication, insurance group Hiscox surveyed more than 2,000 cybersecurity managers in eight countries including France. Two thirds of the companies in the survey reported having been the victim of a cyberattack between mid-August 2023 and September 2024, a 15% increase over the previous period. In terms of potential financial losses, Statista estimated that cyberattacks cost France up to €122 billion in 2024, compared to €89 in 2023 – a 37% rise.

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The main forms of cyberattacks on French businesses, the recommendations for how companies can protect themselves, and the technical and legal responses they can adopt are well documented.

However, much less is known about appropriate communications and public relations responses to cyberattacks. The issues at stake are critical. When a company is the target of a cyberattack, should it systematically accept responsibility, or can it instead claim to be a victim to protect its reputation? A wrong answer can aggravate the situation and undermine the confidence of customers and investors.

Positioning as a victim

Our recent research questions the assumption that accepting causal responsibility should be the norm after a cyberattack: we show that positioning oneself as a victim can be more effective in limiting damage to one’s image – provided claims of victimhood are deployed intelligently.

There is evidence that firms need a strategy to present themselves effectively as victims of cybercriminals. Some firms, such as T-Mobile and Equifax, have in the past paid compensation to consumers while refusing to accept any responsibility, essentially presenting themselves as victims.

Similarly, the large French telecommunications operator Free presented itself as a victim when communicating about the large-scale cyberattack that affected its operations last October, which may have had an impact on its image. The UK’s TalkTalk initially framed itself as a victim of a cybercrime but was later criticized for its inadequate security measures.

Victimhood and sympathy

Clumsily declaring itself as the sole entity to blame or the sole victim of a cyberattack – which is what interests us here – can be risky and backfire on a company, damaging its credibility rather than protecting its reputation.

When companies present themselves as victims of cybercrime, they can elicit sympathy from stakeholders. People tend to be more compassionate toward businesses that depict themselves as wronged rather than those that deny responsibility or shift blame. In essence, this strategy frames the organization as a target of external forces beyond its control, rather than as negligent or incompetent. It leverages a fundamental social norm – people’s instinctive tendency to support those they see as victims.

But claims of victimhood must align with public expectations and the specific context of the breach. They should not be about shirking responsibility, but about acknowledging harm in a way that fosters understanding and trust. The following approaches and choices can help.

align with public perception

The reactions of stakeholders often depend on their understanding of the situation. If the attack is perceived as an external and malicious act, it is crucial for a company to adopt a consistent stance by emphasizing that it itself has been a victim. But if internal negligence is proven, claiming victim status could be counterproductive. The swiftness of a company’s response, the level of transparency and the relative stance taken are all part of a good strategy.

express support for stakeholders

Adopting a position of victimhood does not mean denying all responsibility or minimizing the consequences of an attack. The company must show that it takes the situation seriously by expressing empathy and commitment to affected stakeholders. It must pay particular attention to those affected inside the organization: a claim of victimhood should be part of an apology or a message expressing concern. An effective message must be sincere and oriented toward concrete solutions.

consider reputation

We find that it is easier for companies to claim victimhood persuasively if they are perceived as virtuous. This reputation can be due to a positive track record in terms of corporate social responsibility or because they are a not-for-profit institution (e.g. a library, a university or a hospital). Virtuous victims generate sympathy and empathy, and this is also reflected after a cyberattack.

highlight the harmfulness and sophistication of the attack

The results of our study also show that public acceptance of victim status is more effective when the cyberattack is perceived to be the work of highly competent malicious actors. It is also important for a company to persuade the public that the attack harmed the company, while keeping the main focus of the response on the public.

don’t complain

It is essential to distinguish between legitimate claims of victim status and communication that could be perceived as an attempt to exonerate oneself. An overly plaintive tone could undermine a company’s credibility. The approach should be factual and constructive, focusing on the measures taken to overcome the crisis.

test reactions before communicating widely

Companies’ responses to a cyberattack can vary depending on the context and the public. It is best to assess different approaches before embarking on large-scale communication. This can be done through internal tests, focus groups or targeted surveys. Subtle differences in the situation can cause important shifts in how the public perceives the breach and what the best response might be.

Our study sheds light on a shift in public expectations about crisis management: in the age of ubiquitous cybercrime, responsibilities are often shared. Poorly managed communication after a cyberattack can lead to a lasting loss of trust and expose a company to increased legal risks. Claiming victim status effectively, with an empathetic and transparent approach, can help mitigate the impact of the crisis and preserve the organization’s reputation.

This article was written with Ilaria Baghi (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia).

Paolo Antonetti ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Cyberattacks: how companies can communicate effectively after being hit – https://theconversation.com/cyberattacks-how-companies-can-communicate-effectively-after-being-hit-255061

July 5, 2025

Baromètre de l’énergie : le Brexit affectera d’abord le Royaume-Uni

Source: The Conversation – France in French (2) – By Joachim Schleich, Professor of Energy Economics, Grenoble École de Management (GEM)

Ligne à haute tension en Grande-Bretagne. Richard Croft/wikimedia, CC BY-SA

Il y a environ un an, le 23 juin 2016, une petite majorité d’électeurs britanniques ont choisi de quitter l’UE. Alors que sa dimension énergétique a été peu présente dans les débats, le Brexit pourrait avoir des répercussions sur les marchés de l’énergie au Royaume-Uni et dans les autres États
membres de l’UE. Le baromètre de l’énergie de Grenoble École de Management (GEM) de juin 2017 a sondé les experts sur ces questions.

Le poids du Brexit sur l’énergie outre-Manche

Réponses d’un panel d’experts en énergie à la question : « Pensez-vous que la sortie du Royaume-Uni du marché unique européen de l’énergie affecterait plus négativement le Royaume-Uni ou l’Union européenne ? » Source : Baromètre de l’énergie GEM, été 2017.

Jusqu’à ce qu’il y ait plus de certitude sur les termes du Brexit, les six projets d’interconnexion planifiés reliant le Royaume-Uni
et le réseau continental risquent d’être retardés. À court terme, cela pourrait avoir une incidence sur la sécurité de l’approvisionnement au Royaume-Uni, ainsi que limiter les arbitrages et en conséquence maintenir des prix de l’électricité élevés au Royaume-Uni. À moyen terme, la sortie du Royaume-Uni devrait augmenter les coûts de coordination pour la construction et l’exploitation de ces interconnexions.

Vers un recul des investissements au Royaume-Uni

Réponses d’un panel d’experts en énergie à la question suivante : « Si le Royaume-Uni sort du marché unique européen de l’énergie, dans quelle mesure pensez-vous que cela conduira les entreprises françaises à modifier leurs activités au Royaume-Uni ? » Source : GEM.

Plus des trois quarts de notre panel s’attend à un désinvestissement partiel des entreprises françaises. La négociation des conditions du Brexit a déjà envoyé des signaux négatifs aux investisseurs étrangers. Les incertitudes réglementaires et de marché qui accompagnent le Brexit, ainsi que la perte de l’UE en tant que source de financement nuisent à la confiance des investisseurs. Les projets nucléaires et éoliens, qui sont particulièrement intensifs en capital, risquent d’être particulièrement exposés.

Peu d’effets prévus sur les prix de l’énergie en France

Réponse d’un panel d’experts en énergie à la question : « Quel serait l’impact de la sortie du Royaume-Uni du marché unique européen de l’énergie par rapport au scénario inverse (c’est-à-dire, le RU reste dans le marché unique européen de l’énergie) sur… » Source : GEM.

Environ les trois quarts des répondants pensent que la sortie du Royaume-Uni du marché unique de l’énergie n’aurait pas d’effet sur la sécurité de l’approvisionnement de gaz naturel ou d’électricité en France comparé à un scénario où le Royaume-Uni serait resté. De la même manière, environ les deux tiers des experts pensent que la sortie du Royaume-Uni n’aurait pas d’effet sur le prix du gaz
naturel ou de l’électricité en France.

Les pays européens devront réduire davantage leurs émissions de CO₂

Réponse d’un panel d’experts en énergie à la question : « Comment pensez-vous que le Brexit affectera les objectifs des pays membres d’une part et de l’Europe d’autre part ? » [L’UE prévoit une réduction de 40 % des émissions de gaz à effet de serre pour l’année 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 1990. NDLR] Source : GEM.

Une grande majorité de nos experts en énergie (près de 80 %) anticipent que l’objectif de l’UE pour 2030 demeurera inchangé. En conséquence, les autres États membres devront compenser le départ du Royaume-Uni en augmentant leur propre objectif.

Ces résultats sont basés sur une enquête qui a été menée en mai 2017 et comprenait 83 participants opérant dans l’industrie, la science, et l’administration publique en France.

Les auteurs ne travaillent pas, ne conseillent pas, ne possèdent pas de parts, ne reçoivent pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’ont déclaré aucune autre affiliation que leur organisme de recherche.

– ref. Baromètre de l’énergie : le Brexit affectera d’abord le Royaume-Uni – https://theconversation.com/barometre-de-lenergie-le-brexit-affectera-dabord-le-royaume-uni-80501

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