Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Giada Pizzoni, Marie Curie Research Fellow, Department of History, European University Institute
The European Institute for Gender Equality defines sexual harassment as follows: “any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment”. Harassment stems from power, and it is meant to control either psychologically or sexually. In both instances, victims often feel confused, alone, and uncertain about whether they caused the abuse.
As a historian, I aim to understand how women in the past experienced and tackled intimidating behaviour. Particularly, I am looking at harassment during confession in 18th-century Italy. Catholic women approached this sacrament to share doubts and hopes about subjects ranging from reproduction to menstruation, but at times were met with patronising remarks that unsettled them.
A power imbalance
The Vatican archives show us that some of the men who made these remarks dismissed them as emerging from sheer camaraderie or from curiosity, or as boastfulness, and that they belittled women who remained upset or resentful. The women were often younger, they had less power, and they could be threatened to comply. Yet, the archives also show us how some women deemed these exchanges inappropriate and stood up to such abuse.
The archives hold the records of the trials of the Inquisition tribunals, which all over the Italian peninsula handled reports of harassment and abuse in the confessional booth. For women, confession was paramount because it dictated morality. A priest’s duty was to ask women if they were abiding Christians, and a woman’s morals were bound to her sexuality. Church canons taught that sex was to be only heterosexual, genital, and within marriage. Sexuality was framed by a moral code of sin and shame, but women were active sexual agents, learning from experience and observation. The inner workings of the female body were a mystery, but sex was not. While literate men had access to medical treatises, women learned through knowledge exchanged within the family and with peers. However, beyond their neighbourhoods, some women saw the confessional box as a safe space where they could vent, question their experiences, and seek advice on the topic of sexuality. Clergymen acted as spiritual guides, semi-divine figures that could provide solace – a power imbalance that could lead to harassment and abuse.
Reporting instances of harassment
Some women who experienced abuse in the confessional reported it to the Inquisition, and those religious authorities listened. In the tribunals, notaries put down depositions and defendants were summoned. During trials, witnesses were cross-examined to corroborate their statements. Guilty convictions varied: a clergyman could be assigned fasting or spiritual exercises, suspension, exile, or the galleys (forced labour).
The archives show that in 18th-century Italy, Catholic women understood the lurid jokes, the metaphors and the allusions directed at them. In 1736 in Pisa, for example, Rosa went to her confessor for help, worried her husband did not love her, and was advised to “use her fingers on herself” to arouse his desire. She was embarrassed and reported the inappropriate exchange. Documents in the archives frequently show women were questioned if a marriage produced no children: asked if they checked whether their husbands “consumed from behind”, in the same “natural vase”, or if semen fell outside. In 1779 in Onano, Colomba reported that her confessor asked if she knew that to have a baby, her husband needed to insert his penis in her “shameful parts”. In 1739 in Siena, a childless 40-year-old woman, Lucia, was belittled as a confessor offered to check up on her, claiming women “had ovaries like hens” and that her predicament was odd, as it was enough for a woman “to pull their hat and they would get pregnant”. She reported the exchange as an improper interference into her intimate life.
Records from the confessional show examples of women being told, “I would love to make a hole in you”; seeing a priest rubbing rings up and down his fingers to mimic sex acts; and being asked the leading question if they had “taken it in their hands” – and how each of these women knew what was being insinuated. They understood that such behaviour amounted to harassment. Acts the confessor thought of as flirting – such as when a priest invited Alessandra to meet him in the vineyard in 1659 – were appalling to the women who reported the events (Vatican, Archivio Dicastero della Fede, Processi vol.42)“.
The bewildering effect of abuse
It was also a time when the stereotype of older women no longer being sexual beings was rife. Indeed, it was believed that women in their 40s or 50s were no longer physically fit for intercourse, and their sexual drive was mocked by popular literature. In 1721, Elisabetta Neri, a 29-year-old woman seeking advice about her fumi (hot flushes) that knocked her out, was told that by the time women turned 36 they no longer needed to touch themselves, but that this could help let off some steam and help with her condition.
Women were also often and repeatedly asked about pleasure: if they touched themselves when alone; if they touched other females, or boys, or even animals; if they looked at their friends’ “shameful parts” to compare who “had the largest or the tightest natura, with hair or not” (ADDF, CAUSE 1732 f.516). To women, these comments were inappropriate intrusions; to male harassers, they could be examples of titillating curiosity and advice, such as when a Franciscan friar, in 1715, dismissed intrusive comments about a woman’s sexual life (ADDF, Stanza Storica, M7 R, Trial 3)
Seeking meaningful guidance, women had entrusted these learned figures with their most intimate secrets, and they could be bewildered by the attitudes confessors often displayed. In 1633, Angiola claimed she “shivered for 3 months” after the verbal abuse (ADDF, Vol.31, Processi). The unsolicited remarks and unwanted physical touch struck them.
The courage to speak up
It is undeniable that sexuality has always been cultural, framed by moral codes and political agendas that are constantly being negotiated. Women have been endlessly policed; with their bodies and behaviour under constant scrutiny. However, history teaches us that women could be aware of their bodies and their sexual experiences. They discussed their doubts, and some stood up to harassment or abusive relationships. In the 18th century in Italy, Catholic women did not always have the language to frame abuse, but they were aware when, in the confessional, they did not experience an “honest” exchange, and at times they did not accept it. They could not prevent it, but they had the courage to act against it.
A culture of sexual abuse is hard to eradicate, but women can be vocal and achieve justice. The events of past centuries show that time was up then, as it still is now.
Author’s note: the parenthetical references in the text refer to physical records in the Vatican archives.
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Giada Pizzoni has received a Marie Curie Fellowship.
– ref. How Catholic women in 18th-century Italy defied sexual harassment in the confessional – https://theconversation.com/how-catholic-women-in-18th-century-italy-defied-sexual-harassment-in-the-confessional-270594
