Why the Southeast is burning – extreme drought is only part of the reason

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Zachary Handlos, Atmospheric Science Educator, Georgia Institute of Technology

Fire crews responded to dozens of wildfires burning in Georgia and northern Florida on April 23, 2026. Georgia Department of Natural Resources via AP

Large parts of the southeastern U.S. are in the midst of an exceptional drought, and it is fueling dozens of wildfires in Florida and Georgia.

One of those wildfires, in southeastern Georgia’s Brantley County, had destroyed more than 50 homes by April 23, and state officials said about 1,000 other homes were at risk. Another fire near the Georgia-Florida border had burned almost 30,000 acres and was only about 10% contained. The smoke from the blazes triggered air quality alerts in Atlanta, in the north-central part of the state.

So why is a region of the U.S. more often known for thunderstorms and humidity in spring seeing so many wildfires?

A forested area with a burned-out vehicle, burned trees and gray ash covering everything.
A fire near the Florida-Georgia line had burned nearly 30,000 acres by April 23, 2026, leaving ash behind.
Georgia Department of Natural Resources via AP

I teach meteorology at the Georgia Institute of Technology, including how weather patterns can lead to conditions conducive to wildfires. Here’s what’s happening to drive these conditions:

Key ingredients for a wildfire

Wildfires need a few key ingredients to spread: low relative humidity, dry fuels and strong winds.

Much of the Southeast has been in a drought since July 2025. From mid-March to mid-April 2026, the region saw less than a quarter of its normal precipitation for that time of year.

A U.S. map showing very dry conditions over much of the eastern U.S., the Southwest and the Great Plains.
A map showing how far above or below average precipitation has been in each region from mid-March to mid-April 2026 shows just how dry much of the U.S. Southeast has been.
Drought.gov

As a result, the U.S. Drought Monitor classified most of this region in “extreme” or “exceptional” drought by mid-April.

In the map of the Southeast, an area of exceptional drought stretches from the Florida Panhandle to central coastal Georgia. much of the rest of the two states are extreme drought.
A map of the U.S. Southeast as of April 21, 2026, shows exceptional drought across the Georgia-Florida border area and extreme drought in many other areas.
Brian Fuchs, National Drought Mitigation Center/U.S. Drought Monitor

Part of the reason for the lack of rainfall has been a persistent high-pressure system over the Southeast.

High-pressure systems are areas where air aloft sinks toward the surface, preventing clouds and precipitation from forming. The Southeast high-pressure system resulted from the presence of a “ridge” in the jet stream, a northward bend in this fast current of air several miles above Earth’s surface.

Another consequence of this high pressure has been the presence of generally southeast winds, which have transported warm and fairly dry air into the area.

The relative humidity – a measure of the amount of moisture in the air relative to the maximum amount the air can contain at its actual air temperature – has also been very low due to warmer-than-usual temperatures and lower-than-usual moisture.

A weather map shows the high-pressure system over the Southeast keeping conditions dry.
A weather map from the Global Forecast System shows the forecasted low-pressure (red L) and high-pressure (blue H) systems.
Pivotal Weather

As a result of these conditions, trees, grass and leaves dry out and can quickly become fuel for wildfires. That kind of dry fuel is widespread throughout rural areas of Georgia and north Florida.

Once a fire starts, whether from lightning, power lines or other human sources, strong winds can spread it rapidly in these conditions.

What’s ahead for the region?

As global temperatures rise, the frequency of drought conditions in the Southeast will increase. This, in combination with less soil moisture content in the summer, could be conducive for increased wildfire activity.

Wildfires do eventually burn out. It takes a combination of help from the atmosphere, with moisture to douse them, and firefighters clearing away dry fuel to stop their spread.

Georgia and Florida may get a reprieve soon from the weather, as multiple low-pressure systems are forecast for the region in late April and early May that could bring rainfall. In the meantime, more than half of Georgia’s counties are under a state of emergency, as several agencies battle the flames to protect homes with helicopters in the air and firefighters on the ground.

The Conversation

Dr. Zachary Handlos receives funding from the U.S. National Science Foundation. He is affiliated with the Georgia Institute of Technology (i.e., “Georgia Tech”) School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (EAS) and is the Director of their Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (AOS) undergraduate degree program. He is also currently the chair of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Board on Higher Education (BHE).

ref. Why the Southeast is burning – extreme drought is only part of the reason – https://theconversation.com/why-the-southeast-is-burning-extreme-drought-is-only-part-of-the-reason-281392

Supreme Court’s ‘shadow docket’ brings hasty decisions with long-lasting implications, outside of its usual careful deliberation

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Wayne Unger, Associate Professor of Law, Quinnipiac University

The U.S. Supreme Court is being criticized for decisions that are made quickly and outside of public view. Al Drago/Bloomberg via Getty Images

The recent publication of confidential Supreme Court memoranda by The New York Times has brought to light a pivotal moment in the court’s history. “The birth of the Supreme Court’s shadow docket has long been a mystery,” wrote reporters Jodi Kantor and Adam Liptak. “Until now.”

Originally coined by legal scholar William Baude, the term “shadow docket” refers to the Supreme Court’s emergency docket, which, as Baude wrote, includes “a range of orders and summary decisions that defy its normal procedural regularity.”

That’s law professor-speak for cases that are given abbreviated consideration and accelerated review by the justices, all out of public view – what The New York Times story referred to as the court “sprinting.” These cases aren’t included in the annual list of cases the justices have chosen to consider and that are presented by attorneys in public sessions, called “oral argument,” at the court.

During the second Trump administration, such shadow docket cases have proliferated as President Donald Trump has continued to push boundaries, challenge precedents and expand executive power. These cases have typically involved a request by the presidential administration “to suspend lower court orders” that temporarily block “an administration policy from taking effect,” according to liberal legal advocacy group the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law.

The lack of transparency in considering and ruling on the shadow docket, combined with the weight of the issues presented to the court via that docket, mean that the practice has come under strong criticism by many court watchers. Here’s how the process works and what you need to know to evaluate it.

A man with short hair, wearing a black robe over a white shirt and blue tie.
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Roberts played a key role in pressing for the court to consider a major case first through the shadow docket.
Leah Millis-Pool/Getty Images

The merits docket

The emergency docket is different from the court’s merits docket, which is the customary path for cases to reach the Supreme Court.

Ordinarily, in federal courts, a case begins in a federal district court. An appeal of the decision in the case is made to a federal appeals court. If a party in the case wants to appeal further, they can aim for U.S. Supreme Court review. That requires filing a “petition for writ of certiorari” to the court.

The Supreme Court does not take all the cases for which it has been petitioned. The court holds complete discretion to choose which cases to consider each term and always rejects the vast majority of petitions that it receives. By custom, the court agrees to consider a case if at least four justices vote to grant the writ of certiorari.

For the cases that the court agrees to consider, the parties to that case file briefs – written legal arguments – with the Supreme Court. Third parties can also file briefs with the court to assert their own arguments; these are known as “friend of the court” or amicus curiae briefs.

The justices then read those briefs and hear oral arguments in the case in a public session, during which they can question attorneys for both sides, before they meet and confer. At the end of this conference, the justices vote on the outcome in the case before assigning an author to draft the opinions.

The merits docket – the ordinary process – is methodical. It promotes deliberation and reasoned decision-making resulting in lengthy opinions that explain the justices’ rationale and provide guidance for lower courts in future cases.

The emergency docket

On the other hand, the emergency docket is a process whereby the court makes quick decisions without full briefing and deliberation, and it produces orders and rulings that almost always present little to no explanation.

As Baude wrote, “Many of the orders lack the transparency that we have come to appreciate in its merits cases.”

Most of the court’s rulings and orders in cases on the emergency docket go without explanation. On occasion, however, the court produces short opinions that provide some explanation in emergency docket cases, albeit these are often dissents from the justices who disagree with the ruling.

Transparency is important, especially for the Supreme Court, because it builds trust and legitimacy. According to Gallup, as of September 2025, 42% of respondents approve, 52% disapprove and 6% have no opinion of the Supreme Court. A 2025 Pew Research Center poll found that 48% of Americans have a favorable view of the court, down from 70% five years earlier.

As a constitutional law scholar, I’ve written elsewhere that the low approval might be attributable to the court’s undisciplined overruling of landmark cases regarding individual rights, such as the abortion rights case Roe v. Wade. In my view, it is reasonable to conclude that the court’s lack of transparency, specifically with its growing emergency docket, contributes to distrust in the court.

As the late Justice Sandra Day O’Connor stated, “The Court’s power lies … in its legitimacy, a product of substance and perception that shows itself in the people’s acceptance of the Judiciary as fit to determine what the Nation’s law means and to declare what it demands.”

Conversely, a lack of transparency breeds distrust and erodes institutional legitimacy.

Unprecedented action

The 2016 case at the center of the memoranda published by The New York Times –West Virginia v. EPA – concerned environmental regulation. As the justices’ memoranda illustrate, West Virginia, North Dakota and several energy companies sued the Obama administration over its Clean Power Plan and sought to block the new, transformative regulation from going into effect.

The Clean Power Plan would have required states and energy companies to shift electricity production from higher-emitting to lower-emitting production methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

After losing at the trial court, the states and energy companies filed an emergency appeal to the Supreme Court asking the justices to pause the Obama regulation from going into effect while the parties litigated the case in the lower courts.

This was a highly unusual request because, as Taraleigh Davis at SCOTUSblog confirms, “nobody had previously asked the court to halt such a major executive regulatory action before any appellate court had ruled on it.”

The court granted the unprecedented stay on Feb. 9, 2016, without any explanation as to why it temporarily blocked the Clean Power Plan. It eventually struck down the plan on June 22, 2022.

Defenders of the emergency docket frequently claim that the court’s conduct is permissible because its orders are temporary. In West Virginia v. EPA, the court temporarily blocked the Clean Power Plan from going into effect until it eventually struck it down after hearing the case on its merits docket.

What is overlooked, however, is that even temporary orders from the court can have lasting implications that are difficult, and in some cases impossible, to undo.

Damage done

A group of people holding signs and speaking in front of a large, white building with pillars.
Advocates for Haitians holding temporary protected status appear at a press conference on March 16, 2026, in front of the Supreme Court, which has agreed to rule through its shadow docket on whether they can remain in the U.S.
Roberto Schmidt/AFP via Getty Images

Consider the example of one of Trump’s immigration actions.

The administration seeks to terminate the temporary protected status for Haitian nationals, which had shielded them from deportation. But a federal district court temporarily blocked the president from doing so as the litigation continued.

The administration then filed an emergency appeal to the Supreme Court – still pending as of this writing – asking the court to overrule the district court. If granted, the court effectively would allow the administration to revoke TPS for Haitian nationals.

As an amicus brief in the case articulated, if TPS is revoked, Haitians “will be forced to face the untenable options of leaving behind their citizen children and/or partners, bringing family members with them to a country submerged in crisis, violence, and food insecurity, or staying in the U.S. without any legal status or work authorization and facing the constant threat of deportation.”

In other words, if the Supreme Court overrules the district court in this case on its emergency docket, then the Trump administration could deport the Haitian nationals even as their cases challenging the revocation of their TPS continue.

If the Haitian nationals ultimately prevail, reversing their deportation would be exceptionally difficult to do.

The Conversation

Wayne Unger does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Supreme Court’s ‘shadow docket’ brings hasty decisions with long-lasting implications, outside of its usual careful deliberation – https://theconversation.com/supreme-courts-shadow-docket-brings-hasty-decisions-with-long-lasting-implications-outside-of-its-usual-careful-deliberation-281212

World Immunization Week: Why postal codes shouldn’t determine RSV protection in Canada

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Sophie Webb, Postdoctoral Fellow,  Bridge Research Consortium, Simon Fraser University

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a familiar seasonal illness, but the tools to prevent it are new. Canada has recently approved vaccines for older adults and pregnant people, along with a long-acting monoclonal antibody that can protect infants through their first RSV season.

These innovations offer new ways to reduce hospitalizations and severe illness. Yet whether Canadians can access them still depends largely on where they live.

Across the country, provincial RSV programs vary widely in eligibility, scope and public funding — see, for example, Ontario RSV program updates and Alberta immunization program information.




Read more:
RSV FAQ: What is RSV? Who is at risk? When should I seek emergency care for my child?


An infant eligible for publicly funded protection in one province may not be eligible in another. Seniors with similar health risks may face different access depending on their province. These differences are often dismissed as routine features of federalism.

But with World Immunization Week upon us, RSV provides the opportunity to ask a broader question: who’s responsible for delivering equitable access to vaccines in Canada?


Immunity and Society is a new series from The Conversation Canada that presents new vaccine discoveries and immune-based innovations that are changing how we understand and protect human health. Through a partnership with the Bridge Research Consortium, these articles — written by experts in Canada at the forefront of immunology, biomanufacturing, social science and humanities — explore the latest developments and their impacts.


New tools, uneven access

RSV prevention now includes vaccines for older adults and pregnant people, and a monoclonal antibody (nirsevimab) that offers season-long protection for infants with a single dose.

National guidance exists. The National Advisory Committee on Immunization recommends universal infant RSV immunization, but allows provinces to phase this in based on supply and cost. But these recommendations are advisory. Provinces ultimately decide what is publicly funded and for whom.

The result is a patchwork. Some provinces have expanded infant coverage, while others have limited access to those considered high risk. Adult and maternal programs also vary in eligibility, delivery and funding.

Cost plays a key role in these decisions. RSV therapies are expensive, and provinces must weigh them against competing health priorities. Epidemiological differences also matter, as do variations in disease burden and the additional challenges of vaccination in northern and remote communities.

Not all variation is inherently problematic. But together, these factors mean that access to protection is shaped as much by provincial priorities as by medical need.

When equity’s a goal but not a guarantee

In immunization policy, equity generally means ensuring that those at higher risk, or facing barriers to access, are protected first, and financial or geographic differences don’t determine who receives care.

RSV programs often emphasize protecting those at highest clinical risk, such as very young infants and people with underlying conditions. This approach is understandable. But it also narrows how equity operates in practice.

In a system where provinces determine their own budgets and priorities, equity can become something negotiated rather than guaranteed. One province may fund broader access; another may limit eligibility based on cost-effectiveness or capacity. The same intervention is therefore available to some populations and not others.

This shifts responsibility downward. Families must determine eligibility, navigate different rules, and sometimes absorb costs or logistical barriers to access. Equity becomes something people experience unevenly, rather than a guarantee built into the system.

COVID-19 offers a cautionary example. Communities identified as highest risk were often vaccinated later than wealthier neighbourhoods during early rollout phases. This prompted provinces to introduce reactive “hotspot” strategies that in some cases replicated the same effect. Simply naming groups as “equity-deserving” did not ensure timely access.

People in masks are vaccinated by health-care workers in protective gear inside a tent
A pop-up vaccine clinic in a Toronto hotspot neighbourhood in April 2021.
THE CANADIAN PRESS/Cole Burston

Governance and accountability

Canada’s immunization system involves multiple entities. Federal bodies approve products and issue recommendations. Provinces decide what to fund. Public health systems implement programs within local constraints.

While each level plays an essential role, none is clearly responsible for national equity, creating a governance gap.

Equity is widely endorsed, but no single body is accountable for delivering it nationally. RSV demonstrates how this plays out in practice — variation in immunization is accepted as a feature of federalism, rather than treated as a policy problem to be addressed.

Procurement adds another layer. Vaccine pricing and contract terms are not routinely disclosed in Canada, and negotiations with manufacturers are often confidential.

During COVID-19, federal vaccine contracts were released only after parliamentary pressure, with key details heavily redacted. Limited transparency makes it difficult to assess whether differences in access reflect pricing, negotiation leverage or policy choices.




Read more:
Consulting firms are the ‘shadow public service’ managing the response to COVID-19


Why it matters

RSV is one of the first major post-pandemic tests of Canada’s immunization system. It’s unlikely to be the last. New vaccines and antibody-based therapies are increasingly tailored to specific populations, making decisions about access more complex.

As these technologies evolve, governance matters more, not less. Without clearer accountability, innovations risk reinforcing variation rather than reducing it.




Read more:
Flu, RSV and COVID-19: Advice from family doctors on how to get through this winter’s ‘tripledemic’


RSV highlights a broader challenge in Canadian immunization policy — equity is widely invoked, but responsibility for delivering it remains diffuse. Without clearer co-ordination, transparency and shared expectations, access to protection will continue to depend on where people live.

For families of infants and seniors, that distinction is not abstract. It determines whether immunity is treated as a public good, or as a matter of postal code.

The Conversation

Cora Constantinescu receives funding from bioMerieux, GSK, merck, Pfizer, Sanofi, with funds being transferred to her University organisation

Sophie Webb does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. World Immunization Week: Why postal codes shouldn’t determine RSV protection in Canada – https://theconversation.com/world-immunization-week-why-postal-codes-shouldnt-determine-rsv-protection-in-canada-278717

Why I celebrate Black graduation magic: An anti-racist perspective

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Clare Warner, Director, Equity, Inclusion and Anti-Racism, Student Affairs, McMaster University

There is a rich history of Black graduation ceremonies in the United States focused on celebrating the unique experiences and achievements of Black university students.

In Canada, the tradition gained attention with the University of Toronto’s 2017 celebration.

Since then, annual Black graduation ceremonies have been embraced by many other institutions, including McMaster University, Toronto Metropolitan University and Concordia University.

These optional celebrations are complementary to faculty-based convocation ceremonies where students are awarded their degrees. As in the case of Toronto’s event, many are initiated by students seeking to celebrate their achievements in a culturally affirming way.

Their emergence are part of the introduction of Black-focused programs, services and spaces on Canadian campuses, which according to the available evidence, positively impact the well-being and academic success of Black students.

The principle of ‘Ubuntu’

The celebrations embody the principle of Ubuntu, a South African philosophy about interdependence.

Students, parents and family members are often joined by staff, faculty, alumni and community members in a communal celebration of achievement.

These community celebrations remind graduates they are powerfully networked and supported as they embark on their careers or further studies. They also offer a moment to reflect on the personal, familial and ancestral sacrifices, which have enabled the long-awaited day.

During the celebrations, students are often presented with a Kente Stole. The stole is a scarf-like garment inspired by kente cloth, a vibrant textile created in the 17th century by the Akan people of Ghana drawing on their longstanding traditional weaving practices.

Historically associated with royal gatherings, today kente-inspired stoles are featured in important community celebrations as a symbol of ancestry and cultural pride. Visually stunning, many students proudly wear their stoles during their formal convocation event, reinforcing their undeniable presence and contribution to the university.

Typically, Black graduation celebrations also incorporate cultural attire, music, speeches and awards, which together create the “magic” I’m so fond of.

Accusations of segregation

These celebrations are not without their critics, however, as accusations of segregation are not uncommon. Notably, predominantly white gatherings on campuses evade this criticism because whiteness is often constructed in non-racial terms, preserving for itself the privilege of being seen as simply human.

Accusations of segregation fail to acknowledge that Black graduation celebrations exist in the context of, and are an antidote to, the well-documented barriers Black students experience in the pursuit of higher education.

They are also troubling when situated within the history of segregationist policies in North America and South Africa, which systematically deprived Black communities of vital resources and opportunities as part of state-sanctioned efforts to maintain racial hierarchies.

Fostering belonging

In reality, Black graduation celebrations are inclusive, frequently welcoming non-Black campus allies and graduates’ family members and partners, suggesting accusations of segregation are rooted in ideological opposition rather than evidence.

Other criticisms focus on the potential for Black graduation celebrations to reduce the participation of Black students in their formal convocations.

This claim runs contrary to available evidence that Black-focused programming at Canadian universities increases students’ sense of belonging, which is a prerequisite for greater institutional engagement.

Based on this logic, Black graduation ceremonies are more likely than not to empower Black students to take up space in their formal convocations alongside peers from their programs.

Celebrating Black achievement

Black graduation ceremonies have also attracted negative comments in popular forums like Reddit threads. Amid the deliberations, profiles from different racial backgrounds sometimes demand equivalent ceremonies in the name of fairness.

This stance is disappointing because it denies the necessity of celebrating Black achievement in a world plagued by a specific, longstanding and deeply entrenched anti-Blackness. It’s also illogical because Black graduation celebrations do not occur at the expense of other communities.

Celebrating Black achievement does not preclude other, also valid, celebrations of success — which can and often do co-exist.

In fact, as is so often the case with innovation born out of Black resistance and creativity, Black graduation celebrations provide both precedent and a model for culturally grounded recognition events and celebrations on campuses.

Repairing reputations, building bridges

It would be a mistake to judge Black graduations as a single celebratory day, as their impact far exceeds one day. Months-long in the planning, they can nurture cross-campus relationships as departments and faculties collaborate in support of the proceedings.

It’s not an exaggeration to say Black graduation ceremonies, which symbolize inclusion, can enhance a university’s reputation among prospective students.

For enrolled students, Black graduation ceremonies provide motivation to continue working towards that long-awaited moment of proudly crossing the stage in the presence of community.

They also have less visible, but no less meaningful, effects. As an outward-facing symbol of institutional commitment to Black students, Black graduations contribute to the repair or enhancement of a university’s reputation with local Black communities. This can lead to meaningful partnerships with community organizations and attract donors who want to augment support for Black students.

Overall, Black graduation ceremonies demonstrate how far we have come since the days of discriminatory admission policies, which excluded Black students from some programs in higher education in Canada. They represent progress and should be a source of pride for universities.

The Conversation

Clare Warner does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Why I celebrate Black graduation magic: An anti-racist perspective – https://theconversation.com/why-i-celebrate-black-graduation-magic-an-anti-racist-perspective-279917

Here’s what to expect from the first Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Kyla Tienhaara, Canada Research Chair in Economy and Environment, Queen’s University, Ontario

Delegates from more than 50 countries are gathering in Santa Marta, Colombia, from April 24 to 29 at the first-ever Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels.

The conference’s stated aim is to “initiate a concrete process through which a coalition of committed countries, subnational governments, and relevant stakeholders can…implement a progressive transition away from fossil fuels creating sustainable societies and economies.”

Emissions from fossil fuels are at the heart of the climate crisis. Coal, oil and gas are the largest contributors to climate change by a wide margin. This has been well understood throughout the three decades of multilateral negotiations at annual Conferences of the Parties (COPs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).

Yet, the words “fossil fuels” do not appear in the text of the 2015 Paris Agreement — the global pact meant to steer the world to a cleaner and safer future. Petrostates and fossil fuel lobbyists have been effectively blocking serious consideration of fossil fuel phaseouts in global talks for decades.

Can the coalition of governments and other stakeholders gathering in Santa Marta make progress where other international efforts have failed? That is the key question for those attending the conference.

How did we get here?

The first mention of fossil fuels in an official UNFCCC output did not arise until the 2023 COP28 conference. The call to transition “away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner” was heralded as the “beginning of the end” of the fossil fuel era.

However, there was backsliding at COP29 in Azerbaijan, marked by controversies over the host’s promotion of fossil fuels. In the end, governments could not even agree to reaffirm the commitment to transition away from fossil fuels made the previous year. Frustration at the lack of progress boiled over at the most recent conference, COP30 in Brazil.

This led a group of countries to sign the Belém Declaration on the Transition Away from Fossil Fuels, with Colombia and the Netherlands co–hosting the first conference to further this initiative.

What should we expect from Santa Marta?

Unlike UN-organized COPs, the conference in Santa Marta is a smaller gathering of 53 countries and the European Union with no official negotiations. It includes an academic conference, a people’s summit and two days of high-level government meetings. Private sector representatives can attend, but only if they are “aligned” with the conference’s objectives and principles.

The main output from Santa Marta will be a report from the co-hosts, based on discussions structured around three pillars. The first pillar focuses on overcoming economic dependence on fossil fuels. It’s particularly relevant for countries in the Global South that face high debt, higher costs of capital and limited capacity to finance their energy transitions.

Many of these countries, including Colombia, rely on fossil fuels as a critical source of revenue to fund social programs. This pillar is essential to ensuring the energy transition is feasible and fair.

The theme of the second pillar is “transforming supply and demand.” On the supply side, the most contentious issue is the phaseout of fossil fuel production. Fossil fuel subsidies, which may increase as governments respond to the current energy crisis, are also up for discussion.

On the demand side, discussions revolve around scaling up renewable energy while ensuring energy security and universal access to energy. The petrochemical sector is also highlighted for its problematic role in driving future demand for oil and gas, which is supported by recent research.

The third pillar covers “international co-operation and climate diplomacy.” One issue where concrete progress could be made is on investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). This mechanism in many international treaties allows foreign investors to sue governments for policies they see as harming their investments.

The conference hosts have identified ISDS as a legal barrier to the energy transition because companies use it to undermine climate action.

In late March, more than 220 experts — including Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz — sent a letter to Colombian President Gustavo Petro urging him to use the opportunity in Santa Marta to build “a coalition of countries working towards a world free of ISDS.” Soon after, Petro announced that Colombia would pull out of the system.

What does it mean for future climate talks?

The Santa Marta co-hosts have stressed that the conference is not meant to be an alternative or replacement for multilateral negotiations. Instead, it’s envisioned as complementary.

The Brazilian COP30 presidency, which is running a parallel process to create a road map for fossil fuel phaseouts that will be delivered at COP31 in November 2026, has indicated that it will consider the outcomes from Santa Marta.

This isn’t the first time governments have experimented with “minilateralism” in the climate policy sphere. Initiatives like the Clean Energy Transition Partnership have proven to be successful. Canada is a member of this partnership and a leader in the Powering Past Coal Alliance, another group of “early movers” coming together on a key issue.

Prime Minister Mark Carney has indicated he values these kinds of coalitions. In a speech to the World Economic Forum in January, he laid out a vision for middle powers like Canada to play a key role in building a new values-based global order.

Santa Marta is a critical moment for the government to begin enacting this vision. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has shown just how fragile global dependence on fossil fuels can be. Accelerating the energy transition could decouple our daily lives from volatile international markets.

Joining the efforts in Santa Marta is an opportunity for Canada to commit to transitioning away from fossil fuels while building environmental and economic resilience.

The Conversation

Kyla Tienhaara receives funding from the Canada Research Chairs program. She occasionally consults for/works with (on a not-for-profit basis) with a number of non-governmental organizations but is not currently working in such a capacity with any group.

Christina Frendo receives funding from Mitacs and the Flight 302 Scholarship (Transport Canada).

ref. Here’s what to expect from the first Conference on Transitioning Away from Fossil Fuels – https://theconversation.com/heres-what-to-expect-from-the-first-conference-on-transitioning-away-from-fossil-fuels-280894

‘Bombing our little hearts out’ — How Trump taps into America’s enduring appetite for destruction

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Ronald W. Pruessen, Emeritus Professor of History, University of Toronto

Donald Trump still has the capacity to shock. The American president’s unauthorized war against Iran finds him in a vicious destructive mode, recently threatening to push Iran “into the Stone Ages” and to end Iranian civilization if Iran did not agree to “unconditional surrender.”




Read more:
Donald Trump’s apocalyptic and profane threats against Iran expose the unhinged language of war


Even as the passing weeks have left Iran still standing, Trump’s words and deeds have already inflicted severe damage on the global economy and regional peace in the Middle East.

Trump’s turn toward a wartime posture is striking, but not entirely unexpected. His second-term conduct shows a growing tendency to push an earlier taste for disruption toward outright destruction — at home and abroad.

He now routinely acts in the belief that those who dare to resist his plans deserve the severest forms of punishment that imperial presidential power can deliver.

But Trump’s conduct is grounded in centuries of American experience. The United States has an enduring tendency toward retribution and destruction.

Trump 2.0

Trump’s scorched-Earth proclivity was obvious before the war with Iran. Warning shots came on Jan. 6, 2021, with the assault on both the Capitol and constitutional provisions for presidential succession. Similarly bold efforts began in 2025.

Globally, Trump has been sweeping away leaders, regimes and multilateral systems, using both military and political weaponry: the special operations extraction of Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, for example, as well as the launch of illegal attacks on purportedly drug-running fishing boats in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific (now tallying more than 50 obliterating strikes and 163 deaths).

International ravaging has been a hallmark of Trump 2.0: dismantling highly integrated global trading networks; fuelling a surge in military recruits in allied countries like Canada and Denmark/Greenland; denouncing NATO.

There’s been destruction on the home front too: Elon Musk’s DOGE chain-sawed through congressionally authorized agencies and funding, for example, including the Environmental Protection Agency and 5,800 research projects at the National Institutes of Health. The anti-woke Trump administration has eviscerated diversity, equity and inclusion programs in government, the private sector and academia.

Trump has also literally bulldozed the White House East Wing.

American roots

Centuries of American history foreshadow Trump’s strategy of destruction. The precedents are complex for two reasons.

First, American personal and national interests have often mixed admirable aims with a more basic drive for wealth and power — combining genuine pursuits of democracy and civil liberties and ambitions for social welfare and community with less noble impulses.

Second, the scope and settings in which Trump-like behaviour appears have changed dramatically over more than three centuries — from a chain of Atlantic colonies to a continental nation and, ultimately, a global economic, military and cultural power. Yet across these shifting arenas, similar patterns of destructive and tragic outbursts have repeatedly surfaced.

Among countless examples, the most profound involved the treatment of Indigenous populations. White colonial appetites for land and resources always paired negotiation and repression, with superior weaponry leading to episodes of genocidal annihilation when forced migrations and “reservations” were deemed insufficient.

The names of ruthless slaughters pockmark American history: the Apalachee Massacre (Florida, 1704), the Sand Creek Massacre (Colorado, 1864), the Wounded Knee Massacre (South Dakota,1890), among numerous others.

Estimates suggest that in 1492, five million Indigenous people lived in what would become American territory, declining to 300,000 by 1900.

While the histories of Canada, Mexico and broader Latin America are also replete with such tragedies, the evidence of deep and specifically American roots beneath Trump’s virulent destructive impulses is clear.

Slaves and free men

The history of Black Americans is another heinous example of the American capacity for carnage. The experiences of Black slaves and their descendents are soaked in blood.

Prior to the Civil War, estimates suggest the brutality of chattel labour meant life expectancy that was half that of white Americans (21 years versus 43). When freedom came, life remained perilous as violence supplemented Jim Crow segregation laws.

Black homes and businesses burned — the 1921 Tulsa massacre, for example, saw 35 square blocks of Black businesses and residential neighbourhoods destroyed.




Read more:
A forgotten coup in the American heartland echoes Trump


Shotguns and hanging ropes for lynchings also ended lives, stretching from the post-Reconstruction era of the 1880s to 1968.

Racialized people were the most common targets of an American appetite for total destruction — but not the only one. The U.S. Civil War remains one of the most catastrophic in world history, with Union and Confederate deaths now estimated at 698,000.

Destruction abroad

American power in the 20th century saw the periodic unleashing of destructive impulses abroad, some within living memory. Examples include:

No restraints

American episodes of wanton destruction are part of a broader global history marked by the cruelties of many nations and groups.

At the same time, U.S. leaders and citizens have often been guided — if not fully constrained — by countervailing ideals: respect for human rights, adherence to the laws of war and a desire for the security and opportunity that peace provides.

But how strong are those restraints in 2026? And how vulnerable are hard-won ethical and political norms to Trump’s chilling rhetoric and actions, especially alongside Republican conduct in U.S. Congress and a Supreme Court that has weakened limits on presidential power?

Rising gas prices may prove the least of the consequences.

The Conversation

Ronald W. Pruessen has received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

ref. ‘Bombing our little hearts out’ — How Trump taps into America’s enduring appetite for destruction – https://theconversation.com/bombing-our-little-hearts-out-how-trump-taps-into-americas-enduring-appetite-for-destruction-280699

40 años del accidente de Chernóbil: del pánico al replanteamiento del uso de la energía nuclear en Europa

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Armando Jiménez San Vicente, Profesor del Grado en Relaciones Internacionales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

Esta foto fue tomada desde un helicóptero al día siguiente de la explosión. Muestra el reactor de Chernóbil destruido, una de las cuatro unidades que estaban en funcionamiento en la central ucraniana en 1986. USFCRFC/IAEA/Flickr, CC BY-SA

El accidente del reactor nuclear de Chernóbil, en la URSS, hace 40 años, representa el mayor desastre de su tipo en la historia y generó un punto de inflexión sobre el uso de la energía nuclear en Europa que aún perdura.

La catástrofe ha marcado la percepción social, así como las políticas públicas energéticas del viejo continente, por cuatro décadas, transformando la gobernanza nuclear a nivel internacional e impulsando el abandono institucional de esta tecnología.

Sin embargo, la crisis energética global y la inteligencia artificial podrían reconfigurar la estrategia energética nuclear de Europa.

Todo ocurrió el 26 de abril de 1986. El peor accidente nuclear de la historia tuvo lugar como resultado de fallos en el diseño y la operación de los reactores. En realidad, fue una combinación de fallos humanos, diseño defectuoso del reactor RBMK y la desactivación de sistemas de seguridad que provocaron una enorme explosión que expulsó grandes cantidades de material radiactivo a la atmósfera, varias veces superior a las bombas nucleares de Hiroshima y Nagasaki.

El impacto humano, político y ambiental

Las consecuencias fueron catastróficas: cientos de personas muertas (31 de ellas fallecieron en el momento) o afectadas por la radiación, a la que estuvieron expuestas más de ocho millones de personas en Ucrania y en otros países.

Instituciones como la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU), la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) o el Organismo Internacional de Energía Atómica (OEIA) debaten la suma de fatalidades, que podrían alcanzar los 100 000 muertos. Se calcula que ha habido entre 9 000 y 3 000 muertes causadas por cáncer y anomalías congénitas en las regiones afectadas del norte y este de Europa (Bielorrusia, Ucrania, Rusia, Alemania y Reino Unido).

La nuble tóxica radiactiva alcanzó el 40 % de Europa. Materiales radiactivos como el cesio-137 siguen presentes en el medioambiente, cerca de medio siglo después, según el Comité Científico de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Efectos de la Radiación Atómica. El evento destruyó el llamado “bosque rojo”, con una mortalidad masiva de flora y fauna.

Edificios abandonados de una ciudad inundada de vegetación con la central de Chernóbil al fondo
Una vista aérea de la ciudad de Pripyat, abandonada desde el accidente, situada a tres kilómetros de la central nuclear de Chernóbil.
Petr Pavlicek/OIEA/Flickr, CC BY-SA

El pánico generalizado

Podemos señalar que el impacto de Chernóbil fue multidimensional. Más allá de la tragedia humana y ambiental, el desastre redefinió la estrategia energética de Europa por cuatro décadas. Esta incluía el abandono paulatino de las energías nucleares como resultado del pánico generalizado a los riesgos del accidente radiactivo.

La pésima política de gestión de las crisis por parte de la Unión Soviética disparó un miedo generalizado en la población de Europa que resuena en los grupos ecologistas, políticos y representantes de la UE. Fue tal su impacto social que pese a la altísima dependencia energética del Viejo Continente, la capacidad instalada se ha venido desmantelando desde la tragedia.

El proceso de desmantelamiento de la energía nucleare ha pasado por varias etapas. Desde una creciente legitimidad y cuestionamiento a finales de los 80 a un abandono por parte de Alemania del modelo en los 90. La preocupación por el cambio climático y la seguridad ambiental de los 2000, aunada al incidente de la central de Fukushima (Japón), terminaron de condenar a la energía nuclear al ostracismo.




Leer más:
¿Por qué Alemania abandonó la energía nuclear antes que el carbón, y no hay vuelta atrás?


Países como Italia y Suiza se sumaron al rechazo nuclear, mientras que Francia, Reino Unido y Europa del Este mantuvieron o han expandido sus capacidades.

Europa enfrentará en los próximos años una demanda de generación eléctrica que no alcanza para la nueva etapa de desarrollo tecnológico. Sobre todo, para impulsar la digitalización y la inteligencia artificial, dos áreas estratégicas para el futuro desarrollo. El informe Draghi sobre la competitividad de la Unión Europea (UE) destaca esa necesidad. El Viejo Continente está inmerso en una transición energética, sustentada en las energías renovables que buscan en el fondo la soberanía energética, pero que avanza lenta frente a las disrupciones tecnológicas.




Leer más:
¿Es hora de decir sí a la energía nuclear?


El ecosistema energético y la inestabilidad geopolítica global

Los mercados energéticos son altamente volátiles y vulnerables a los conflictos geopolíticos. Testimonio de ello son los efectos en el suministro y precio de los hidrocarburos después de la invasión de Ucrania en el 2022, y recientemente con el conflicto en medio oriente. Estos eventos han causado importantes disrupciones en el mercado de gas natural y petróleo.




Leer más:
Alto el fuego en Irán: por qué los precios de la energía no volverán al 28 de febrero


Estas variables han puesto de manifiesto la fragilidad del ecosistema energético y la vulnerabilidad europea por su alta dependencia de las energías fósiles externas.

Múltiples voces llaman a repensar la estrategia energética europea en el mediano plazo, a no esperar a nuevas tecnología que mejoren la producción, intermitencia y almacenamiento de las energías renovables; a no cerrar la puerta a la siempre constante energía nuclear.

Muchos tabúes se construyeron hace cuatro décadas sobre los riesgos y gestión de las plantas nucleares. Hoy representan una alternativa viable para mantener a Europa en la competencia tecnológica global. La estrategia fue desconectarlas, en lugar de mejorar su desempeño y gestión. Es necesaria una revalorización estratégica de la producción nuclear de electricidad.

Cuatro décadas después, el desastre de Chernóbil sigue influyendo tanto en la percepción pública como en la formulación de políticas relacionadas con el uso de la energía nuclear y la autosuficiencia estratégica de Europa. La alta dependencia energética sigue condicionando la competitividad de la UE.

En el contexto del 40 aniversario del accidente adquiere renovada relevancia repensar la alternativa nuclear.

The Conversation

Armando Jiménez San Vicente no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. 40 años del accidente de Chernóbil: del pánico al replanteamiento del uso de la energía nuclear en Europa – https://theconversation.com/40-anos-del-accidente-de-chernobil-del-panico-al-replanteamiento-del-uso-de-la-energia-nuclear-en-europa-280652

Qué son los minipúblicos y cómo fomentan la democracia deliberativa

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By María G. Navarro, Docente e investigadora. Departamento de Historia del Derecho y Filosofía Jurídica, Moral y Política, Universidad de Salamanca

Studio Romantic/Shutterstock

Los llamados minipúblicos son instituciones de participación política. Estos entornos de gobernanza se conforman a partir de la selección de una muestra estadísticamente representativa que refleja las características y diversidad de la ciudadanía. Para llegar a dicha muestra se recurre normalmente a fórmulas casi aleatorias, incluyendo el sorteo. Se obtiene así un patrón acorde a la sociedad civil.

La selección del minipúblico se complementa, en algunas ocasiones, con un conjunto de expertos y/o de ciudadanos interesados.

En los minipúblicos deliberativos, la sociedad civil acepta implícitamente el compromiso de profundizar en las posibilidades lógico-discursivas, sociopolíticas y ético-jurídicas de cuestiones que atañen al interés público. Su desempeño tiene lugar en el marco de una discusión asamblearia a través de sofisticadas formas de interacción argumentativa. Diversos especialistas han puesto de relieve que se trata de instituciones inusuales, cuyo rol ha sido poco frecuente para la elaboración de políticas públicas en sistemas democráticos.

A pesar de su limitada incidencia política, los minipúblicos constituyen en la actualidad una seña de identidad de la Unión Europea. Se utilizan con el propósito de conformar opinión pública y también con el objetivo de informar sobre procesos para la toma de decisiones.

Se trata, por tanto, de un colectivo seleccionado con el propósito de confiarle la tarea de convertirse en razonador grupal. Resulta extraordinario pensar en las interacciones que se generan dentro de semejante agregado de ciudadanos.

Microcosmos deliberativo

Minipúblico es un concepto amplio, que engloba un complejo conjunto de instituciones políticas entre las que destacan los jurados, asambleas y células ciudadanas, así como las conferencias de consenso, la encuesta deliberativa o los G1000.

El G1000 es una cumbre ciudadana, que nació en Bélgica en 2011 para abrir espacios de deliberación democrática. En Madrid se celebró un G1000 el 4 de marzo de 2017 para canalizar proyectos de los presupuestos participativos.

Existe un debate entre teóricos y profesionales de la participación y la deliberación políticas acerca de la conveniencia de emplear la selección aleatoria frente a la estratificación. Sobre todo cuando se quieren establecer determinados criterios sociodemográficos.

El politólogo estadounidense James Fishkin (2009) está a favor de la selección aleatoria como estándar para un microcosmos deliberativo. El muestreo aleatorio es para muchos la clave que permite garantizar a la ciudadanía una idéntica oportunidad para ejercer su derecho a la participación.

También suele decirse que el uso de cuotas asegura la presencia de diferentes grupos sociales y perspectivas. Por ejemplo, la configuración de minipúblicos a partir de cuotas es esencial para sobremuestrear grupos excluidos, no solo con el objetivo de garantizar su presencia, sino también con el propósito de aumentar la probabilidad de que se escuche su voz.

Actualmente, se está ejecutando Voces, un proyecto de investigación liderado desde el área de Filosofía moral y política del Departamento de Historia del Derecho y Filosofía Jurídica, Moral y Política de la Universidad de Salamanca. Los objetivos del proyecto guardan una estrecha relación con la dimensión moral y política de la voz propia y la sociología de la relación con el mundo. Unas ideas recogidas por el sociólogo de origen alemán Hartmut Rosa en su obra Resonancia.

Desde la visión de este autor, vinculado a la Escuela de Frankfurt, resonar, como el propio concepto expresa, tiene una base biológica, psicológica y relacional. No consiste en ofrecer un eco, sino una respuesta. Esto implica contar con una voz propia, que se pone en común a través de la relación mutua y socialmente significativa.

Crítica decolonial

A pesar del uso de muestreos aleatorios y de cuotas para incorporar las voces de grupos marginados, pocos estudios examinan las relaciones de poder asimétricas y otros mecanismos de exclusión que acompañan a estas innovaciones democráticas, tal como señala el profesor Subhabrata Bobby Banerjee en su crítica decolonial a la democracia deliberativa.

Publicaciones recientes también identifican un hecho anómalo en los estudios sobre democracia deliberativa: la notable falta de información acerca de los rasgos identitarios y sociales de la ciudadanía involucrada en los procesos participativos. Esta omisión, lejos de ser un detalle menor, constituye un obstáculo significativo para comprender cómo y por qué razón determinadas características específicas de los individuos y grupos inciden en la dinámica y en los resultados de dichos procesos.

Igualmente, esta observación puede vincularse a la teoría crítica racial desarrollada por Charles R. Lawrence, quien argumenta que el racismo inconsciente influye también en las acciones gubernamentales. Según este jurista estadounidense, atribuimos importancia a la raza incluso cuando no somos conscientes de estar haciéndolo. La ubicuidad del racismo es tal que deberíamos preguntarnos hasta qué punto nuestros marcos jurídicos pueden garantizar la protección igualitaria y, aún más, hasta qué punto existen consecuencias raciales desproporcionadas e indeseables que, paradójicamente, se derivan de nuestros propios ideales de igualdad.

Racismo estructural inconsciente

Basta con realizar una búsqueda rápida de imágenes de minipúblicos para observar una mayoría de personas blancas y unos pocos individuos racializados, que cumplen con lo que podría considerarse la cuota de igualdad.

En este sentido cabe preguntarse si la mera presencia de personas racializadas basta para que su voz sea escuchada, cuando estamos marcados, conscientemente o no, por señales de racismo. ¿Qué tipo de igualdad invocamos con los minipúblicos? ¿Tienen en cuenta estas instituciones participativas de la sociedad civil los efectos colaterales de la injusticia testimonial provocados por el racismo estructural inconsciente?

Aunque se observa un giro decolonial en las investigaciones sobre democracia deliberativa, resulta fundamental no solo expandir el alcance de la igualdad en los minipúblicos: también debemos interrogarnos sobre la razón de ser de este ideal en sociedades pluralistas, abiertas al diseño innovador, plenamente democrático y rupturista, si fuera necesario, de la propia cultura deliberativa.

Cultura deliberativa

La clave está en el diseño o rediseño de nuestra propia cultura deliberativa tal y como han puesto de manifiesto las politólogas feministas Karen Celis y Sarah Childs. Esta agenda teórico-práctica es precisamente la que se plantea cumplir el proyecto Voces, mediante la ejecución de al menos tres de sus objetivos generales:

  1. Desarrollar un enfoque crítico feminista en todos los aspectos del proceso de indagación de las fuentes bibliográficas, el análisis de experiencias deliberativas y la selección de metodologías aplicadas.

  2. Promover la investigación colaborativa con perspectiva de género en el campo de los estudios sobre democracia deliberativa y la teorización sobre minipúblicos y asambleas.

  3. Historiar e interpretar el desarrollo y la comprensión de los debates actuales acerca del alcance y los límites de la participación política desde parámetros innovadores.

The Conversation

María G. Navarro recibe fondos del Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica de Innovación del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades y, en particular, del Subprograma Estatal de Generación de Conocimiento en su calidad de investigadora principal del proyecto «VOCES: El impacto del sesgo de edad en las democracias deliberativas» con referencia: PID2022-137447NB-I00

ref. Qué son los minipúblicos y cómo fomentan la democracia deliberativa – https://theconversation.com/que-son-los-minipublicos-y-como-fomentan-la-democracia-deliberativa-242666

Si más del 80 % de las mujeres sufren síntomas en la menopausia, ¿por qué los lugares de trabajo siguen ignorándolo?

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Lidia de la Iglesia Aza, Professor of Labour Law and Social Security, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela

Roman Samborskyi/Shutterstock

Durante mucho tiempo, la menopausia se ha considerado un asunto privado, pero el silencio que la rodea choca cada vez más con la realidad demográfica. Las mujeres mayores de 50 años constituyen el grupo de más rápido crecimiento en la población activa en muchos países, y la mayoría experimentará la menopausia durante su vida laboral.

A pesar de ello, los lugares de trabajo, las políticas y la investigación siguen tratando la menopausia como un asunto personal en lugar de estructural. El resultado es un profundo desajuste entre las experiencias vividas por las mujeres y los entornos en los que trabajan.

Desde el punto de vista médico, la menopausia es una etapa natural de la vida que marca el fin de la menstruación debido a la pérdida de la función ovárica. El periodo de transición que la precede –conocido como perimenopausia– puede durar entre dos y ocho años. Los síntomas varían mucho: algunas mujeres apenas notan cambios, mientras que otras sufren sofocos, sudores nocturnos, insomnio, dolor articular, cambios de humor, irritabilidad, ansiedad, dificultades cognitivas y fatiga.

Más del 80 % de las mujeres experimentan síntomas, y para aproximadamente un tercio de ellas son graves. Estos síntomas pueden durar años y afectar significativamente al funcionamiento diario, incluyendo el rendimiento laboral, la concentración y el bienestar emocional.




Leer más:
Sofocos durante la menopausia: por qué se producen y cómo pueden combatirse


El “segundo techo de cristal”

La magnitud del problema es enorme. A nivel mundial, 657 millones de mujeres tienen entre 45 y 59 años, y casi la mitad de ellas forman parte de la población activa. Solo en el grupo de países que forman el G7, las mujeres en edad de menopausia representan el 11 % del total de trabajadores. La Comisión Europea ha reconocido abiertamente que
“no existe una recopilación de datos a escala de la UE sobre esta cuestión” y que la investigación sigue estando fragmentada.

Los datos de los que disponemos son preocupantes. En Europa, la brecha de empleo entre hombres y mujeres se amplía con la edad, y los estudios sugieren que los síntomas de la menopausia contribuyen a que las mujeres reduzcan su jornada laboral, cambien de puesto o abandonen por completo el mercado laboral.

El impacto en el lugar de trabajo está bien documentado. Un estudio de 2021, por ejemplo, reveló que casi un millón de mujeres en el Reino Unido habían dejado sus empleos debido a los síntomas de la menopausia. Esto suele coincidir con el momento álgido de la carrera profesional de las mujeres, cuando están preparadas para ocupar puestos de alta dirección. Esto ha llevado a algunos investigadores a denominar a esta salida generalizada el “segundo techo de cristal”.

Condiciones laborales

En todos los sectores, las mujeres señalan que sus entornos de trabajo suelen agravar los síntomas. La mala ventilación, las altas temperaturas, los uniformes sintéticos, la falta de acceso a agua fría, los horarios rígidos, el trabajo por turnos y la autonomía limitada intensifican las molestias.

El resultado es un círculo vicioso en el que los síntomas empeoran, el trabajo se vuelve más duro, el estrés aumenta y los síntomas se intensifican aún más. Estos factores llevan a muchas mujeres a trabajar menos, cambiar de empleo o jubilarse anticipadamente. No se trata de un fracaso personal, sino estructural.

Sin embargo, las investigaciones también muestran que el apoyo marca una diferencia significativa. Las mujeres lo llevan mejor cuando cuentan con jefes comprensivos, compañeros que las apoyan, horarios flexibles y acceso a adaptaciones como el control de la temperatura o cambios en el uniforme.

Las instituciones internacionales están empezando a tomar nota. La Sociedad Europea de Menopausia y Andropausia ha publicado recomendaciones para el lugar de trabajo, mientras que la Organización Internacional del Trabajo también destaca la menopausia como un problema laboral global.




Leer más:
Las palabras que usamos y los silencios que se imponen al hablar de la menopausia


Algunos gobiernos nacionales han tomado medidas similares. El Parlamento del Reino Unido, por ejemplo, ha puesto en marcha múltiples investigaciones sobre la discriminación por menopausia, una en 2019 y otra en 2021.

En Islandia, la Asociación sobre la Menopausia de la Mujer se fundó en 2013 y aparece en la página web del Gobierno nacional. La concienciación también está creciendo en los países nórdicos.

En Irlanda, el tema aparece en recomendaciones políticas, mientras que en Francia ha recibido recientemente atención de los medios nacionales.

Protecciones significativas para las trabajadoras

Aunque las recomendaciones y la atención mediática son positivas, no equivalen a protecciones consagradas legalmente para todas las trabajadoras. Entonces, ¿cómo serían realmente unas medidas eficaces para las empleadas en menopausia?

En primer lugar, los lugares de trabajo deberían incluirla en las evaluaciones de riesgos laborales. En la práctica, esto significa garantizar un control adecuado de la temperatura y la ventilación, proporcionar uniformes transpirables y permitir modalidades de trabajo flexibles. También implica formar al personal directivo y crear culturas de trabajo abiertas y libres de estigmas.

Estos cambios son sencillos y económicos, pero requieren concienciación y compromiso.

En última instancia, abordar la menopausia en el ámbito laboral no es solo una cuestión de salud. Es una cuestión de igualdad, dignidad y justicia. Las mujeres no deberían tener que elegir entre su salud y su carrera profesional. Abordar adecuadamente esta cuestión también beneficia a las empresas: cualquier lugar de trabajo que apoye a las mujeres menopáusicas retendrá experiencia, liderazgo y talento.

A medida que la población envejece y la vida laboral se prolonga, ignorar la menopausia ya no es una opción. El silencio debe terminar, y el lugar de trabajo debe evolucionar para reflejar las realidades de la mitad de la población.

The Conversation

Lidia de la Iglesia Aza recibe financiación del Instituto Sindical Europeo (ETUI).

ref. Si más del 80 % de las mujeres sufren síntomas en la menopausia, ¿por qué los lugares de trabajo siguen ignorándolo? – https://theconversation.com/si-mas-del-80-de-las-mujeres-sufren-sintomas-en-la-menopausia-por-que-los-lugares-de-trabajo-siguen-ignorandolo-281195

¿Imitar o diferenciarse? Claves estratégicas para pequeñas empresas

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Beatriz Domínguez Bronchal, Profesora Titular de Universidad en Organización de Empresas, Universidad de Zaragoza

patpitchaya/Shutterstock

Ya señaló Aristóteles, hace más de 2 000 años, que en el punto medio está la virtud. Esta idea, trasladada al mundo de los negocios, sirve para que las empresas traten de definir su posicionamiento estratégico en el mercado.

Por un lado, ser distinto al resto permite ocupar un espacio competitivo propio, reduciendo enfrentamientos directos con la competencia. Por otro, imitar a sus rivales hace que el mercado entienda mejor su propuesta y la acepte con naturalidad pues no se sale de lo que se considera habitual. Desde esta perspectiva, un posicionamiento que equilibre imitación y diferenciación parece, a priori, la mejor opción.

En las pequeñas empresas, la elección entre imitar o diferenciarse puede ser clave para su supervivencia. Un estudio reciente aborda este dilema y muestra que, para las pequeñas empresas, el punto medio no siempre es la opción más adecuada. Dicho de forma sencilla, el estudio concluye que la decisión depende de dos cuestiones: a quién se toma como rival de referencia y cuánto se pisa su mismo terreno.

Por qué puede funcionar imitar al líder

Uno de los hallazgos más relevantes del estudio es que, para una pequeña empresa, parecerse al líder del sector suele ser una decisión inteligente. Los datos muestran que, habitualmente, imitar al líder da mejores resultados que tratar de diferenciarse de él.

La explicación es sencilla: el líder ya ha educado al mercado y ha mostrado qué prácticas, productos y comportamientos se consideran adecuados. Al imitarlo, no solo se gana legitimidad, sino que se adopta un posicionamiento que ya ha demostrado que funciona. Además, rara vez provoca reacciones en el líder que pequeñas empresas le imiten. Al estar centrado en competir con empresas más grandes, suele prestar poca atención a las pequeñas. Como resultado, imitar al líder otorga mayor legitimidad y, como se opera fuera de su radar competitivo, resulta poco probable recibir sus represalias.




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Financiación de pymes: el tamaño importa


Pacto tácito y tolerancia mutua entre pymes

La lógica cambia cuando el punto de referencia no es el líder, sino otra pequeña empresa. En ese caso, parecería poco aconsejable que una pequeña empresa imitase a otra de tamaño similar porque aquí sí estaría operando directamente bajo su radar competitivo. Sin embargo, la dinámica que existe entre estas empresas hace que el resultado sea diferente al esperado.

En este contexto, las pequeñas empresas alcanzan una especie de pacto tácito: se evitan ataques directos para no desencadenar una escalada competitiva que acabaría siendo costosa para todos. El hecho de compartir tamaño, recursos y formas de operar facilita el entendimiento. Esto da lugar a que las pequeñas empresas decidan respetarse mutuamente en lugar de intercambiar acciones competitivas. Dicho de otra manera, mientras que al líder las pequeñas empresas no le importan lo suficiente como para competir con ellas, las pequeñas empresas se importan demasiado entre sí como para arriesgarse a competir.

Por eso, parecerse a otras empresas de tamaño similar no siempre intensifica la rivalidad. En muchos casos, rebaja la tensión competitiva y la mantiene dentro de límites manejables. Ahora bien, esta lógica tiene un límite. Los beneficios de la tolerancia mutua no crecen sin fin. Llega un punto donde el exceso de similitud puede incrementar la agresividad competitiva, erosionando los resultados de las empresas.




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El factor clave: dónde se compite

Las consecuencias de la imitación y la diferenciación varían en función de dónde se opera. No es lo mismo que la pequeña empresa se parezca a un competidor lejano que a otro que opera en los mismos mercados, en lo que llamamos solapamiento de mercado. La localización en la misma área geográfica en la que opera el rival altera sustancialmente las consecuencias económicas de la posición competitiva con la que la empresa opera.

Cuando una pequeña empresa se parece mucho al líder y además opera en los mismos mercados, resulta más difícil beneficiarse de la imitación. Aunque el líder siga sin tener a esta empresa en su punto de mira, ambos buscan a los mismos clientes y recursos. Y ahí el tamaño importa. En su lucha por clientes y recursos, el líder cuenta con ciertas ventajas, como mayor poder de negociación, una reputación más consolidada o una capacidad financiera superior. Por eso, aunque imitar al líder sigue siendo una buena estrategia para reafirmar la legitimidad de la pequeña empresa, su rentabilidad se reduce cuando el solapamiento entre ambos es elevado.

El solapamiento de mercado también cambia las reglas cuando el punto de referencia son otras pequeñas empresas. Como decíamos antes, los beneficios de la imitación no son ilimitados: existe un punto de inflexión en el que se rompe la tolerancia mutua y surge una mayor rivalidad.

Cuando las empresas pequeñas coinciden en muchos mercados, ese punto de inflexión se alcanza antes y es mejor diferenciarse más que cuando el solapamiento de mercado es bajo. Una imitación excesiva puede tensar la relación competitiva hasta hacerla insostenible y romper la tolerancia mutua. El reto está en seguir siendo lo suficientemente parecido para coexistir, pero diferenciándose lo bastante como para no resultar intercambiables a ojos del cliente.




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Lecciones clave para pequeñas empresas

Para definir el posicionamiento estratégico óptimo de una pequeña empresa se debe atender a dos cuestiones clave: cuál es su punto de referencia y dónde compite la empresa.

La dinámica competitiva con el líder del sector es muy distinta de la que se establece con otras pequeñas empresas, y los efectos de imitar o diferenciarse dependen de la medida en que las empresas coincidan en los mismos mercados. Cuanto mayor es la coincidencia, menores son las ventajas de la imitación y mayores los beneficios de diferenciarse.

The Conversation

Beatriz Domínguez Bronchal recibe fondos de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y del Gobierno de Aragón para la financiación de sus trabajos de investigación.

Raquel Orcos Sánchez recibe fondos de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y de la Universidad de La Rioja para el desarrollo de sus líneas de investigación.

Sergio Palomas Doña recibe fondos de la Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) y del Gobierno de Aragón para la financiación de sus trabajos de investigación.

ref. ¿Imitar o diferenciarse? Claves estratégicas para pequeñas empresas – https://theconversation.com/imitar-o-diferenciarse-claves-estrategicas-para-pequenas-empresas-274234