Ahorro e inversión ‘con cabeza’ en cada momento de la vida

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Gustavo Porporato Daher, Profesor de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid

CrizzyStudio/shutterstock

La gestión financiera de los ingresos constituye un aspecto central de la economía y el bienestar familiar. Las decisiones de ahorro e inversión se ven condicionadas por factores como la edad, el ciclo vital, el nivel educativo, la estabilidad de los ingresos y la aversión al riesgo. Este último factor es el que determina cuál instrumento financiero se adapta mejor a cada inversor, considerando la relación financiera entre riesgo y rentabilidad.

Comportamientos de ahorro e inversión

Gran parte de la riqueza de los hogares españoles se concentra en activos inmobiliarios. Esta estrategia, que es entendible por mucha gente, limita la disponibilidad de los activos (liquidez). El Banco de España señala que la base del patrimonio líquido de la mayoría de las familias son los depósitos bancarios y las cuentas de ahorro.

La mayoría prefiere destinar sus recursos financieros a productos de bajo riesgo, buscando conservar su capital, asegurar liquidez y planificar su jubilación. Sin embargo, la proporción entre activos líquidos y aquellos con mayor rentabilidad depende de la edad:

  • Jóvenes (20–39 años): aunque prefieren instrumentos altamente líquidos (depósitos o cuentas remuneradas) deberían aumentar tempranamente su participación en productos de ahorro previsional como planes de pensiones.

  • Mediana edad (40–59 años): tienden a diversificar más sus carteras de inversión, combinando vivienda, bonos gubernamentales, seguros de ahorro y fondos mixtos conservadores. Esta etapa concentra el esfuerzo de acumulación patrimonial y planificación de gastos futuros (educación, jubilación).

  • Jubilados (60+ años): estudios recientes sobre envejecimiento e inversiones seguras señalan que los hogares jubilados priorizan la estabilidad y reducen al mínimo su exposición al riesgo. Así, sus inversiones se concentran en activos de muy bajo riesgo, maximizando la liquidez y la estabilidad de ingresos. Los depósitos, bonos públicos a corto plazo y las rentas vitalicias constituyen instrumentos clave para ellos.

Productos financieros con menor riesgo

Cuentas de ahorro: permiten guardar dinero y disponer de él cuando se necesite. Algunas ofrecen una pequeña rentabilidad y no suelen tener comisiones se cumplen ciertos requisitos.

Cuentas remuneradas: similares a las cuentas de ahorro, tienen una rentabilidad más competitiva a cambio de ciertas condiciones (como domiciliar ingresos o limitar el saldo máximo remunerado).

Depósitos a plazo fijo: se destina una cantidad de dinero durante un tiempo determinado, a cambio de una rentabilidad pactada. El dinero queda inmovilizado hasta el vencimiento, pero suelen ofrecer mayores intereses que las cuentas anteriores.

Planes de pensiones: permiten ahorrar para la jubilación, con ventajas fiscales. El dinero invertido no está disponible hasta la jubilación o en situaciones excepcionales (y muchas veces con penalizaciones).

Seguros de ahorro: el ahorrador entrega una cantidad de dinero, llamada prima, a la aseguradora por un plazo previamente acordado, sin posibilidad de recuperarla antes del vencimiento. Al finalizar el plazo, recibe la prima invertida y posibles rendimientos garantizados. Si fallece, el capital y los intereses se transfieren a sus herederos.

Renta vitalicia
La renta vitalicia es un seguro donde se invierte un capital y, de inmediato o transcurrido un plazo, se recibe una renta mensual asegurada hasta el fallecimiento, pagada por la compañía aseguradora.

Productos financieros con riesgo medio

Fondos de inversión: invierten en activos de renta variable (acciones) o renta fija (deuda pública y privada). Ofrecen algo más de rentabilidad pero también una mayor exposición a los vaivenes del mercado.

Para minimizar el riesgo, los fondos de gestión pasiva intentan replicar, y no superar, el rendimiento de algún índice de referencia. Para ello, arman su cartera de inversión con los mismos valores y en la misma proporción que que el índice.

Productos financieros con riesgo alto

Fondos de inversión de gestión activa, donde los gestores deciden en qué valores invertir, buscando una mayor rentabilidad a cambio de mayor riesgo asumido.

Cartera propia de acciones, bonos, materias primas, criptoactivos, etc: en este caso, el inversor compra directamente los valores en el mercado, constituyendo su propia cartera.

Fomentar la estabilidad financiera

Las decisiones de ahorro e inversión familiar se ven fuertemente influidas por el ciclo vital. La aversión al riesgo aumenta con la edad, desplazando las carteras hacia instrumentos de menor riesgo y volatilidad. La vivienda constituye un activo predominante en las familias de mediana edad, mientras que los jubilados priorizan seguridad y liquidez.

Para fomentar la estabilidad financiera intergeneracional, las políticas públicas y los programas de educación financiera deberían promover desde edades tempranas el ahorro sistemático y la planificación previsional.

The Conversation

Gustavo Porporato Daher no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Ahorro e inversión ‘con cabeza’ en cada momento de la vida – https://theconversation.com/ahorro-e-inversion-con-cabeza-en-cada-momento-de-la-vida-266613

Cuidando nuestra boca protegemos el cerebro

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Teresa Morera Herreras, Profesora agregada del Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea

Cuando pensamos en salud oral, solemos imaginar dientes blancos y encías firmes. Pero mantener una buena higiene bucal va mucho más allá de una cuestión estética: puede influir directamente en la salud de todo nuestro organismo.

Porque lo que ocurre en la boca no se queda en la boca. Las bacterias que se acumulan en los dientes y encías pueden viajar por el cuerpo y tener consecuencias en órganos tan distintos como el corazón o el cerebro.

Una mala salud oral no solo favorece la aparición de caries, la pérdida de dientes o la inflamación de encías (gingivitis): también puede agravar enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes, aumentar el riesgo de ciertos tipos de cáncer e incluso contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrales y neurodegenerativas.

En concreto, se ha observado que las personas que padecen periodontitis –una inflamación crónica de las encías causada por la acumulación de placa bacteriana– presentan más posibilidades de desarrollar complicaciones en otras partes del cuerpo. Los datos son claros: un paciente con periodontitis no tratada tiene 2,5 veces más riesgo de sufrir un ictus y casi 3 veces más de probabilidades de padecer una enfermedad cardíaca en comparación con quienes mantienen una buena salud bucodental.

Además, la inflamación crónica asociada con la periodontitis también podría contribuir al deterioro cognitivo, como ocurre en el alzhéimer.

Alzhéimer: el olvido que lo cambia todo

El alzhéimer es la causa más frecuente de demencia neurodegenerativa. A nivel mundial, más de 57 millones de personas viven con demencia, de las cuales entre el 60 % y el 70 % padecen alzhéimer. En España, afecta a unas 800 000 personas, y se estima que su prevalencia se duplicará en los próximos 20 años.

Aunque aún no conocemos su causa exacta, sí sabemos que influyen tanto la genética como factores ambientales, incluido nuestro estilo de vida. Y es aquí donde aparece una conexión inesperada: el cuidado de las encías podría desempeñar un papel protector frente al deterioro cognitivo.

Bacterias, seres invisibles que dejan huella

La boca alberga unas 770 especies de microorganismos que componen la microbiota oral. En equilibrio, esta comunidad bacteriana cumple funciones beneficiosas. Pero cuando la higiene es deficiente o existen factores que alteran ese equilibrio, las bacterias patógenas se multiplican, favoreciendo la aparición de enfermedades como la enfermedad periodontal.

La gingivitis, la forma más leve, afecta hasta al 90 % de la población y puede revertirse con una correcta higiene. Sin embargo, si progresa, puede convertirse en periodontitis, una afección crónica, inflamatoria e irreversible con consecuencias que van mucho más allá de la pérdida de dientes.

Las bacterias implicadas, especialmente Porphyromonas gingivalis, y las moléculas inflamatorias que el sistema inmunitario libera al intentar combatirlas pueden viajar por la sangre y alcanzar órganos distantes, como el cerebro. Allí pueden contribuir a procesos inflamatorios y al desarrollo o progresión de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el alzhéimer.

De hecho, varios estudios recientes refuerzan la hipótesis de esa conexión. En modelos animales, la exposición prolongada a toxinas de bacterias como Porphyromonas gingivalis ha inducido neuroinflamación, acumulación de proteína beta-amiloide y deterioro de la memoria, tres características típicas del alzhéimer.

En humanos, también se ha hallado evidencia sorprendente: la cantidad de bacterias orales en el tejido cerebral de personas fallecidas con esa patología es hasta siete veces mayor que en quienes no padecían la enfermedad.

Cepillarse: una rutina que podría proteger nuestra mente

Así pues, dedicar apenas 10 minutos al día a la higiene oral es una inversión para la salud futura. Cada vez que olvidamos cepillarnos, las bacterias se multiplican y pueden acabar en otras partes del cuerpo con efectos imprevisibles.

Cepillarse los dientes, usar hilo dental y acudir regularmente al dentista no solo cuida la sonrisa: también puede ayudar a proteger el corazón, el cerebro y, posiblemente, la memoria. El alzhéimer borra recuerdos, pero hay algo que conviene no olvidar: cuidar de nuestra boca es cuidar de nuestra mente.

The Conversation

Las personas firmantes no son asalariadas, ni consultoras, ni poseen acciones, ni reciben financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y han declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado anteriormente.

ref. Cuidando nuestra boca protegemos el cerebro – https://theconversation.com/cuidando-nuestra-boca-protegemos-el-cerebro-266680

Por un mundo sin caprichos individuales: el bien común según Rousseau

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By Jesús David Cifuentes Yarce, Profesor de filosofía, Universidad de La Sabana

Una imagen de la Marcha sobre Washington demandando igualdad en derechos civiles, en agosto de 1963. United States Library of Congress’s Prints and Photographs division

Los seres humanos de cada época histórica se han enfrentado a retos impulsados por la idea de conseguir una mejor vida. Nosotros ahora no somos la excepción. Hoy en el escenario de las preocupaciones sociales están, como actores protagónicos, los nuevos avances tecnológicos, el cambio climático, la guerra, la inmigración, etc. Sin embargo hay, tras bambalinas, un problema que podría ser la clave para iluminar la escena social y en ello, quizás, encontrar una solución.

El mundo actual se debate entre intereses particulares. Hay naciones que se enriquecen tras la opresión de otras, economías que se dinamizan gracias a la muerte de muchos seres humanos en guerra y desprecio por la vida humana, como si nacer en determinado país fuera un sino de dolor ante el privilegio de unos pocos.

En este sentido, el filósofo suizo Jean-Jacques Rousseau se convierte en un referente obligado para pensarnos de otra manera y poder dirigir nuestra fuerza vital a ello. Rousseau considera que lo más importante para estructurar un contrato social es la voluntad general. Esta no debe entenderse como la sumatoria del arbitrio de cada individuo, sino como la búsqueda de un bien común como un deber de la vida en sociedad. Es un principio constitutivo de la sociedad.

Individualidades vs. piedad

Mientras el mundo en general siga conformado por la búsqueda de intereses particulares, el único camino que tenemos a la vista seguirá siendo el odio entre los seres humanos. Así lo planteó el ginebrino en su célebre Discurso sobre el origen y los fundamentos de la desigualdad entre los hombres:

“las usurpaciones de los ricos, los bandidajes de los pobres y las pasiones desenfrenadas de todos ahogaron la piedad natural y la voz todavía débil de la justicia, e hicieron a los hombres avaros, ambiciosos y malvados”.

Rousseau buscó entonces al ser humano en la naturaleza, no para regresar a una vida en las montañas fuera de las ciudades, sino para conocer su origen y poder mejorar su realidad actual, ya que el transcurrir de la historia y las sociedades había ocultado su verdadero rostro. De ahí su hermosa metáfora en el prefacio del Discurso en la que plantea que el alma humana, al igual que la estatua de Glauco, se ha desfigurado con el paso del tiempo.

Ahora bien, ¿cuál es el verdadero rostro del ser humano? Si bien son muchas las características que se pueden citar, sería pertinente hablar de la piedad y el amor a sí mismo. En ellas reside el cultivo de un ciudadano y una sociedad que busca el bien común:

“parece pues indudable que la piedad es un sentimiento natural que, al moderar en cada individuo la actividad del amor a sí mismo, contribuye a la conservación mutua de toda la especie. Ella es la que nos hace acudir sin reflexión en auxilio de aquellos a quienes vemos sufrir; la que, en el estado de naturaleza, suple a las leyes, a las costumbres y a la virtud, con la ventaja de que nadie se siente incitado a desobedecer su dulce voz”.

Valorar la individualidad para valorar la sociedad

Cabe aclarar que el mismo Rousseau diferenció el amor propio del amor a uno mismo. El segundo es un sentimiento natural que “guiado por la razón y modificado por la piedad determina la humanidad y la virtud” y busca conservar la vida. Sin embargo, el primero es el sentimiento originado en sociedad “que mueve a cada individuo a hacer más caso de sí que de cualquier otro”.

Portada de un libro en francés, El contrato social, de Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Portada de Principes du Droit Politique (El contrato social), de Jean Jacques Rousseau en 1763.
Ambre Troizat/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

Respecto a esto, ¿no sería urgente pensar, pues, en un mundo donde la base de la ley sea la piedad cuya máxima reza “procura tu bien con el menor mal posible para tu prójimo” para poder dejar atrás las leyes que son solo el reflejo del amor propio como manifestación de los intereses particulares?

En la búsqueda de la respuesta es donde reside el bien común, mientras se trabaje por una sociedad civil con base en una voluntad general que no desconozca la libertad de cada persona –en ello reside el contrato social– y que sea reflejo de la bondad natural del ser humano.

Al basarse en la piedad, este bien común descubre que el mayor mal que debemos destruir es la desigualdad entre los seres humanos para que juntos habitemos un mundo común. Como dice un antiguo proverbio de las comunidades palenqueras colombianas, debemos construir juntos para sonreír juntos.

The Conversation

Jesús David Cifuentes Yarce no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Por un mundo sin caprichos individuales: el bien común según Rousseau – https://theconversation.com/por-un-mundo-sin-caprichos-individuales-el-bien-comun-segun-rousseau-265697

Paulino Uzcudun, de ídolo del boxeo a icono falangista y “juguete roto”

Source: The Conversation – (in Spanish) – By David Mota Zurdo, Profesor Titular de Historia Contemporánea, Universidad de Valladolid

Hoy pocos recuerdan el nombre de Paulino Uzcudun. Sin embargo, en las décadas de 1920 y 1930, fue una celebridad mundial. En los cuadriláteros de Estados Unidos se enfrentó a los mejores pesos pesados del momento (Delaney, Godfrey o Schmeling) y fue aclamado por la prensa como The Basque Woodchopper.

Fue el boxeador “jamás noqueado” hasta que, en 1935, cuando su carrera se apagaba, tropezó con Joe Louis (El bombardero de Detroit), uno de los mejores boxeadores de todos los tiempos, quien lo batió por KO.

Con todo, la historia de Uzcudun ha sido olvidada tanto por sus vínculos con el franquismo como por la emergencia de otra figura del boxeo en la década de 1960: el también guipuzcoano José Manuel Ibar (Urtain).

De leñador a campeón

Nacido en 1899 en Régil –hoy Errezil– (Guipúzcoa), Paulino fue el hijo pequeño de una familia de labradores. En el difícil contexto económico de entreguerras, buscó valerse por sí mismo y se dedicó a diferentes actividades: leñador, albañil y operario de una fábrica de embutidos. Pero, con 23 años, después del servicio militar, decidió dejarlo todo y apostar por el boxeo en una época en la que el deporte profesional todavía era una práctica inusual para la clase trabajadora.

Así que se mudó a Francia y se preparó con los mejores entrenadores de boxeo de la Europa del momento. El vasco demostró ser un portento. Para 1924 ya era campeón de España de peso fuerte (hoy, peso pesado) y, dos años después, lo era de Europa tras vencer al italiano Erminio Spalla.

Aquellas victorias, que aumentaron su fama, resultaron muy provechosas para la dictadura de Primo de Rivera, que para entonces irradiaba a través del deporte sus valores y concepto de España: masculinidad, regeneración racial, disciplina y patrioterismo. Para el régimen dictatorial, Uzcudun era símbolo de todo ello: un héroe popular con atributos idóneos.




Leer más:
100 años del golpe de Estado de Miguel Primo de Rivera


El salto a América

Durante los felices años veinte, Estados Unidos fue el país del boxeo. Allí estaban los principales cuadriláteros y en estos era donde se dirimía el campeonato mundial de peso fuerte. En el país norteamericano, Paulino peleó contra los mejores púgiles del momento, como Max Baer, Joe Louis o Jack Sharkey.

Aunque nunca alcanzó el cinturón de campeón, se hizo un hueco entre los mejores y obtuvo una gran fama. Para los emigrantes españoles, especialmente los de origen vasco, se convirtió en un símbolo de orgullo. Uzcudun era el vasco inquebrantable, el que mejor representaba la personalidad de su tierra y así lo recogió la prensa desde distintos espacios ideológicos.


Boxeo. Sesión de entrenamiento del púgil Paulino Uzcudun (en el centro).

Kutxa Fundazioa Fototeka. Fondo Photo Carter. Ricardo Martín (Fotógrafo). ID. 12707959.

Cuando el ring se volvió ideología

Su carrera deportiva coincidió con el auge del fascismo y el nazismo en Europa, dos ideologías de masas que utilizaron el deporte, y en concreto el boxeo, como un espacio político más.

En 1933, en los días de la Segunda República, Uzcudun disputó el título europeo a Primo Carnera, el “Gigante Fascista”, representante de la Italia de Mussolini.

En 1935, se midió en Berlín con el campeón del mundo Max Schmeling, símbolo deportivo del Tercer Reich. El vasco perdió ambos combates. Sin embargo, mostró un gran nivel en dos encuentros que fueron mucho más que duelos deportivos: pugnas propagandísticas entre naciones y modelos políticos diferentes, entre democracia y fascismo.

Aparte de ser una experiencia deportiva, aquellos combates sirvieron para iniciar su acercamiento ideológico a la extrema derecha. Atraído por la heroización de los deportistas, la glorificación de su pasado y, entre otras cosas, su imagen pública, Uzcudun acabó aproximándose al discurso fascista.

Del estrellato mundial a la propaganda política

La biografía de Uzcudun también tiene episodios grises que forman parte de su compleja figura. En 1935 estuvo implicado en el escándalo de corrupción derivado de las máquinas del Straperlo, de las que participó y en el que se involucró por sus contactos en círculos políticos y empresariales derechistas.

Según cuenta el diario bilbaino El Liberal (8 de febrero de 1936, página 3), fue juzgado por ello, pero el estallido del golpe de Estado del 18 de julio de ese año interrumpió el proceso. En esos meses, se acercó a la extrema derecha, alineándose con Falange. Y así lo demostró en la Guerra Civil, combatiendo en sus columnas, siendo rostro visible de su propaganda e incluso formando parte de uno de los comandos que planearon asaltar la cárcel de Alicante para liberar a José Antonio Primo de Rivera en octubre de 1936.

El guipuzcoano fue uno de los ejes de las actividades de Auxilio Social, la organización de socorro humanitario del bando franquista, para la que hizo giras de combates benéficos en España y Portugal entre 1937 y 1939. Falange lo convirtió en modelo de patriotismo, disciplina y masculinidad, y, mediante su imagen, buscaron ganar apoyos a la causa sublevada.

Grupo de soldados. En el medio, el más alto, Paulino Uzcudun. San Sebastián. Septiembre de 1936. Colección Foto Marín. Pascual Marín (fotógrafo). Fototeca Kutxa Fundazioa. Id. 23867147.
Colección Foto Marín. Pascual Marín (fotógrafo). Fototeca Kutxa Fundazioa. Id. 23867147

Entre la gloria y el olvido

Tras la Guerra Civil, Uzcudun se situó en el corazón de una España donde la frontera entre negocio, política y propaganda fue difusa. En plena Segunda Guerra Mundial, montó una empresa de gasógenos e hizo negocios con miembros del Tercer Reich.

Según informes de la Oficina Federal de Investigación (FBI) estadounidense, estuvo relacionado con Rudy de Merode, un colaborador nazi refugiado en España al que sirvió de guardaespaldas y con el que colaboró tanto en una red de contrabando de bienes robados a ciudadanos de origen judío como en una red de evasión nazi en la frontera vasco-francesa.

También trató de regresar al boxeo con 46 años. Lo hizo contra Rodolfo Díaz en un improvisado ring en El Escorial (Madrid) y, tras la victoria, prometió combatir en Nueva York. Pero nunca lo hizo. La negativa del FBI a que se le concediera visado se lo impidió.

Fue entonces cuando su vida dio un giro de 180 grados.

Modelo de padre de familia para el franquismo

En 1942 se había casado con Isabel Huerta Vera, de la familia de ganaderos de Victoriano de la Serna, con la que se mudó a Torrelaguna, en la Sierra Norte de Madrid, de donde ella era originaria y poseía una hacienda.

Ambos dedicaron su vida al campo y a sus cuatro hijos, y la prensa franquista vio en ese cambio un filón para explotar los valores del régimen: un famoso boxeador que, como el hijo prodigo, había decidido regresar a los orígenes, al campo, tras estar en lo alto de la fama, para dedicarse a los suyos. Uzcudun se convirtió así en uno de los modelos de padre de familia del franquismo.


Grupo de personas, con el boxeador Paulino Uzcudun en primer plano, en un salón.

Kutxa Fundazioa Kutxateka. Id. 70456271. Fondo: Foto Marín. Pascual Marín (fotógrafo).

El eco de los golpes

Su estrella, entonces, se apagó. Siguió teniendo contacto con el boxeo, pero dejó de ser reconocido y se convirtió en un “juguete roto”, tal como lo retrató Manuel Summers en el documental del mismo título.

En la década de 1960, recibió pequeños homenajes de federaciones de boxeo como la catalana, pero la dictadura, a la que tanto había servido con su imagen y puños, le olvidó, y nunca le otorgó la Medalla al Mérito Deportivo, distinción con la que el régimen reconocía el esfuerzo de sus atletas.

Paradójicamente, tuvo que ser el gobierno democrático de Adolfo Suárez el que en febrero de 1979 le otorgó el galardón, cuando estaba ya muy enfermo y Urtain eclipsaba su recuerdo, como contó su hijo menor Juan en el programa Documentos, de RNE.

Un solitario final

En 1985, tras una larga enfermedad degenerativa, Uzcudun murió al calor de los suyos, pero lejos de la memoria pública. En aquellos momentos, mientras Rocky IV se convertía en la segunda película más taquillera del año, la consideración social del boxeo en España era pésima.

Los pocos que recordaban a Uzcudun lo asociaban a la dictadura, a un héroe deportivo y figura propagandística del franquismo. Un tiempo que superar. De algún modo, representaba lo que la democracia trataba de dejar atrás.

En 2025, después de 40 años de su muerte, su nombre apenas se conoce, pero su biografía demuestra que el deporte es una forma de hacer política. Su caso ilustra cómo los ídolos deportivos no son solo deportistas, sino espejos de la sociedad que los aclama, de sus contradicciones y de su selectiva memoria.

The Conversation

David Mota Zurdo no recibe salario, ni ejerce labores de consultoría, ni posee acciones, ni recibe financiación de ninguna compañía u organización que pueda obtener beneficio de este artículo, y ha declarado carecer de vínculos relevantes más allá del cargo académico citado.

ref. Paulino Uzcudun, de ídolo del boxeo a icono falangista y “juguete roto” – https://theconversation.com/paulino-uzcudun-de-idolo-del-boxeo-a-icono-falangista-y-juguete-roto-266909

Worried about turning 60? Science says that’s when many of us actually peak

Source: The Conversation – Global Perspectives – By Gilles E. Gignac, Associate Professor of Psychology, The University of Western Australia

As your youth fades further into the past, you may start to fear growing older.

But research my colleague and I have recently published in the journal Intelligence shows there’s also very good reason to be excited: for many of us, overall psychological functioning actually peaks between ages 55 and 60.

And knowing this highlights why people in this age range may be at their best for complex problem-solving and leadership in the workforce.

Different types of peaks

There’s plenty of research showing humans reach their physical peak in their mid-twenties to early thirties.

A large body of research also shows that people’s raw intellectual abilities – that is, their capacity to reason, remember and process information quickly – typically starts to decline from the mid-twenties onwards.

This pattern is reflected in the real world. Athletes tend to reach their career peak before 30. Mathematicians often make their most significant contributions by their mid-thirties. Chess champions are rarely at the top of their game after 40.

Yet when we look beyond raw processing power, a different picture emerges.

From reasoning to emotional stability

In our study, we focused on well-established psychological traits beyond reasoning ability that can be measured accurately, represent enduring characteristics rather than temporary states, have well-documented age trajectories, and are known to predict real-world performance.

Our search identified 16 psychological dimensions that met these criteria.

These included core cognitive abilities such as reasoning, memory span, processing speed, knowledge and emotional intelligence. They also included the so-called “big five” personality traits – extraversion, emotional stability, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and agreeableness.

We compiled existing large-scale studies examining the 16 dimensions we identified. By standardising these studies to a common scale, we were able to make direct comparisons and map how each trait evolves across the lifespan.

Peaking later in life

Several of the traits we measured reach their peak much later in life. For example, conscientiousness peaked around age 65. Emotional stability peaked around age 75.

Less commonly discussed dimensions, such as moral reasoning, also appear to peak in older adulthood. And the capacity to resist cognitive biases – mental shortcuts that can lead us to make irrational or less accurate decisions – may continue improving well into the 70s and even 80s.

When we combined the age-related trajectories of all 16 dimensions into a theoretically and empirically informed weighted index, a striking pattern emerged.

Overall mental functioning peaked between ages 55 and 60, before beginning to decline from around 65. That decline became more pronounced after age 75, suggesting that later-life reductions in functioning can accelerate once they begin.

Getting rid of age-based assumptions

Our findings may help explain why many of the most demanding leadership roles in business, politics, and public life are often held by people in their fifties and early sixties. So while several abilities decline with age, they’re balanced by growth in other important traits. Combined, these strengths support better judgement and more measured decision-making – qualities that are crucial at the top.

Despite our findings, older workers face greater challenges re-entering the workforce after job losses. To some degree, structural factors may shape hiring decisions. For example, employers may see hiring someone in their mid-fifties as a short-term investment if retirement at 60 is likely.

In other cases, some roles have mandatory retirement ages. For example, International Civil Aviation Organisation sets a global retirement age of 65 for international airline pilots. Many countries also require air traffic controllers to retire between 56 and 60. Because these jobs demand high levels of memory and attention, such age limits are often considered justifiable.

However, people’s experiences vary.

Research has found that while some adults show declines in reasoning speed and memory, others also maintain these abilities well into later life.

Age alone, then, doesn’t determine overall cognitive functioning. So evaluations and assessments should focus on individuals’ actual abilities and traits rather than age-based assumptions.

A peak, not a countdown

Taken together, these findings highlight the need for more age-inclusive hiring and retention practices, recognising that many people bring valuable strengths to their work in midlife.

Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species at 50. Ludwig van Beethoven, at 53 and profoundly deaf, premiered his Ninth Symphony. In more recent times, Lisa Su, now 55, led computer company Advanced Micro Devices through one of the most dramatic technical turnarounds in the industry.

History is full of people who reached their greatest breakthroughs well past what society often labels as “peak age”. Perhaps it’s time we stopped treating midlife as a countdown and started recognising it as a peak.

The Conversation

Gilles E. Gignac does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Worried about turning 60? Science says that’s when many of us actually peak – https://theconversation.com/worried-about-turning-60-science-says-thats-when-many-of-us-actually-peak-267215

AI systems and humans ‘see’ the world differently – and that’s why AI images look so garish

Source: The Conversation – Global Perspectives – By T.J. Thomson, Senior Lecturer in Visual Communication & Digital Media, RMIT University

Andres Aleman/Unsplash

How do computers see the world? It’s not quite the same way humans do.

Recent advances in generative artificial intelligence (AI) make it possible to do more things with computer image processing. You might ask an AI tool to describe an image, for example, or to create an image from a description you provide.

As generative AI tools and services become more embedded in day-to-day life, knowing more about how computer vision compares to human vision is becoming essential.

My latest research, published in Visual Communication, uses AI-generated descriptions and images to get a sense of how AI models “see” – and discovered a bright, sensational world of generic images quite different from the human visual realm.

This image features a pixelated selfie featuring an individual with long brown hair and a fringe. The person has their tongue out and is smiling too. Most of the parts of the image are pixelated with red and yellow squares focusing on certain parts of the
Algorithms see in a very different way to humans.
Elise Racine / Better Images of AI / Emotion: Joy, CC BY

Comparing human and computer vision

Humans see when light waves enter our eyes through the iris, cornea and lens. Light is converted into electrical signals by a light-sensitive surface called the retina inside the eyeball, and then our brains interpret these signals into images we see.

Our vision focuses on key aspects such as colour, shape, movement and depth. Our eyes let us detect changes in the environment and identify potential threats and hazards.

Computers work very differently. They process images by standardising them, inferring the context of an image through metadata (such as time and location information in an image file), and comparing images to other images they have previously learned about. Computers focus on things such as edges, corners or textures present in the image. They also look for patterns and try to classify objects.

A screenshot of a CAPTCHA test asking a user to select all images with a bus.
Solving CAPTCHAs helps prove you’re human and also helps computers learn how to ‘see’.
CAPTCHA

You’ve likely helped computers learn how to “see” by completing online CAPTCHA tests.

These are typically used to help computers differentiate between humans and bots. But they’re also used to train and improve machine learning algorithms.

So, when you’re asked to “select all the images with a bus”, you’re helping software learn the difference between different types of vehicles as well as proving you’re human.

Exploring how computers ‘see’ differently

In my new research, I asked a large language model to describe two visually distinct sets of human-created images.

One set contained hand-drawn illustrations while the other was made up of camera-produced photographs.

I fed the descriptions back into an AI tool and asked it to visualise what it had described. I then compared the original human-made images to the computer-generated ones.

The resulting descriptions noted the hand-drawn images were illustrations but didn’t mention the other images as being photographs or having a high level of realism. This suggests AI tools see photorealism as the default visual style, unless specifically prompted otherwise.

Cultural context was largely devoid from the descriptions. The AI tool either couldn’t or wouldn’t infer cultural context by the presence of, for example, Arabic or Hebrew writing in the images. This underscores the dominance of some languages, like English, in AI tools’ training data.

While colour is vital to human vision, it too was largely ignored in the AI tools’ image descriptions. Visual depth and perspective were also largely ignored.

The AI images were more boxy than the hand-drawn illustrations, which used more organic shapes.

Two similar but different black and white illustrations of a bookshelf on wheels.
The AI-generated images were much more boxy than the hand-drawn illustrations, which used more organic shapes and had a different relationship between positive and negative space.
Left: Medar de la Cruz; right: ChatGPT

The AI images were also much more saturated than the source images: they contained brighter, more vivid colours. This reveals the prevalence of stock photos, which tend to be more “contrasty”, in AI tools’ training data.

The AI images were also more sensationalist. A single car in the original image became one of a long column of cars in the AI version. AI seems to exaggerate details not just in text but also in visual form.

A photo of people with guns driving through a desert and a generated photorealistic image of several cars containing peopl with guns driving through a desert.
The AI-generated images were more sensationalist and contrasty than the human-created photographs.
Left: Ahmed Zakot; right: ChatGPT

The generic nature of the AI images means they can be used in many contexts and across countries. But the lack of specificity also means audiences might perceive them as less authentic and engaging.

Deciding when to use human or computer vision

This research supports the notion that humans and computers “see” differently. Knowing when to rely on computer or human vision to describe or create images can be a competitive advantage.

While AI-generated images can be eye-catching, they can also come across as hollow upon closer inspection. This can limit their value.

Images are adept at sparking an emotional reaction and audiences might find human-created images that authentically reflect specific conditions as more engaging than computer-generated attempts.

However, the capabilities of AI can make it an attractive option for quickly labelling large data sets and helping humans categorise them.

Ultimately, there’s a role for both human and AI vision. Knowing more about the opportunities and limits of each can help keep you safer, more productive, and better equipped to communicate in the digital age.

The Conversation

T.J. Thomson receives funding from the Australian Research Council. He is an affiliate with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision Making & Society.

ref. AI systems and humans ‘see’ the world differently – and that’s why AI images look so garish – https://theconversation.com/ai-systems-and-humans-see-the-world-differently-and-thats-why-ai-images-look-so-garish-260178

Your body can be a portable gym: how to ditch membership fees and expensive equipment

Source: The Conversation – Global Perspectives – By Dan van den Hoek, Senior Lecturer, Clinical Exercise Physiology, University of the Sunshine Coast

monika kabise JeCVBSpS xU unsplash Monika Kabise/Unsplash

You don’t need a gym membership, dumbbells, or expensive equipment to get stronger.

Since the beginning of time, we’ve had access to the one piece of equipment that is essential for strength training – our own bodies.

Strength training without the use of external forces and equipment is called “bodyweight training”.

From push-ups and squats to planks and chin-ups, bodyweight training has become one of the most popular ways to exercise because it can be done anywhere – and it’s free.

So, what is it, why does it work and how do you get started?

A man attempts a chin-up on a metal bar in a park outside

Lawrence Crayton/Unsplash

What is bodyweight training?

Bodyweight training simply means you use your own body weight as resistance, instead of external weights such as barbells and dumbbells.

Common exercises include push-ups, squats, lunges and sit-ups.

But bodyweight training can also use static holds that challenge your body without moving, like planks or yoga poses.

Bodyweight training can be used for any muscle group. Typically, we can break down the exercises by movement type and/or body region:

  • upper body: push-ups, pull-ups, handstands
  • lower body: squats, lunges, step-ups, glute bridges
  • core: sit-ups, planks, mountain climbers
  • whole body: burpees, bear crawls, jump squats.

Bodyweight training can also be done with equipment: calisthenics is a style of bodyweight training that uses bars, rings and outdoor gyms.

What are the main forms?

Types of bodyweight training include:

  • calisthenics: often circuit-based (one exercise after another with minimal rest), dynamic and whole-body focused. Calisthenics is safe and effective for improving functional strength, power and speed, especially for older adults
  • yoga: more static or flowing poses with an emphasis on flexibility and balance. Yoga is typically safe and effective for managing and preventing musculoskeletal injuries and supporting mental health
  • Tai Chi: slower, more controlled movements, often with an emphasis on balance, posture and mindful movement
  • suspension training: using straps or rings so your body can be supported in different positions while using gravity and your own bodyweight for resistance. This type or training is suitable for older adults through to competitive athletes
  • resistance bands: although not strictly bodyweight only, resistance bands are a portable, low-cost alternative to traditional weights. They are safe and effective for improving strength, balance, speed and physical function.

What are the pros and cons?

There are various pros and cons to bodyweight exercises.

Pros:

  • builds strength: a 2025 meta-analysis of 102 studies in 4,754 older adults (aged 70 on average) found bodyweight training led to substantial strength gains – which were no different from those with free weights or machines. These benefits aren’t just for older adults, though. Using resistance bands with your bodyweight workout can be as effective as traditional training methods across diverse populations
  • boosts aerobic fitness: a 2021 study showed as little as 11 minutes of bodyweight exercises three times per week was effective for improving aerobic fitness
  • accessible and free: bodyweight training avoids common barriers to exercise such as access to equipment and facilities, which means it can be done anywhere, without a gym membership
  • promotes functional movement: exercises like squats and push-ups mimic everyday actions like rising from a chair or getting up from the floor.

Cons:

  • difficulty progressing over time: typically, we can add weight to an exercise to increase difficulty. For bodyweight training, you need to be creative, such as slowing your tempo or progressing to unilateral (one-sided or single-limb) movements
  • plateau risk: heavy external loads are more effective than bodyweight training for increasing maximal strength. This means if you stick to bodyweight training alone, your strength gains are more likely to plateau than if you use machines or free weights.

Tips for getting started (safely)

As with any form of exercise, it’s always best to speak to a medical professional before starting.

If you are ready to get going, here’s some tips:

  • start small: pick simple moves to begin and progress them as you gain strength, confidence and experience
  • focus on form: think quality over quantity. Completing movements with good control and body position is more important than how many you can do with poor control
  • progress gradually: vary the number of sets or repetitions to make your exercise more challenging. You can progress the movements from easier (push-ups on your knees) to harder (decline push-ups) as you get stronger and need more of a challenge
  • mix it up: use a variety of types of bodyweight training as well as targeting different muscle groups and movements
  • seek guidance: reach out to your local exercise professionals or use apps like the Nike Training Club to help guide your planning and progress.

Bodyweight training means you don’t need expensive equipment to improve your health. Whether it’s squats in the park, push-ups at your children’s football game, or yoga at home, your body is a portable gym.

With consistency, creativity and time, bodyweight exercises can help you build strength and fitness.

The Conversation

Dan van den Hoek received research funding from Aus Active (2024) and is a member of Exercise and Sports Science Australia.

Jackson Fyfe does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Your body can be a portable gym: how to ditch membership fees and expensive equipment – https://theconversation.com/your-body-can-be-a-portable-gym-how-to-ditch-membership-fees-and-expensive-equipment-264036

Flamingos are making a home in Florida again after 100 years – an ecologist explains why they may be returning for good

Source: The Conversation – USA – By Jerome Lorenz, Biology Researcher, Florida International University

Peaches, who was blown into Florida by Hurricane Idalia in 2023, was sighted in Mexico in June 2025. Kara Durda/Audubon Florida

Hurricane Idalia blew a flamboyance, or flock, of 300-400 flamingos that was likely migrating between the Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba off course in August 2023 and unceremoniously deposited the birds across a wide swath of the eastern United States, from Florida’s Gulf Coast all the way up to Wisconsin and east to Pennsylvania.

After Hurricane Idalia, more than 300 credible sightings of flamingos across the eastern U.S. were reported.
Audubon Florida

I’m an estuarine scientist. That means I study ecosystems where fresh water flows into the ocean. I’ve spent 35 years with Audubon Florida studying the ecology of American flamingos and other wading birds in Florida Bay, Everglades National Park. So naturally, I was thrilled and intrigued by the sudden arrival of these flamingos.

One of the birds was rescued in the Tampa area after nearly drowning in the Gulf of Mexico. His rescuers named him Peaches.

A colleague and I were able to place a GPS tracking device and a bright blue band around his spindly leg, with the code “US02” engraved in white letters.

A woman holds a flamingo while two men are trying to put a band on its leg.
Melissa Edwards, Avian Hospital Director at Seaside Seabird Sanctuary, holds Peaches still while Dr. Frank Ridgley of Zoo Miami and the author, Dr. Jerome Lorenz, place a band and GPS tracker on his leg. Dr. Lorenz has banded or supervised the banding of nearly 3,000 roseate spoonbills, but Peaches was his first and only flamingo to date.
Linda Lorenz

We were hoping to track his movements and see whether he ended up settling in Florida. Unfortunately, a few days after Peaches was released back into the wilds of Tampa Bay, the tracking device failed. His last reported sighting was on a beach near Marco Island on Oct. 5, 2023.

Then, in June 2025, I received an email from colleagues at the Rio Lagartos Biosphere Reserve in Yucatan, Mexico, who had photographed Peaches, blue band still in place, nesting in the reserve.

Peaches’ story is the latest piece in the historical puzzle of flamingos in Florida. Though the native population disappeared more than 100 years ago, recent events lead me to believe that flamingos may be coming back to the Sunshine State, and that their return has been facilitated by the concerted effort to restore the Everglades and coastal ecosystems.

Decimation of a population

In 1956, ornithologist and founder of the National Audubon’s Everglades Science Center Robert Porter Allen wrote “The Flamingos: Their Life History and Survival,” which is still considered a seminal document on the history of flamingos in Florida.

In his book, Allen cites several historical and scientific manuscripts from the 1800s that indicate flamboyances of hundreds to thousands were seen in the Everglades, Florida Bay and the Florida Keys.

Allen documents the demise of flamingos in the late 1800s, in Florida and throughout their Caribbean and Bahamian range. Like all wading birds in Florida, they fell victim to the women’s fashion trend of adorning hats with bird feathers. Wading bird feathers were literally worth their weight in gold.

Led by the National Association of Audubon Societies’ vocal opposition, the grassroots environmental movement that followed brought about laws prohibiting the hunting and sale of bird feathers. But enforcement of those laws in sparsely populated Florida was difficult, and on two occasions deputized Audubon wardens were murdered protecting wading bird nesting colonies.

Fortunately, within a few years, societal pressure turned the tide against the practice of wearing feathers. The passage of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918 officially ended the feather trade.

Given legal protection, most species managed to reestablish huge nesting populations in the Everglades by the 1930s-1940s, presumably migrating from remote populations in Central America and the Caribbean.

Flamingos, however, did not.

A long road to recovery

In 1956, 40 years after hunting had ended, Allen estimated flamingo populations were only about 25% of what they had been in the previous century, with numbers plummeting from 168,000 to 43,000 breeding adults. They nested in significant numbers at only four locations, compared to 29 historically.

Flamingos’ unique breeding behaviors and their longevity – they can live up to 50 years in the wild – may account for their struggle to bounce back. Other Florida wading birds can nest multiple times a year at different locations, laying three to five eggs at a time.

Flamingos, on the other hand, nest only once a year, generally returning to the same location year after year, and lay only one egg. Furthermore, they prefer forming huge nesting colonies, with thousands of nests, in part due to their elaborate group courtship rituals.

Reason to hope

As a result of their rarity from the 1950s to 1980s, scientists – including myself – believed that any flamingos sighted intermittently around Florida were not wild birds but rather escapees from captive populations.

The largest flock observed in the state between 1930 and 1976 was 14 birds spotted in Biscayne Bay in 1934, on the day after Hialeah Race Track in Miami imported a group of about 30 flamingos. The track’s owners had failed to pinion the birds, and they simply flew away upon release.

But my opinion began to change in 2002, when a flamingo that was banded as a chick at Rio Lagartos was photographed in Florida Bay. In 2012, a second bird from Rio Lagartos was photographed.

By that time, I had observed flamingos in Florida Bay on several occasions, including larger flamboyances of 24 and 64 individuals. Although I still thought the majority of these flocks were escapees, the banded birds provided some evidence that at least a few wild flamingos were starting to spend time in Florida.

Then in 2015, my colleagues put a tracking device on a flamingo they had captured at the Key West Naval Air Station. Conchy, as we called him, was given the blue band US01 and released in Florida Bay in December 2015.

He lived in Florida Bay for two years, and the fact that he stayed for that long was proof to me that it was possible for flamingos to make a more permanent home in Florida.

Conchy was banded and given a GPS tracker by Dr. Frank Ridgley of Zoo Miami before being re-released into Florida Bay in 2015.

In 2018, several colleagues and I published a paper laying out both evidence from historical accounts and also previously overlooked evidence from museums that flamingos were native to Florida. We also presented new data from researchers and citizen science portals that strongly indicated that wild flamingo numbers were increasing in Florida. This suggested that the population might be finally recovering.

Call it a comeback

Fast-forward to today, and it appears that this slow comeback may finally have legs. Six months after Hurricane Idalia, my colleagues at Audubon Florida and I conducted a weeklong online survey of flamingo sightings in Florida.

We received more than 50 reputable observations. After sorting through these observations to remove duplicates, we concluded that at least 100 flamingos were left in the state.

Then in July 2025, a flock of 125 individuals was photographed in Florida Bay. Based on our observations, my colleagues and I believe that the flamingos that arrived with Idalia may be reestablishing a home in Florida.

Progress toward restoration

The question is, why now? The 24 flamingos I saw in 1992 and the 64 I saw in 2004 didn’t take up permanent residence in the state. So what’s changed?

To me, the answer is clear: Efforts to restore the Everglades and Florida’s coastal ecosystems are beginning to show progress.

When I arrived in the Keys in 1989, Florida Bay was undergoing an ecological collapse. A 1993 interagency report by the federal government found that a hundred years of draining, diking and rerouting the flows of the Everglades to create urban and agricultural lands had raised the salt content of the water, making it uninhabitable for many estuarine animals.

The report noted that the bay’s famous seagrass beds were undergoing a massive die-off, accompanied by algal blooms that depleted oxygen levels, thereby killing fish in large numbers. Mangrove trees were dying on its myriad islands, and birds that for decades had nested in them had disappeared.

These events kick-started Everglades restoration efforts, and in 2000 the U.S. Congress passed the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan with nearly unanimous bipartisan support. With a cost in the tens of billions of dollars, it was to be the largest and most expensive ecological restoration project the world has ever seen.

Today, the bay’s health is vastly improved from the condition I observe in the 1980s. Water flow has gotten better, and the salinity is back to appropriate levels to support wildlife.

In 2018 and 2021, more than 100,000 pairs of wading birds such as white ibis, wood storks and roseate spoonbills nested in the Everglades. These numbers hadn’t been seen since the 1940s. In the 1980s and 1990s, 20,000 nesting pairs was thought to be a banner year.

While the Everglades and Florida Bay are still a long way from full restoration, I believe that the return of flamingos such as Conchy and Peaches is evidence that these efforts are on the right track.

The Conversation

Jerome Lorenz has received funding from The Lynn and Louis Wolfson II Family Foundation, the Batchelor Foundation and the Ron Magill Conservation Endowment. He is retired from the National Audubon Society but still does some volunteer work for the Everglades Science Center.

ref. Flamingos are making a home in Florida again after 100 years – an ecologist explains why they may be returning for good – https://theconversation.com/flamingos-are-making-a-home-in-florida-again-after-100-years-an-ecologist-explains-why-they-may-be-returning-for-good-258658

Government shutdown hasn’t left US consumers glum about the economy – for now, at least

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Joanne Hsu, Research Associate Professor at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan

Economic clouds gathering? Perhaps not yet. Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images

The ongoing federal shutdown has resulted in a pause on regular government data releases, meaning economic data has been in short supply of late. That has left market-watchers and monetary policymakers somewhat in the dark over key indicators in the U.S. economy.

Fortunately, the University of Michigan’s Surveys of Consumers is unaffected by the impasse in Washington and released its preliminary monthly report on Oct. 10, 2025; the final read of the month will be released in two weeks.

The Conversation U.S. spoke with Joanne Hsu, the director of the Surveys of Consumers, on what the latest data shows about consumer sentiment – and whether the shutdown has left Americans feeling blue.

What is consumer sentiment?

Consumer sentiment is something that we at the University of Michigan have measured since 1946. It looks at American attitudes toward the current state of the economy and the future direction of the economy through questions on personal finances, business conditions and buying conditions for big-ticket items.

Over the decades, it has been closely followed by policymakers, business leaders, academic researchers and investors as a leading indicator of the overall state of the economy.

When sentiment is on the decline, consumers tend to pull back on spending – and that can lead to a slowdown in the economy. The opposite is also true: High or rising sentiment tends to lead to increased spending and a growing economy.

How is the survey compiled?

Every month, we interview a random sample of the U.S. population across the 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia. Around 1,000 or so people take part in it every month, and we include a representative sample across ages, income, education level, demography and geography. People from across all walks of life are asked around 50 questions pertaining to the economy, personal finances, job prospects, inflation expectations and the like.

When you aggregate that all together, it gives a useful measure of the health of the U.S. economy.

What does the latest survey show?

The latest survey shows virtually no change in overall sentiment between September and October. Consumers are not feeling that optimistic at the moment, but generally no worse than they were last month.

Pocketbook issues – high prices of goods, inflation and possible weakening in the labor market – are suppressing sentiment. Views of consumers across the country converged earlier in the year when the Trump administration’s tariffs were announced. But since then, higher-wealth and higher-income consumers have reported improved consumer sentiment. It is for lower-income Americans – those not owning stock – that sentiment hasn’t lifted since April.

In October, we also saw a slight decline in inflation expectations, but it remains relatively high – midway between where they were around a year ago and the highs of around the time of the tariff announcements in April and May.

Has the government shutdown affected consumer sentiment?

The government shutdown was in place for around half the time of the latest survey period, which ran from Sept. 23-Oct. 6, 2025. And so far, we are not seeing evidence that it is impacting consumer sentiment one way or another.

And that is not super-surprising. It is not that people don’t care about the shutdown, just that it hasn’t affected how they see the economy and their personal finances yet.

History shows that federal shutdowns do move the needle a little. In 2019, around 10% of people spontaneously mentioned the then-shutdown in the January survey. We saw a decline in sentiment in that month, but it did improve again the following month.

Looking back, we tend to see stronger reaction to shutdowns when there is a debt ceiling crisis attached. In 2013, for example, there was a decline in consumer sentiment coinciding with concerns over the debt ceiling being breached. But it did quickly rebound when the government opened again.

Whether or not we see a decline in sentiment because of the current shutdown depends on how long it lasts – and how consumers believe it will impact pocketbook issues, namely prices and job prospects.

The Conversation

Joanne Hsu receives research funding from NIA, NIH, and various sponsors of the University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers.

ref. Government shutdown hasn’t left US consumers glum about the economy – for now, at least – https://theconversation.com/government-shutdown-hasnt-left-us-consumers-glum-about-the-economy-for-now-at-least-267264

New president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints inherits a global faith far more diverse than many realize

Source: The Conversation – USA (3) – By Brittany Romanello, Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of Arkansas

Missionary Sayon Ang holds up a sign signifying she speaks Cambodian during the twice-annual conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on Oct. 4, 2014, in Salt Lake City. AP Photo/Kim Raff

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has spent the past few weeks in a moment of both mourning and transition. On Sept. 28, 2025, a shooting and arson at a Latter-day Saints meetinghouse in Michigan killed four people and wounded eight more. What’s more, Russell M. Nelson, president of the church, died the day before at age 101. Dallin H. Oaks, the longest-serving of the church’s top leaders, was announced the new president on Oct. 14.

Oaks will inherit leadership of a religious institution that is both deeply American and increasingly global – diversity at odds with the way it’s typically represented in mainstream media, from “The Secret Life of Mormon Wives” to “The Book of Mormon” Broadway musical.

As a cultural anthropologist and ethnographer, I research Latter-day Saints communities across the United States, particularly Latina immigrants and young adults. When presenting my research, I’ve noticed that many people still closely associate the church with Utah, where its headquarters are located.

An ornate white building with a tall spire, and green mountains in the background.
The Latter-day Saints temple in Cochabamba, Bolivia, was dedicated in 2000.
Parallelepiped09/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

The church has played a pivotal role in Utah’s history and culture. Today, though, only 42% of its residents are members. The stereotype of Latter-day Saints as mostly white, conservative Americans is just one of many long-standing misconceptions about LDS communities and beliefs.

Many people are surprised to learn there are vibrant congregations far from the American West’s “Mormon Corridor.” There are devout Latter-day Saints everywhere from Ghana and the United Arab Emirates to Russia and mainland China.

Global growth

Joseph Smith founded The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in upstate New York in 1830 and immediately sent missionaries to preach along the frontier. The first overseas missionaries traveled to England in 1837.

Shortly after World War II, church leaders overhauled their missionary approach to increase the number of international missions. This strategy led to growth across the globe, especially in Central America, South America and the Pacific Islands.

Today, the church has over 17.5 million members, according to church records. A majority live outside the U.S., spread across more than 160 countries.

One way the church and researchers track this global growth is by construction of new temples.These buildings, used not for weekly worship but special ceremonies like weddings, were once almost exclusively located in the United States. Today, they exist in dozens of countries, from Argentina to Tonga.

During Nelson’s presidency, which began in 2018, he announced 200 new temples, more than any of his predecessors. Temples are a physical and symbolic representation of the church’s commitment to being a global religion, although cultural tensions remain.

Two men in suits walk by a large map of the world framed on the wall of a hallway.
Two missionaries for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints walk through the Missionary Training Center in Provo, Utah, in 2008.
AP Photo/George Frey

Among U.S. members, demographics are also shifting. Seventy-two percent of American members are white, down from 85% in 2007, according to the Pew Research Center. Growing numbers of Latinos – 12% of U.S. members – have played a significant role sustaining congregations across the country.

There are congregations in every U.S. state, including the small community of Grand Blanc, Michigan, site of the tragic shooting. Suspect Thomas Jacob Sanford, who was fatally shot by police, had gone on a recent tirade against Latter-day Saints during a conversation with a local political candidate.

In the following days, an American member of the church raised hundreds of thousands of dollars for Sanford’s family.

Growing pains

Despite the church’s diversity, its institutional foundations remain firmly rooted in the United States. The top leadership bodies are still composed almost entirely of white men, and most are American-born.

As the church continues to grow, questions arise about how well the norms of a Utah-based church fit the realities of members in Manila or Mexico City, Bangalore or Berlin. How much room is there, even in U.S. congregations, for local cultural expressions of faith?

Latino Latter-day Saints and members in Latin America, for example, have faced pushback against cultural traditions that were seen as distinctly “not LDS,” such as making altars and giving offerings during Dia de los Muertos. In 2021, the church launched a Spanish-language campaign using Day of the Dead imagery to increase interest among Latinos. Many members were happy to see this representation. Still, some women I spoke with said that an emphasis on whiteness and American nationalism, as well as anti-immigrant rhetoric they’d heard from other members, deterred them from fully celebrating their cultures.

A couple dressed nicely and holding hands walks by a large portrait of Jesus, portrayed as a bearded white man, inside a large hallway.
People attend the twice-annual conference of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on April 6, 2024, in Salt Lake City.
AP Photo/Rick Bowmer

Even aesthetic details, like musical styles, often reflect a distinctly American model. The standardized hymnal, for example, contains patriotic songs like “America the Beautiful.” This emphasis on American culture can feel especially out of sync in places in countries with high membership rates that have histories of U.S. military or political interventions.

Expectations about clothing and physical appearance, too, have prompted questions about representation, belonging and authority. It was only in 2024, for instance, that the church offered members in humid areas sleeveless versions of the sacred garments Latter-day Saints wear under clothing as a reminder of their faith.

Historically, the church viewed tattoos as taboo – a violation of the sanctity of the body. Many parts of the world have thousands of years of sacred tattooing traditions – including Oceania, which has high rates of church membership.

Change ahead?

Among many challenges, the next president of the church will navigate how to lead a global church from its American headquarters – a church that continues to be misunderstood and stereotyped, sometimes to the point of violence.

A white building in the distance, with palm trees and a clear reflecting pool in the foreground.
The temple in Laie, Hawaii, opened in the early 1900s, making it one of the church’s oldest.
Kaveh/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA

The number of Latter-day Saints continues to grow in many parts of the world, but this growth brings a greater need for cultural sensitivity. The church, historically very uniform in its efforts to standardize Latter-day Saints history, art and teachings, is finding that harder to maintain when congregations span dozens of countries, languages, customs and histories.

Organizing the church like a corporation, with a top-down decision-making process, can also make it difficult to address painful racial histories and the needs of marginalized groups, like LGBTQ+ members.

The transition in leadership offers an opportunity not only for the church but for the broader public to better understand the multifaceted, global nature of Latter-day Saints’ lives today.

This article has been updated with Dallin Oaks officially named president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints on Oct. 14.

The Conversation

Brittany Romanello does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. New president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints inherits a global faith far more diverse than many realize – https://theconversation.com/new-president-of-the-church-of-jesus-christ-of-latter-day-saints-inherits-a-global-faith-far-more-diverse-than-many-realize-266337