“Everyone wakes up briefly numerous times during the night, but these awakenings are generally so brief that we don’t notice them,” Drerup said. “When someone is under more stress or anxiety, instead of drifting back to sleep immediately, their mind notices or latches on to one of those thoughts or worries, turning what would have been a normal ‘micro-arousal’ into feeling alert.”
Additionally, when typical distractions of the day fade away, the brain has more bandwidth to revisit any unfinished business, says Dr Simon Rego, chief of psychology at Montefiore Medical Centre in New York City.
When you fall asleep, the thinking part of the brain — the prefrontal cortex — quiets down, but during late-night sleep, the brain’s alarm system, known as the amygdala, is active, says Dr Leah Kaylor, a clinical psychologist in St. Petersburg, Florida. Kaylor is also a sleep specialist for the FBI and author of If Sleep Were a Drug: The Science of Sleep Optimisation .
Soothing yourself to sleep
Just as each person has a personal trigger for nighttime rumination, there isn’t a one-size-fits-all solution for this issue, Drerup says. But she and other experts do have some practices from which you can choose.
One is cognitive shuffling , Kaylor says, which involves mentally conjuring up random, impersonal and nonemotionally charged words. For each letter of your chosen word, you think of as many corresponding words as you can for five to eight seconds each before moving to the next letter.
For the word “piano,” for example, you might think “Pear, parachute, pirouette … Item, intention, igloo …” and so on. Cognitive shuffling works, usually within five to 15 minutes, by distracting the brain from stress and mimicking fragmented, nonlinear thought patterns that typically occur in the transition into sleep.
Sensory grounding anchors your attention to the physical world instead of mental stories, Kaylor says. Count five things you can feel, for example, or one thing you can feel, one you smell, one you taste, one you hear and one you see.
Mental “walk-throughs” can also work, she said. Imagine walking through an old apartment, a childhood street or a grocery store aisle. “Familiar but neutral imagery calms the brain,” she says.
Breathwork is a common stress reliever, and there are many forms — including deep breathing, 4-7-8 breathing and progressive muscle relaxation . Counting down from 200 or so is also often helpful for some.
Quickly putting your thoughts on paper can help, since you may then feel confident that you can handle the problem tomorrow and more successfully push it out of your brain.
But doing so doesn’t work for everyone, especially if you know the issue isn’t easily fixable — so Drerup recommends journaling about your thoughts and next steps hours before bedtime to train your brain to process stress earlier instead of defaulting to nighttime.
If none of these strategies work within 15 to 20 minutes, get out of bed and do something soothing until you feel sleepy again, experts said. That could be listening to a calming podcast or playlist , reading a book, doing a puzzle or folding laundry, Rego and Drerup say.
Limiting the time you stay in bed helps prevent a learned association between your bed and anxiety , Drerup says.
That’s important since having a foundational awareness that nighttime awakenings are normal, trusting that your body knows how to fall back to sleep and decreasing the fear associated with waking up are critical. For that reason, don’t keep checking the clock — knowing the time will most likely only stress you out more.
Take account of your daily habits
That journaling tip may need to be part of a regular daytime stress management tool kit that might be missing from your life, causing nighttime anxiety. That tool kit can include exercise, time outdoors, meditation and scheduled “worry time,” both Rego and Kaylor say.
Also, consider your general sleep routine and other habits. Maybe you’re being woken up because you’re too hot, while a room temperature of around 18 to 19 degrees Celsius is best for sleep, Kaylor says.
And while drinking alcohol may help you fall asleep, it interferes with staying asleep . Presleep screen time is also disruptive, especially if the content you’re looking at is stressful or exciting.
When you need to see a doctor
You may need to see a doctor about your racing thoughts if they are waking you up three or more nights weekly for three or more months; if they or their impact on your sleep are interfering with your work, mood, memory or other daytime functioning; if you’re always dreading bedtime; or if you feel unsafe, Kaylor says.
“There are several evidence-based treatments for nighttime stress, including cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia ,” Drerup says. The therapy also targets rumination and unhelpful beliefs about sleep.
Mindfulness-based therapies, cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety, trauma-focused therapies, and acceptance and commitment therapy for insomnia are also effective, depending on your root issue, experts said.
For mild cases, Kaylor says, experts sometimes recommend the supplements magnesium glycinate or L-theanine, an amino acid that helps reduce stress and promote calm. Even though supplements are available over the counter, you should talk to a doctor before trying them in case they don’t mix well with any medications you’re taking.
Sleep medications — such as the antidepressants doxepin or trazodone or certain nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics — can be helpful short-term, Kaylor said. But long-term use may lead to dependence, withdrawal or diminished natural sleep drive, Kaylor says.
“Some people do safely use long-term medication under medical supervision,” she said, “but it should be a carefully monitored plan, not a first-line strategy.”
