Quand la pratique médicale perpétue des stéréotypes hérités du racisme scientifique des XVIIIᵉ et XIXᵉ siècles

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Élodie Edwards-Grossi, PhD, Associate Professor in Sociology and American Studies, Université Paris Dauphine – PSL

Au XVIIIᵉ puis au XIXᵉ siècle, des scientifiques et des médecins théorisaient une supposée supériorité des personnes blanches, en s’appuyant sur des critères biologiques. Dans le Racisme scientifique et médical (éditions PUF, 2026), Élodie Edwards-Grossi (Université Paris Dauphine-PSL/Institut universitaire de France) et Delphine Peiretti-Courtis (Aix-Marseille Université) expliquent comment, aujourd’hui, la pratique médicale perpétue des stéréotypes et biais raciaux hérités de ces thèses qui nuisent à la prise en charge en santé des personnes racisées. Extraits.


Le 26 décembre 2024, un député français d’extrême droite partageait, sur le réseau social X (anciennement Twitter), une carte censée représenter le Quotient Intellectuel moyen par pays, qui rappelait en tout point les procédés classificatoires du XIXe siècle.

Ce planisphère révèle toute la prégnance et les permanences, à l’heure actuelle, de la ferveur taxinomique et du racisme scientifique nés aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles, et pose la question de ses ramifications avec la sphère politique.

La notion de « race » relayée sur les réseaux sociaux

Relayée auprès d’un large public francophone par ce député, cette carte avait déjà été abondamment relayée sur les réseaux sociaux en 2019. Elle avait même suscité la création d’un mot-clé « #carte QI », utilisé pour donner une grande visibilité à ces théories.

Cette carte est, hélas, loin d’être la seule occurrence de diffusion de croyances biologisantes et hiérarchisantes à propos de la notion de « race » sur Internet, comme en témoignent de nombreux articles de vulgarisation scientifique, émettant l’idée, pour le grand public, que cette catégorie pourrait, à nouveau, être appréhendée avec la génétique.

Analyser les résurgences actuelles du racisme scientifique

Dans ce contexte, les théories racistes empreintes d’un réalisme biologique recouvrent une fonction sociale et politique bien particulière : celle de la légitimation de courants et d’idéologies inégalitaires, qui, pour exister, doivent avant tout s’appuyer sur l’idée que la déshumanisation d’une partie de la population est la résultante de caractéristiques naturelles et inébranlables, ancrées dans les corps et les esprits de ces mêmes individus.

Le racisme scientifique, à travers le déploiement du réalisme biologique, propose ainsi une caution non négligeable à des programmes politiques façonnant les inégalités. Il revêt une double fonction : il est à la fois le produit et le levier de l’ordre social raciste dans lequel il est façonné, et sans cesse réactivé, tout en fournissant à ses partisans les justifications de son maintien.

Dans quels contextes politiques et géographiques les théories et pratiques qui constituent le racisme scientifique et médical apparaissent-elles ? Pouvons-nous relever des systématicités dans les parcours de leurs auteurs ? Quels positionnements entretiennent-ils vis-à-vis de leurs pairs, des décisionnaires politiques, mais aussi du grand public ? Enfin, quelles résurgences pouvons-nous mettre en exergue ?

C’est précisément le sujet de l’ouvrage le Racisme scientifique et médical : ancré en histoire et en sociologie de la connaissance, celui-ci propose de documenter les modalités de production et de circulation du racisme scientifique et médical et leurs réappropriations sociales et politiques.

Quand les corps et les esprits des personnes racisées sont infériorisés

La notion de racisme scientifique et médical recouvre a priori de nombreuses théories et pratiques. Des historiens ayant travaillé de manière pionnière sur le sujet, tels Claude Blanckaert ou Stephen Jay Gould, ont décrit le racisme scientifique comme l’ensemble des théories et pratiques se réclamant de différents champs scientifiques (on peut citer la biologie, la psychologie, la génétique, l’anthropologie, etc.) proposant une définition altérisant, et infériorisant, les corps et les esprits des personnes racisées.

Présentées comme « scientifiques » par leurs instigateurs et leurs soutiens, ces théories établissent, dans le même temps, la supposée supériorité tacite ou explicite des personnes blanches en utilisant les mêmes critères corporels ou mentaux variés : le QI, la taille des crânes, l’intelligence sont autant de points qui reviennent dans ces études suggérant l’infériorité des uns au profit de la primauté des autres. Ces écrits ont été produits et ont circulé dans des contextes politiques épars et révèlent une forte porosité quant aux liens entre science et politique.

Un fait social contemporain qui touche le champ médical

Réinsérer la question du racisme scientifique et médical dans une approche critique des rapports sociaux de race, grâce à un dialogue transdisciplinaire entre sciences sociales et sciences historiques, c’est comprendre comment les artisans du racisme scientifique bénéficient d’un besoin de méconnaissance pour voir advenir leurs théories. Pour exister, ces théories ont besoin d’un vide épistémologique qui s’inscrit dans une histoire longue de la production de l’ignorance.

Cette production de l’ignorance a largement été produite par l’appareil étatique qui se refusait, et se refuse encore, à produire une analyse rigoureuse des rapports sociaux de race. Celle-ci permettrait notamment de mettre à mal les croyances et itérations, toujours présentes, de la race comme catégorie d’analyse biologique malgré son invalidation dans la deuxième moitié du XXe siècle.

Nous souhaitons insister sur le fait que le racisme scientifique et médical est bien un fait social contemporain, débordant du cadre historique que nous nous proposons d’étudier dans cet ouvrage : bien que l’autorité médicale cherche à entrer dans un rapport d’exceptionnalisme de son champ, le champ médical n’est pas exempt des rapports sociaux qui le modèlent.

Des effets sur les trajectoires de vie des individus

La question des tissages historiques et des résurgences du racisme scientifique et médical est ainsi capitale : loin d’avoir disparu, celui-ci a parcouru les époques et produit un effet encore conséquent.

À titre d’exemple, en décembre 2024, plusieurs quotidiens régionaux rapportèrent qu’une femme racisée avait accouché, sans prise en charge, sur le parking d’un hôpital à Dijon, en Côte d’Or, malgré ses appels à l’aide. L’un des journalistes relatant l’événement avait titré son article « On la refuse aux urgences : cette femme a dû accoucher dans le parking (et ça en dit long sur les préjugés racistes) ». Mettant en lien la mise en danger de cette femme et la longue histoire du syndrome méditerranéen en France, cet article souligne la manière dont des stéréotypes de résistance à la douleur des personnes racisées, formulés dès le XIXe siècle ont pu être transmis et rester vivaces jusqu’à nos jours.

De tels stéréotypes préfigurent bien la manière dont le racisme scientifique et médical produit un effet concret sur les trajectoires de vie et de mort des individus. Pour reprendre les mots toujours aussi actuels de Colette Guillaumin, autrice pionnière dans le champ des études sur le racisme en France, cet exemple met en relief « la réalité de la “race”. Cela n’existe pas. Cela pourtant produit des morts ». Les inégalités et différences de prises en charge de santé du fait de la subsistance de biais raciaux en médecine produisent une mise en danger différentielle et accrue des corps racisés. Ainsi, de cette manière, le racisme scientifique et médical peut être vu comme l’une des facettes matérielles, concrètes et opérantes du racisme structurel.

Stéréotypes, biais et pratiques discriminatoires

Partant du principe que la classe sociale ou les facteurs socio-économiques ne peuvent pas expliquer l’ensemble des trajectoires de soins de ces personnes, le concept de racisme médical s’intéresse par exemple aux biais présents et passés qui modèlent les représentations et les pratiques des médecins et psychiatres, majoritairement issus du groupe dominant blanc envers leurs patients et patientes.

Ces biais ne sont pas la résultante d’actes de discriminations conscients et donc voulus : ils sont le fruit de l’accumulation de stéréotypes sur les corps racisés encore largement diffusés dans les salles de cours, dans les livres de médecine, mais aussi de l’agrégation d’allégations fausses, érigées en « données scientifiques » qui ont traversé les siècles, sans connaître une condamnation explicite, telle que la théorie du syndrome méditerranéen, qui consiste en la croyance erronée en une exagération de la douleur chez les personnes originaires du Maghreb et d’Afrique subsaharienne.

Ces théories, qui débouchent sur la formation de pratiques discriminatoires, entérinent des prescriptions médicamenteuses elles aussi différentielles qui ont pour résultante de nourrir chez la patientèle une certaine défiance à l’égard des médecins et de leurs institutions. Les patients et patientes choisissent parfois de ne plus faire confiance au personnel soignant, ou aux institutions les employant.

La médecine, instrument et vecteur de théories

Écrire de front sur le racisme scientifique, parfois vu comme seul objet historique, et le racisme médical nous semble important à plus d’un titre. Cela permet d’abord d’aller à l’encontre d’un récit exceptionnalisant qui viserait à mettre en exergue les spécificités du champ de la médecine (et de toutes ses spécialités, la chirurgie, la psychiatrie, la gynécologie, la cardiologie, la dermatologie, etc.) vis-à-vis du reste des sciences (sciences naturelles, biologie, pharmacie, etc.).

Les médecins acquièrent un statut sans précédent au cours du XVIIIe siècle, et plus encore durant le XIXe siècle, surnommé le siècle du scientisme. Producteurs de savoirs, ils sont également liés au pouvoir. Ce qui fait la spécificité de la médecine, et qui a notamment été mis en lumière par Michel Foucault par le biais du concept de biopouvoir, réside dans le rôle social et politique spécifique qu’elle détient, à l’instar de l’Église dans les siècles précédents.

En tant qu’experts des corps, des âmes, et donc des sociétés, les médecins s’arrogent la possibilité de statuer sur la normalité ou l’anormalité des corps, et sur ce qui constitue une différence ou une convergence humaine. En cela, la médecine devient le principal instrument et le vecteur de théories objectivant des différences corporelles présentées comme raciales.

C’est bien l’assignation d’une marque biologique à un groupe social donné qui produit la naturalisation de ce groupe, et radicalise, ainsi sa différence.

The Conversation

Élodie Edwards-Grossi a reçu des financements de l’Institut universitaire de France.

Delphine Peiretti-Courtis ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Quand la pratique médicale perpétue des stéréotypes hérités du racisme scientifique des XVIIIᵉ et XIXᵉ siècles – https://theconversation.com/quand-la-pratique-medicale-perpetue-des-stereotypes-herites-du-racisme-scientifique-des-xviii-et-xix-siecles-279004

La République islamique d’Iran va-t-elle survivre malgré tout ?

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Philippe Droz-Vincent, Professeur agrégé en sciences politiques et en relations internationales. Spécialiste du monde arabe, Sciences Po Grenoble – Université Grenoble Alpes

Sous le feu de Washington et de Tel-Aviv, abhorré par une grande partie de sa population, très affaibli économiquement, le régime iranien peut tenir à court terme s’il conserve le contrôle de ses forces de sécurité, qui écrasent toute velléité de révolte interne. À moyen terme, il lui faudra se réinventer et retrouver langue avec une société qui le déteste radicalement. Dans le cas contraire, il perdra pied.


La République islamique d’Iran (RII), dont on annonce depuis 1979 la chute imminente, est aujourd’hui à la croisée des chemins, à la merci des aviations américaine et israélienne.

Tel-Aviv affiche la volonté de détruire durablement le potentiel de nuisance iranien, voire la République islamique en tant que telle, son ennemi mortel. La lutte autrefois opérée à distance par des affrontements entre Israël et « l’axe de la résistance » (mehvar-e-moqawame) pro-iranien est désormais directe, à mort. Les buts de Donald Trump sont moins clairs : il n’a pas vraiment pris la peine de justifier l’intervention, lancée en pleines négociations sur le nucléaire, parlant de la nécessité de faire chuter le régime (regime change), sans hésiter à se contredire quand il découvre qu’il y aurait au sein du pouvoir de Téhéran des personnalités avec lesquelles il pourrait négocier une sortie du bourbier.

La réponse d’une RII très affaiblie depuis le 7 octobre 2023 dans ses capacités qu’elle considérait dissuasives face à Israël (tout particulièrement le Hezbollah libanais) ne consiste plus seulement, comme depuis 2024 (après l’attaque israélienne contre le consulat iranien à Damas), à frapper directement Israël par des vagues de missiles et de drones, mais aussi, désormais, au vu du défi existentiel auquel elle est confrontée, à répandre le chaos dans la région en s’en prenant aux monarchies arabes du golfe Persique, et à déstabiliser l’économie globale afin d’exercer une « pression maximale » sur Trump : les marchés pétrolier et financiers et le taux d’inflation sont des éléments auxquels le président américain est particulièrement sensible.

Cette réaction permettra-t-elle à la RII de surmonter la période critique qu’elle traverse actuellement ?

Les sources de survie d’un régime sont plutôt internes

L’un des aspects de la riposte de Téhéran consiste à modifier la perception américaine selon laquelle la RII serait au bord de l’effondrement et donc susceptible de subir un « changement de régime ». Ainsi, la nomination rapide d’un nouveau guide suprême à la suite de l’assassinat d’Ali Khamenei – en l’occurrence son fils Mojtaba – vise à afficher la solidité du système (nezam comme on dit en Iran).

Depuis le début des années 2000, on a pu observer, dans de nombreux pays autoritaires de la région, que la succession dynastique était une méthode éprouvée pour assurer la perpétuation du régime – que ces procédés soient couronnés de succès, comme en Syrie en 2000 avec l’arrivée de Bachar Al-Assad au pouvoir à la suite de son père, ou que d’autres tentatives aient tourné court mais aient été sérieusement envisagées (le Libyen Mouammar Kadhafi en 2009 avec Seif el-Islam, l’Égyptien Hosni Moubarak en 2010 avec Gamal, ou encore le Yéménite Ali Abdallah Saleh à la même époque avec Ahmed).

Mojtaba Khameinei était le chef de cabinet de son père, donc au fait des leviers du nezam et donc naturellement à même de le perpétuer – s’il est bien vivant.

De même, les démonstrations de contrôle dans les villes par les forces de sécurité, constatées par une rare équipe de CNN qui a été autorisée à entrer dans le pays ou par des vidéos envoyées courageusement par les Iraniens, visent à souligner la mainmise pérenne du régime.

La pression de Trump et de Nétanyahou sur la république islamique peut-elle alors, paradoxalement, sauver celle-ci ? Après tout, l’attaque irakienne puis la guerre Iran-Irak (1980-1988) ont sauvé la RII des affres de la guerre civile interne qui a suivi le succès de la révolution de 1979. La différence est cependant forte avec les années 1980. En 1979, à défaut d’autre option, bon nombre d’Iraniens s’étaient ralliés au clergé chiite militant mené par l’ayatollah Khomeini, y voyant une solution pour stabiliser le pays après le départ du Shah. La révolution bénéficiait d’un soutien populaire notable. En 2026, même si le régime cherche à se poser, comme il l’a déjà fait après les attaques israélo-américaines de juin 2025, comme le protecteur d’un pays agressé, il a perdu une large part de sa légitimité et de ses soutiens.

La société iranienne s’est révoltée à plusieurs reprises, avec une fréquence de plus en plus resserrée. Le régime a perdu le contact avec ses citoyens – un élément qu’il maintenait en tentant d’obtenir un taux de participation élevé lors d’élections toujours tronquées (selon une boutade iranienne, « il y avait liberté d’expression mais pas de liberté après l’expression »), organisées pour « choisir » parmi des candidats soigneusement sélectionnés par le système (nezam). En 2009, le truquage évident en faveur de la réélection à la présidence de Mahmoud Ahmadinejad avait d’ailleurs déjà déclenché une importante contestation, le Mouvement vert.

L’abstention a depuis signalé les limites de ce jeu, désormais remplacé par les révoltes à répétition en 2017, 2019, 2021 et sur lesquelles le régime a de plus en plus perdu le contrôle, en particulier avec le mouvement « Femme, Vie, Liberté » de 2022, fortement réprimé, puis celui de décembre 2025 qui a donné lieu à un massacre (de 5 000 à 30 000 morts), selon les sources.

La haine de la grande majorité de la population vis-à-vis du régime (symbolisée par le slogan « mort au dictateur », marg bar diktator, visant directement feu Khameinei) est bien le signe d’une coupure totale. La libération de la société iranienne semble cependant totalement contradictoire avec l’action combinée du gouvernement Nétanyahou et d’une administration américaine violente, brutale, hautaine, pleine d’hubris, voire de mépris et de racisme, qui a expliqué tout et son contraire, même si Trump a parlé, un temps, de venir à l’aide de la société en révolte.

On voit mal comment la révolte pourrait reprendre sous la pluie de bombes actuelle. Quelque part, la logique de tension introduite par Trump 2 depuis son arrivée, la première guerre de juin 2025 au milieu des négociations, puis sa reprise encore plus violente le 28 février 2026 offrent à la RII et à ses durs une échappatoire qui évite de poser les vraies questions… et confisquent ainsi la révolte.

Survie à tout prix du régime à court terme

Le régime a systématiquement laminé toute alternative crédible à lui-même sur la durée et les offensives de ses opposants les plus visibles, en tout cas à l’extérieur – les deux plus importants qui entendent saisir l’opportunité historique sont le fils de l’ancien empereur (Shah), Reza Pahlavi, et les Moudjahidines du peuple (mudjahidin-e-khalq), d’anciens rivaux mortels de 1979 des Khomeinistes (et qui ont révélé le programme nucléaire en 2002). En 1981, les Moudjahidines du peuple, soutiens de Khomeini au départ, avaient affronté les khomeinistes, donnant lieu à des massacres, à une répression tous azimuts… et à l’assassinat dans des attentats en représailles de la plupart des leaders de la RII.

Mais ces deux oppositions sont-elles vraiment une alternative crédible au-delà des réseaux sociaux et de symboles de contestation radicale, la première étant proche des milieux pro-israéliens et la seconde fortement décrédibilisée par son sectarisme et son alliance avec l’Irak durant la guerre ?

À court terme, le système (nezam) se maintiendra s’il garde le contrôle sur ses forces de sécurité alors que la politique israélienne consiste à les frapper systématiquement, de haut en bas, pour les désorganiser et les démotiver, et s’il conserve sa cohérence, alors que la corruption qui y règne est forte, renforcée sous les sanctions dans lesquelles seuls « ceux qui sont du système » (khodi) savent naviguer pour s’enrichir indûment.

Certes, et cela constitue une force sous la pression extérieure, le système iranien est très diffus, entre le guide, la présidence, le judiciaire, le Parlement, les religieux, l’armée, les pasdaran, chacun dépendant des autres. Le nezam, même s’il n’a pas anticipé l’ampleur des pertes par décapitation de ses élites, est construit pour éviter qu’une seule personnalité puisse le contrôler (et par corollaire négocier un « deal à la Delcy Rodriguez » comme au Venezuela).

Mais à moyen terme, tout dépendra quand même fondamentalement non pas de la pression extérieure mais de la capacité du nezam à trouver des compromis ou une solution bancale avec la société. Cela suppose que le nezam soit capable de se muer en une forme de République islamique 2.0 qui abandonnerait les évolutions choisies par Ali Khameinei lorsqu’il avait entamé après 2018 une mutation allant dans le sens de la limitation du pouvoir des élections (du républicanisme), pour pousser du côté de l’islamisme, ce qu’il nommait un « gouvernement islamique » (hukumat-e-islami) de domination totale sur la société. Ce projet de Khameinei s’est soldé par un échec, avec la sécularisation voire la laïcisation de la société iranienne.

De plus, tous ses autres choix stratégiques, en particulier assurer une « dissuasion » (par le programme de missiles, « l’axe de la résistance », le statut de puissance nucléaire au seuil) face à Israël et, pendant un moment, aux États-Unis (« voisins » en Irak et en Afghanistan), censée augmenter le coût d’une attaque contre l’Iran, ont également échoué : le Hezbollah et les autres « proxies » sont très affaiblis, le régime allié d’Assad en Syrie n’est plus, et les programmes balistique et nucléaire ont encaissé des coups sévères.

Pour autant, répétons-le, l’offensive militaire américano-israélienne peut ne pas mener au changement ardemment demandé depuis plus d’une dizaine d’années par la société iranienne, mais plutôt pousser le régime à se réorganiser, à faire le dos rond pendant l’offensive – la simple survie et les capacités de nuisance mettent en difficulté sur la durée la puissance américano-israélienne dans une guerre asymétrique – et ainsi lui permettre de rester en place, tout en continuant d’emprisonner la société iranienne. Vraisemblablement sous la direction des plus durs et des militaires (pasdaran) – s’ils ont encore les capacités de mener leurs politiques après les destructions systématiques de leurs capacités opérées par Israël et les États-Unis.

On l’aura compris : le destin de la République islamique est très ouvert sur le long terme mais, à court terme, l’intervention américano-israélienne ne semble pas de nature à aboutir à une libération de la société iranienne.

The Conversation

Philippe Droz-Vincent ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. La République islamique d’Iran va-t-elle survivre malgré tout ? – https://theconversation.com/la-republique-islamique-diran-va-t-elle-survivre-malgre-tout-279058

Groenland : le développement touristique, opportunité ou menace ?

Source: The Conversation – France in French (3) – By Marie-Noëlle Rimaud, Professeur associé, pôle marketing, Excelia

Touristes à Ofjord, dans le parc national du Nord-Est, Groenland, octobre 2014.
GRID-Arendal/Flickr, CC BY-NC

Si le Groenland se trouve depuis un an sous les feux de l’actualité du fait des récurrentes déclarations de Donald Trump, qui affirme vouloir l’annexer aux États-Unis, le territoire a également d’autres enjeux à gérer, à commencer par la gestion du tourisme. Fort de ses paysages spectaculaires et de l’attrait qu’exerce la culture inuit, le Groenland s’efforce de concilier accroissement des revenus générés par le tourisme et protection de ses atouts naturels et culturels face aux dangers d’un surtourisme.


Un dilemme majeur attend les Groenlandais en matière de tourisme dans les années à venir : développer résolument ce secteur… ou ne pas le faire, pour éviter ce que d’aucuns qualifient de « surtourisme ». Le Grand Nord a la cote et la construction d’aéroports capables d’accueillir des vols long courrier accentue les risques. Le géographe Rémy Knafou rappelait fort justement en 2023 que « la seule manière réellement opérationnelle de vouloir contrôler l’impact du tourisme dans des lieux peu ou pas habités est de ne pas s’y lancer ».

Jusqu’à tout récemment, en raison du climat nordique et de la nuit polaire, le tourisme se concentrait sur une courte période de l’année, de juin à fin août, et ne concernait que quelques sites emblématiques : essentiellement Ilulissat et son fjord glacé classé au patrimoine de l’Unesco, et la baie de Disko. Dès lors, le nombre de visiteurs étrangers était relativement limité : en 2023, il s’est élevé à 130 000 personnes.

Les détracteurs du tourisme craignent qu’avec la multiplication des vols directs (notamment entre Nuuk et New York), des développements touristiques exagérés fragilisent les milieux naturels et la qualité de vie locale et entraînent une folklorisation de la culture inuit. L’Organisation internationale du tourisme social alerte sur le risque, via le tourisme communautaire, de figer les identités locales dans une mise en scène artificielle, une image pittoresque généralement promue par les opérateurs touristiques étrangers.

Le réchauffement climatique perturbe déjà les modes de vie des communautés et des conflits d’usage pourraient apparaître autour des projets touristiques trop ambitieux, mal conçus, irrespectueux des coutumes ou des lieux.

Extrait du cas pédagogique Groenland KALAALLIT NUNAAT. Cliquer pour zoomer.
KALAALLIT NUNAAT

Comment réussir une transition touristique harmonieuse ?

Au-delà d’un plan, il semble pertinent d’encourager les autorités groenlandaises à poursuivre leurs réflexions par une identification des ressources naturelles patrimoniales. En plus des sites iconiques cités plus haut, il pourrait s’agir de la région de Kujataa (classée au patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco), le parc national du Nord-Est (réserve de biosphère), la faune et les paysages arctiques : l’inlandsis. Cette cartographie des ressources permettra de repérer les plus attractives, mais surtout les plus vulnérables, car rares et fragiles.

Visit Greenland, site web de promotion touristique appartenant au gouvernement du Groenland, a imaginé un concept, The Big Artic Five : Traîneau, Aurores boréales, Glace & neige, Baleines, Communautés. Attention toutefois à ne pas tomber dans l’aura mystique et le mythe du bon sauvage. Avec raison, plusieurs auteurs mettent en avant un attrait spécifique des régions polaires : l’imaginaire nordique. Alain Grenier soulignait ainsi en 2009 que « l’imaginaire du Nord constitue le premier attrait des régions nordiques et, à plus grande échelle, des régions polaires ». Nicolas Escach constatait en 2020 que « dans un monde saturé, l’Arctique est également associé à la promesse d’une réserve d’espace vierge, une sorte de retour ontologique aux origines ». La question de l’image à donner du territoire et de la manière de communiquer sera donc essentielle.

Bateau d’un opérateur groenlandais qui propose des croisières à la journée entre Ilulissat et Oqaatsut. Il s’agit d’une unité de petite taille adaptée à une visite respectueuse des communautés et dont l’intégralité des revenus demeure dans le pays.
M.-N. Rimaud, Fourni par l’auteur

Dans un second temps, les décideurs groenlandais auront intérêt à conduire un recensement des parties prenantes du secteur du tourisme, afin le moment venu de les informer, de les sensibiliser, peut-être de les inciter à changer de regard, et enfin les accompagner. L’orientation d’une partie des dispositifs de soutien en faveur d’acteurs qui s’engagent dans la transition a montré son efficacité ailleurs.

In fine, il serait souhaitable de conduire une sorte d’auto-diagnostic sur les menaces liées au réchauffement climatique et à une capacité de charge touristique exagérée, par exemple en utilisant une matrice de criticité (ce qui permettrait d’établir une sorte de classement concernant l’exploitation de divers sites, qui irait d’un risque élevé ou considérable à l’absence de risque avéré).

Un documentaire diffusé sur Arte rappelle la dépendance du pays à la pêche (4 000 personnes, soit 10 % de la population, travaillent dans ce secteur), qui l’oblige à rechercher une diversification. Naaja H. Nathanielsen, la ministre des ressources naturelles, confirme dans le documentaire le besoin crucial de trouver des ressources supplémentaires :

« [Près de ] 54 % du budget de l’État vient de l’extérieur : il s’agit de la subvention accordée par le Danemark ainsi que de fonds qui viennent de l’UE. Nous avons donc une tâche très difficile à accomplir. Nous devons gagner plus d’argent par nos propres moyens afin d’être autosuffisants. »

Pour cela, des investissements conséquents devront être réalisés, car le pays manque cruellement d’infrastructures et les conditions climatiques et d’accès y sont beaucoup plus difficiles qu’ailleurs.

La loi de novembre 2024

Comme je le précisais dans un article du Polar Journal, une loi sur le développement touristique est entrée en vigueur en novembre 2024. Elle confirme que le territoire souhaite faire du tourisme un moteur de croissance et offrir des opportunités aux entrepreneurs groenlandais. La question qui reste en suspens est l’équilibre entre les opérateurs locaux et les investisseurs extérieurs, jugés omniprésents. Aude Créquy regrettait déjà en 2012 que pour le tourisme de croisière ou celui d’aventure, l’argent circule plutôt de mains occidentales en mains occidentales.

Le nouveau texte introduit une politique d’investissement et de propriété plus restrictive. La loi impose désormais une autorisation pour exercer une activité touristique et exige que les titulaires de licences soient résidents et imposables au Groenland. Certaines activités, comme les croisières, sont limitées à des zones et périodes spécifiques ; mais l’entrée en vigueur de la loi est prévue au 1er janvier 2027, laissant un temps d’adaptation aux opérateurs.

Dans une analyse d’avril 2025, la banque nationale du Danemark lançait une mise en garde contre une tendance consistant à trop restreindre l’implication des investisseurs étrangers :

« Les investissements étrangers apportent généralement des connaissances et du capital-risque qui favorisent le développement des entreprises et les revenus de la société. Une structure commerciale plus large nécessite des investissements importants, et la base de ces investissements ne peut être créée uniquement à partir de l’épargne et du capital groenlandais. »

Autre mise en garde informelle : l’exemple de l’archipel norvégien du Svalbard. Sa ville principale (est-ce bien cela ?), Longyearbyen, est « envahie » par les visiteurs durant une dizaine de jours l’été, ce qui a obligé le gouvernement à prendre des mesures restrictives. Visit Svalbard invite à réfléchir à la meilleure manière d’organiser le secteur : « Le Svalbard doit atteindre un équilibre optimal sur la destination en garantissant “le bon nombre de visiteurs au bon endroit et au bon moment” – “The right volumes of the right guests in the right place at the right time” (4R). La destination donnera la priorité aux marchés et segments qui contribuent de manière constante à la création de valeur locale la plus élevée avec l’empreinte la plus faible (rendement élevé, faible impact). »

En matière d’organisation agile, le pilotage des croisières d’observation des baleines dans le Saint-Laurent, au Canada peut également servir de modèle.

Des décisions stratégiques à prendre

Les arbitrages finaux seront importants : quel sera le volume de touristes, et s’agit-il de tenter d’attirer un tourisme de masse ou un tourisme de luxe ; la désaisonnalisation est-elle recherchée et si oui, comment, y parvenir ? Quels seront les hauts lieux touristiques (c’est-à-dire ceux sur lesquels la communication groenlandaise insistera le plus) et comment les protéger ? Quels partenaires financiers pour les porteurs de projet locaux et comment s’assurer d’un retour sur investissement suffisant pour les communautés ?

Le Groenland appartient aux Groenlandais ! Mais son avenir dépendra aussi de la capacité des autres nations à reconnaître ce pays et à le respecter. La déclaration de Naaja H. Nathanielsen sur LinkedIn mi-janvier 2026 – « j’inviterai les pays partageant les mêmes idées à rendre notre région sûre dans une collaboration respectueuse : investir, s’engager et être un allié » – peut apparaître comme un programme souhaitable.

The Conversation

Marie-Noëlle Rimaud ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

ref. Groenland : le développement touristique, opportunité ou menace ? – https://theconversation.com/groenland-le-developpement-touristique-opportunite-ou-menace-273071

Sovereignty over stereotypes: The data behind false Cherokee identity claims in Canada

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Daniel Heath Justice, Cherokee Nation citizen, Professor of Critical Indigenous Studies and English, University of British Columbia

From writers and academics to politicians and even convicted murderers, why are people who claim to be Cherokee so prominent in Canadian “pretendian” cases?

Although Métis, Mi’kmaq and Abenaki communities are the Nations most often targeted by unsubstantiated and false claims to Indigenous heritage in Canada, the controversies involving Cherokee claimants may surprise many Canadians.

This is not unexpected. In the United States, it’s so common for non-Native people to claim Cherokee heritage that a family history myth has taken root — one so pervasive that even Ancestry.com warns users against it.

The “Cherokee syndrome” is a phenomenon in which someone claims an unverified distant Cherokee ancestor as the sole foundation on which they build a shallow Indigenous identity.

The roots of ‘Cherokee syndrome’

Most discussions of this phenomenon point to a mix of motivations for these heritage claims.

They include the desire for white settler descendants to distance themselves from their heritage’s history of colonial violence, co-opting Indigeneity for personal or political purposes — often to support right-wing white grievance politics — and basic greed for resources and opportunities belonging to Indigenous Peoples.

In all cases vague, essentialist claims to supposed “blood” are asserted as being more important and more “real” than actual Indigenous cultural belonging, verifiable kinship or confirmed political status.

As a globally recognized Indigenous Nation with a long history of intercultural exchange and intermarriage with newcomers, Cherokees feature prominently in these questionable family mythologies more frequently than other Nations, but only because of stereotypes and visibility, not because of actual relations.

This is increasingly reflected in available data, including national census figures in the U.S. and Canada.

A mismatch between identity and reality

The U.S. Census Bureau has tracked Indigenous heritage claims for decades, and Cherokee is overwhelmingly the group identity most commonly appropriated by Americans.

For example, from 1970 to 2020, Cherokee identification on the U.S. census increased by 2,221 per cent — an astonishing rate far exceeding the general population increase of 63 per cent. This can only be attributed to significant changes in self-identification.

In 2020, “Cherokee” was the top-cited Indigenous affiliation in 35 states, although the three federally recognized Cherokee Tribal Nations and reservations are in only two: Oklahoma and North Carolina. In fact, in 2020, there were more than a million additional Americans who self-declared as Cherokee than there were actual Cherokee tribal citizens.

This is true on the local level as well. The Cherokee National Research Center in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, provides extensive genealogical support for those seeking evidence of Cherokee heritage. Of 4,005 total research requests from 2022 to 2024, only 80 people — two per cent — had any confirmed evidence of Cherokee heritage.

Legitimate Cherokee relations aren’t particularly obscure or difficult to trace. Actual Cherokee scholars like me know that we’re one of the best-documented peoples in the world, with an extensive and detailed documentary archive, as well as community genealogists and researchers who can assess relations with high reliability.

Collating available data from national, tribal and institutional sources indicates that only three to seven per cent of people in the U.S. who assert a public Cherokee identity have any verifiable relationship to living or historical Cherokee communities; 93 to 97 per cent of claimants do not.

This troubling pattern repeats in Canadian census figures as well. In the 2021 census, 10,825 people in Canada identified as being Cherokee. Of the three Cherokee Tribal Nations, the Cherokee Nation has the most inclusive citizenship criteria and the most comprehensive records for genealogical confirmation, yet our own official citizenship data show only 145 Cherokee Nation citizens in Canada.

Figures from the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) and the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians (UKB) were unavailable, but would likely be 20 to 30 at most, given their significantly smaller base populations. Even accounting for potential EBCI and UKB figures and a small number of verifiable non-citizen descendants, we would find at most about two per cent of people who claimed Cherokee heritage in Canada having any substantiated relationship with actual Cherokees, past or present.

Tellingly, of the 10,825 “Cherokee” respondents, 5,660 — 52 per cent — are Canadians whose families have been in Canada for three or more generations. Entrenched claims to Cherokee heritage therefore run deep in a surprising number of Canadian families — troubling histories that are only just coming to light in an analysis of the impacts of self-Indigenization and pretendianism.

False claims undermine Indigenous sovereignty

Pretendianism is a direct attack on Indigenous sovereignty and the rights of Native Nations to determine their own protocols of citizenship and belonging.

Believing a quaint family story is one thing, but it becomes deception — and even criminal fraud — when used to unethically access Indigenous relationships and resources, and becomes violence when used to attack Indigenous rights and undermine policies meant to improve Indigenous lives.

The arts, politics, and academia are increasingly sites of fierce debate and even chilling litigation as questionable claims to Indigenous heritage come under increasingly scrutiny from communities, activists and researchers.

The number of Canadians who have used such claims in troubling ways is not insubstantial, and neither are their impacts. Long-celebrated Canadian writer Thomas King and the libertarian Alberta premier, Danielle Smith, are prominent “Cherokee” examples, but they are by no means alone. (Incidentally, Smith is also on record claiming “Métis from America’s Midwest” heritage while consistently pandering to reactionary anti-Indigenous attitudes.)

Cherokee sovereignty and Cherokee people experience real harm when the overwhelming majority of people who insist their unsupported claims are genuine have no actual relationship to Cherokees, no familiarity with or understanding of histories, cultures, languages, struggles or hard-fought rights; no investment in our Nation’s well-being, no respect for our Nation’s political sovereignty and legal orders and no care for or commitment to our actual families or relations.

Using unsubstantiated claims to assert a public Cherokee identity not only misrepresents the ongoing reality of legitimate Cherokee experience, but also deforms how Cherokee belonging and sovereignty are understood in the non-Indigenous cultural imagination, as well as in law and politics. And this, like all the poisonous fruits of colonial violence, is harmful to all Indigenous peoples, not just Cherokees.

Cherokee relations are profound, abiding and verifiable realities. They are far from the self-serving extraction fantasies of colonizers and their claimant descendants, regardless of which side of the 49th parallel they call home.

The Conversation

Daniel Heath Justice has received research funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

ref. Sovereignty over stereotypes: The data behind false Cherokee identity claims in Canada – https://theconversation.com/sovereignty-over-stereotypes-the-data-behind-false-cherokee-identity-claims-in-canada-275903

The raccoon raiding your garbage bin might just be solving a puzzle — for the fun of it

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Hannah Griebling, PhD Candidate in the Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Stewardship, University of British Columbia

Ever woken up to find that a crafty raccoon has overturned your garbage bin and spread the discarded contents of your life across the street?

Raccoons — sometimes referred to as “trash pandas” — are renowned as excellent innovators and problem-solvers who can often find their way through the trickiest barriers in their search for food.

A raccoon stands on a clear box, leaning their paws over the side to fiddle with a puzzle.
A raccoon working on opening a multi-solution puzzle box.
(Hannah Griebling)

So how do raccoons adapt their problem-solving strategies as tasks become more difficult? And will they still engage in problem solving even if it doesn’t lead to a food reward? We designed a research experiment to find out.

We were startled to discover that raccoons were intrinsically motivated to solve multiple puzzles within a 20-minute trial, even when finding a solution did not directly lead to an irresistible marshmallow.

Innovative brains, like primates

Raccoons often engage in problem-solving when foraging in human-dominated areas, and have several adaptations that allow them to do this.

First, they have a high number of neurons packed into a relatively small brain. Their neuronal density is more similar to that of primates than other carnivores.

They also have highly dexterous forepaws adapted for foraging in streams, and a generalist diet that allows them to eat nearly everything we throw away.

A raccoon perched on a water fountain, drinking water.
Raccoons frequently use human household equipment and technology for their own purposes.
(Unsplash/Fr0ggy5)

As researchers, we were curious to discover whether raccoons change their strategies as problems become more difficult. For example, what does a raccoon do if the garbage bin is open, versus if it has a lid or if that lid is locked?

We were also curious whether their problem-solving follows what we call an exploration-exploitation trade-off.

An irresistable marshmallow reward

To explore these questions, we gave raccoons a multi-access puzzle box. These boxes are used in animal cognition research to study problem solving and innovation. They have multiple problems to solve so the animal can access a single food reward.

Typically, researchers give the animal a multi-access box and let the animal solve a puzzle of their choosing to access the reward. Then, the researcher locks that solution and the animal must innovate a new way into the box.

Instead of locking the solutions on the box we asked a simple question: What would happen if we left the box unlocked and let the raccoons freely interact with it? Would they keep going back to the same solution type that they already knew how to use, or would they explore and open new solution types?

Would they open the box once, get their food reward — a single marshmallow — and be done? Or would they keep playing with the box even after the food
reward was gone?

A raccoon tries to open a box with turn knobs and padlocks.
A raccoon has successfully opened a turn knob solution on the multi-solution puzzle box and is working on removing an unlocked lock from the hasp latch.
(Hannah Griebling)

Raccoons solve problems for fun

What the raccoons did was surprising. We expected them to find multiple solutions on the box. We did not expect them to continue looking for solutions after they found the single marshmallow inside the puzzle box.

They seemed to be intrinsically motivated to open multiple solutions within a 20-minute trial, even when solving the puzzle didn’t directly lead to a marshmallow reward.

In fact, the raccoons were discovering multiple solutions on the puzzle box even when the problems got more difficult to solve, and they could see and feel with their forepaws that there wasn’t another marshmallow in the box.

When the going gets tougher

As those problems became more difficult, the raccoons began to quickly hone in on a single solution to keep returning to.

This follows an exploration-exploitation trade off, where it’s more beneficial to exploit a single solution when the problems are more difficult, since solving them takes more time and effort from the raccoon.

Racoon stands behind a puzzle box, trying to find a way in.
A raccoon works on a medium difficulty solution.
(Hannah Griebling)

Imagine standing on a city street, feeling hungry. You see your favourite restaurant, where you love the food, and you see an interesting new one next door. Where do you choose to eat?

Humans and non-human animals are faced with these decisions all the time: when to “explore” and try a new thing, and when to “exploit” our own knowledge.

If that new restaurant down the street is expensive, you might be less inclined to try it over your favourite dish served at your usual place.

Success in ever-changing cities

This propensity to innovate and problem-solve, even when it doesn’t directly lead to an extrinsic reward like food, might be familiar to most of us. It’s what drives our desire to solve a crossword puzzle or conquer a new video game.

This intrinsic motivation could help raccoons succeed in urban environments. In cities, resources are often changing rapidly — one night a raccoon might get into someone’s garbage, and the next night there’s a brick on top of the garbage bin to try and keep the raccoon out.

The more problems raccoons learn to solve, the more they might be able to access resources in ever-changing cities. Of course, that might annoy some of us, but we can admire raccoons’ ability to thrive alongside us.

The Conversation

Sarah Benson-Amram receives funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Habitat Conservation Trust Foundation, the University of British Columbia, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and the British Columbia Knowledge Development Fund.

Hannah Griebling does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. The raccoon raiding your garbage bin might just be solving a puzzle — for the fun of it – https://theconversation.com/the-raccoon-raiding-your-garbage-bin-might-just-be-solving-a-puzzle-for-the-fun-of-it-277942

Millions are protesting – but boycotts might be key to changing government policies

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Lisa Schirch, Professor of the Practice of Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame

The ‘No Kings’ protests have drawn millions of Americans and may grow even larger. Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images

The organizers of the estimated 3,000 “No Kings” protests, rallies and other events planned for March 28, 2026, say they expect that the protests will be the largest such mass mobilization in U.S. history.

As scholars of peace studies and social movements, we investigate how ordinary people press their governments to change their policies.

An estimated 7 million Americans took part in the 2,100 “No Kings” protests on Oct. 18, 2025, breaking all previous records. But research that we and other scholars have conducted indicates that massive turnouts at protests may not be enough to achieve the goals of a protest movement, such as bringing about changes in government policies.

We believe that protest movements can be more effective when they place more emphasis on boycotts of corporations that support a government’s agenda than on increasing the size and scope of these protests.

That’s because history suggests that boycotts are uniquely suited to expand public participation and reach the scale necessary for political change. Boycotts attract first-time activists with simple “buy this, not that” instructions. They offer easy ways for people to feel heard with little investment of time, money or risk.

Rise of the ‘No Kings’ movement

The “No Kings” movement has been holding nonviolent protests across the U.S. since June 2025 to express mass opposition to the Trump administration’s policies.

Its organizers include a range of nonprofits. They include those supporting civil rights, such as the American Civil Liberties Union; LGBTQ+ rights, like the Human Rights Campaign; progressive political groups, including Indivisible and MoveOn; and unions, such as the American Federation of Teachers.

The protests’ organizers are harnessing growing public opposition to President Donald Trump’s second administration. Gallup’s final presidential poll, for example, conducted in December 2025, found that only about 1 in 3 Americans approved of his performance.

In March 2026, Fox News found that 6 in 10 Americans disapprove of Trump’s immigration enforcement effort, and a CBS poll found that 6 in 10 oppose the U.S. war with Iran.

The “No Kings” movement from the start has objected to harsh federal immigration enforcement tactics, including the rapid growth in the number of immigrants being detained and deported. The March 28 protests will also make the widespread opposition to the costly Iran war more visible.

“No Kings” organizers cite other reasons for their protests, such as the White House’s threats to intervene in elections, health care spending cuts and the cessation of many environmental protections.

Four protesters, some in costumes, stand next to a huge American flag.
Many of the ‘No Kings’ events on Oct. 18, 2025, took place in small towns, like Shelburne, Vt., pictured here.
Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

Opposition to Trump is spreading

The “No Kings” protests have spread to more parts of the United States than ever before.

Protests have taken place in every state – in large cities like Dallas, Philadelphia and Phoenix, as well as thousands of smaller towns like Corydon, Indiana, and Hamilton, Montana. The protests even drew thousands of people in some GOP strongholds.

Researchers find that only a small part of the population needs to protest, boycott or strike to create strong pressure. If 3.5% of a population participates in nonviolent protests or boycotts, it can lead to policy changes.

In the United States, 3.5% of the population translates to nearly 12 million people. The “No Kings” movement would need to nearly double in size from its October 2025 levels to reach this threshold.

Boycotts could help reach this tipping point.

How boycotts work

Economic boycotts have a long history as a tool of collective protest as people withdraw their labor, purchases or cooperation to pressure powerful institutions.

Boycotts are a form of mass noncooperation that enables more people to resist without taking time off from work, engaging in confrontation or risking arrest. While demonstrations signal dissent, boycotts change incentives for business leaders. When boycotts cause companies to lose customers and profits slump, they can become unexpected allies in public opposition.

For example, after mass protests against federal immigration raids in Minneapolis, many of the biggest corporations operating in the state released an announcement that called on the government to de-escalate to reduce tensions in the area.

Public support for boycotts

Several consumer boycotts are underway in the U.S., with many taking aim at the Trump administration’s policies.

Boycott leaders focus on major companies, such as Target, Walmart, Amazon and Home Depot, that have donated to the White House ballroom construction project and other causes Trump is personally spearheading,

People’s Union USA, a movement seeking to leverage the power of U.S. consumers, organized what it called a nationwide “economic blackout” on Feb. 28. The organizers urged Americans to avoid spending any money for 24 hours to protest corporate influence over U.S. policies. It’s unclear how effective that boycott was.

Where corporate boycotts have worked

In the 1980s, consumer boycotts of white-owned businesses in South Africa reduced profits and drew global attention to the government’s support of apartheid, a discriminatory system that denied rights to the country’s Black majority. As business suffered, white business leaders pressed for reforms, contributing to the end of apartheid and South Africa’s multiracial elections in 1994.

In the U.S., different boycotts from both the right and the left have compelled Target to change its policies in recent years. Right-wing boycotts demanding the removal of LGBTQ+ Pride merchandise in 2023 caused Target to curtail its embrace of diversity practices.

After Trump’s 2025 executive order banning diversity, equity and inclusion programs, Target faced left-wing boycotts for ending its Racial Equity Action and Change program. The company’s sales fell and its stock declined by 33% in the first three quarters of 2025.

In March 2026, boycott leaders declared victory, saying that the boycotts led to Target’s weak financial performance.

Following the growing wave of consumer boycotts, several media companies have also faced pressure from the public.

In September 2025, Disney suspended late night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel, whose program airs on ABC, after Kimmel suggested that right-wing influencer Charlie Kirk was killed by a fellow conservative. The comedian accused Trump supporters of using his death to “score political points.” Disney owns ABC.

Kimmel’s suspension triggered a rapid public backlash. Three million viewers called for a Disney boycott to disrupt the company’s streaming revenue. Facing mounting risks to its reputation and bottom line, Disney reversed course and put Kimmel back on the air. In December 2025, it renewed his contract for the following year.

The episode illustrated how organized consumer pressure can counter attempts at political intimidation when boycott campaigns focus on a company’s core economic interests.

Uncoordinated boycotts can fail

To be sure, many boycotts fail to meet their goals even when they do succeed at raising awareness.

Their economic impact depends on how many people take part, sustained participation, and clear demands. Boycotts lacking adequate coordination and clear aims are likely to fail, especially when different groups target different companies.

The No Kings protests will no doubt continue to reflect mounting public frustration. But to be effective at their goal of reining in many of Trump’s policies and actions, we believe that this vast movement will likely require a larger, focused boycott that can hurt the revenue and reputation of companies that have financially backed the president or provided support for his policies.

The Conversation

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Millions are protesting – but boycotts might be key to changing government policies – https://theconversation.com/millions-are-protesting-but-boycotts-might-be-key-to-changing-government-policies-276256

More people are watching podcasts – how The Harry Hill Show could signal the backward-looking future of the medium

Source: The Conversation – UK – By James McLean, Lecturer in Media Production, Graphic Design, and Media Studies, University of Hull

Poet John Cooper Clark on The Harry Hill Show vodscarf. The Harry Hill Show

Television has become a very difficult concept to pin down. It’s no longer the box situated in the corner of a family living room. Mobile platforms, online streaming and different modes of delivery have diffused our understanding of television. The concept of a podcast has, so far, undergone much less scrutiny, and yet we are seeing a need for a similar conversation: what is a podcast, not just to audiences, but to creators?

The podcast is becoming trickier to define. Where its roots may have been in radio, its relationship, or convergence, with that murky beast of television is becoming ever more visible.

To watch a podcast would seem like a contradiction. But in the US the video streamer Youtube has become the most popular podcasting platform. Video is reshaping the industry, with significant growth in people watching podcasts on living room devices – where people used to gather to watch traditional TV.

The usual video of a podcast features the host or hosts and whoever else is on the podcast chatting in front of microphones – the visual element is second to the listening experience. However, there are a slew of new podcasts which are taking this uptick in “viewers” seriously and creating material for them as much as for “listeners”, including the The Harry Hill Show.

In the stand-up comedian’s own words, The Harry Hill Show is a “vodscarf” – wordplay on podcast and video-on-demand. What makes this “vodscarf” interesting is the television-podcast format it toys with. While it is one product, the experience of watching the Harry Hill Show is different from just listening to it. It’s not that you’ll miss anything important information wise just listening but the visual experience is not secondary to the audio – as sets and camerawork, including visual gags and effects, are worked in. The show also draws on Hill’s own history in television.

Harry Hill is best known for his sketch show Harry Hill, later titled The All-New Harry Hill Show and also referred to as The Harry Hill Show, which ran from 1997 to 2003. In each episode, Hill delivered his surrealist comedy through a series of regular sketches, reoccurring characters and catchphrases that would repeat week-on-week. Into the 2000s, Hill fronted TV Burp for 11 series. The show infused his tried-and-tested formula into the television-clip show format.

Features from both these shows can be found in his podcast, which is clearly infused with a lot of nostalgia for that bygone era of TV comedy. Hill is mostly deskbound, as he was on TV Burp, and he again finds humour through the repetition of gags (“don’t make that noise, Gary, it will limit your appeal” is repeated weekly to his ventriloquist’s dummy, for instance). The segments have a deliberate (and possibly necessary) low-cost aesthetic, a style common to UK comedies from the broadcast television era of the 1990s like Hill’s shows.

But this isn’t simply a TV show masquerading as a video podcast. The Harry Hill Show also acknowledges and embeds common podcast ingredients. Each week the show has a special comedy guest and an educational guest who are interviewed in a traditional podcast style. Yet all the elements are highly reflexive as Hill passively (and sometimes actively) deconstructs podcasts and TV.

The single-guest interview that is at the centre of The Harry Hill Show, is common to the podcasting tradition. Media academics have noted that this format generates content that thrives on intimacy and authenticity. With Hill, this format is subverted by televisual factors where the guest is continually challenged and wrongfooted by his ludicrous segments.

For instance, in Hill’s Name That Seed segment, the special guest must guess the identity of a particular seed from a pack of 8,000 different species. The game is whimsical and deliberately baffles the guest. Like many comedy podcasts, this and other segments create in-jokes with the audience. The more you’ve listened or watched The Harry Hill Show, the stronger a listener/viewer’s relationship becomes with the podcast and the more they are rewarded. After listening to several episodes, they know how the seed segment goes and can laugh along, on the inside of the joke, with Hill.

In essence, Hill takes the scripted comedy format of his television work and rebuilds it into a podcast medium that prefers unscripted and authentic encounters. In doing so, he has created a recipe that provides audiences with familiarity of TV but with the authenticity and intimacy of podcast.

The Harry Hill Show is an example of a podcast that could reshape the medium by mixing older approaches to modern media. Hill does this by reconstructing his identity and past formats through a podcast that clearly enjoys celebrating their mutual deconstruction (or destruction). As special guest Nish Kumar comments to Hill in the show’s trailer: “You’re self-funding your own nervous breakdown!”

With The Harry Hill Show we’re seeing something that’s not strictly television, but not strictly a podcast either. It is an example of the increasing importance of visuals, which could overtake the importance of audio. But who knows? This could be a flash-in-the-pan moment, or it could signal something deeper for the medium – that the podcast might be a media format with a limited shelf life.

The Conversation

James McLean does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. More people are watching podcasts – how The Harry Hill Show could signal the backward-looking future of the medium – https://theconversation.com/more-people-are-watching-podcasts-how-the-harry-hill-show-could-signal-the-backward-looking-future-of-the-medium-278597

The natural birth movement empowers many women but pressure can also work the other way

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Frances Hand, PhD Candidate, Faculty of Law, University of Oxford

Reshetnikov_art/Shutterstock

Childbirth is often framed as a choice between two extremes: “natural” birth or medical intervention. The real challenge is making sure women can decide how they give birth, without pressure in either direction.

Debates about childbirth often focus on pressure to accept medical interventions in hospital, such as caesareans or forceps delivery. But recent NHS maternity inquiries suggest some women feel pressure in the opposite direction. They describe being discouraged from medical assistance even when they believed it would be safer, or better for them.

One healthcare professional giving evidence in the 2022 Ockenden Review, which examined preventable deaths and injuries affecting mothers and babies between 2000 and 2019, described a culture in which avoiding caesarean sections had become a source of institutional pride:

They were always very proud of their low caesarean rates … I personally found all the failed or attempted instrumental deliveries very difficult to deal with. I had never seen so many injuries … or resuscitations … Nothing to be proud of.

Evidence presented to a House of Commons inquiry into the safety of maternity services similarly found that “hundreds of women felt pressure to have a normal birth”, without medical assistance.

During my doctoral research examining childbirth narratives across several major UK maternity inquiries, I analysed thousands of women’s birth stories submitted to public investigations. Some accounts describe women who felt discouraged from receiving medical assistance even when they would have preferred it.

The natural birth movement – which emerged in the mid-20th century as a reaction against the increasing medicalisation of childbirth – advocates for minimal pain medication, midwife-led care, and avoiding caesarean sections and instrumental deliveries where possible. It was designed to encourage women to reclaim control of their bodies from a medical establishment that had, in many cases, taken that control away.

That impulse was legitimate, and the movement has acted as an important counterweight to routinised, unnecessary intervention. But the same cultural force that pushed back against overmedicalisation can, in some settings, tip into a different kind of pressure – one where accepting medical help feels like failure.

When legal rights meet clinical reality

One of the most influential cases in modern medical law addressed this issue of informed choice during childbirth. In Montgomery v Lanarkshire Health NHS Trust (2015), the doctor did not warn the patient about the risks of vaginal delivery because they believed “it was not in the maternal interests for women to have caesarean sections”.

The Supreme Court rejected this reasoning. Instead, it emphasised that patients must receive clear information about risks and alternatives so they can make their own decisions about treatment.

Current Nice guidelines reinforce this principle. They stress that maternity care should support women’s choices during birth and caution against allowing personal opinions to influence the interventions that are offered.

The UK government also recently abandoned the World Health Organization recommendation that caesarean births should not exceed 20% nationally, after concerns that rigid targets were pressuring NHS Trusts to prioritise statistics over safety.

Despite these safeguards, institutional practices can still shape the choices that women feel able to make.

How pressure can shape birth decisions

Some women say these pressures reflect wider cultural narratives about childbirth. In recent years, messages celebrating “natural”, “empowered” or “positive” birth have become increasingly visible in antenatal classes, books and online communities. While these approaches are often intended to build confidence and support informed choice, some women say they can also create an environment in which accepting medical help feels like a failure, or where women worry they may be judged for being “too posh to push”.

These narratives don’t just circulate in parenting spaces or social media. They are also seen in how hospitals – intentionally or unintentionally – present different birth options to expectant parents.

This can feel particularly significant because it comes from institutions that women expect to trust. It shows how legal protections don’t always translate into everyday clinical practice.




Read more:
Why labour decision-making shouldn’t start in the delivery room


In some cases this influence appears in the language hospitals use to describe different birth options. Recently archived material from one hospital promoted non-medicated birth approaches by stating that “treatments are usually non-invasive and rarely cause the unpleasant or long-lasting side effects that can be associated with medication”.

Language like this is often intended to reassure patients. But it can also shape how different options are perceived, particularly when the potential drawbacks of medical interventions are emphasised more strongly than their benefits.

In other cases, the pressures are structural. Some maternity units are organised in ways that make it difficult to move quickly between midwife-led and obstetric wards. Women have described having to walk between departments while in pain and sometimes partially undressed. Situations like this illustrate how problems can arise not from individual professionals, but from how hospital systems are designed.

Finally, recent research by Birthrights, a UK charity that campaigns to protect women’s rights during pregnancy and childbirth, highlights institutional barriers to maternal request for caesarean sections. The organisation found that 113 NHS Trusts do not fully align with Nice guidance. Some policies delayed decisions until 36 weeks of pregnancy, creating uncertainty for expectant mothers.

Pressure to avoid medical intervention should be taken as seriously as pressure to undergo it. Although more than half of first-time mothers experience some form of obstetric intervention, many report feeling ashamed when this occurs.

This matters because some research has linked birth-related shame with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts among mothers, associated with an expressed sense of failure to birth “normally”. When hospital policies create additional barriers to accessing care, they may reinforce these feelings.




Read more:
Maternal death rates in the UK have increased to levels not seen for almost 20 years – experts explain why


Why the term ‘obstetric violence’ matters

Around the world there is growing recognition of the concept of “obstetric violence”, a term used to describe systemic harms that women may experience during childbirth. The concept highlights how these harms often arise not from malicious individuals but from institutional cultures, clinical norms and wider social expectations about motherhood.

Much of the global discussion about obstetric violence has focused on the dangers of overmedicalisation. However, similar pressures can arise when women feel discouraged from accepting medical interventions. In both situations, expectations about the “ideal” self-sacrificing mother can shape how decisions about birth are framed.

In the UK, the term “obstetric violence” is rarely used in policy or public discussion. This reluctance matters. Without language that clearly names systemic harm, it becomes harder to recognise patterns, challenge institutional norms and push for meaningful change.

Many women have positive experiences of both natural and medically assisted birth, and most maternity professionals work hard to support women’s choices. What matters most is that decisions about birth are based on balanced discussions of risks and benefits.

Recognising how pressure can operate in both directions is essential if maternity care is to genuinely support women’s autonomy during childbirth.

The Conversation

Frances Hand does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. The natural birth movement empowers many women but pressure can also work the other way – https://theconversation.com/the-natural-birth-movement-empowers-many-women-but-pressure-can-also-work-the-other-way-276090

The four types of dementia most people don’t know exist

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Clarissa Giebel, Senior Research Fellow in the Institute of Population Health, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration North West Coast, University of Liverpool

Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most well-known types of dementia. Yuriy Golub/ Shutterstock

What most people think of when they hear the word “dementia” is memory problems and forgetfulness. But what people often don’t know is that dementia can cause many different symptoms – affecting speech, behaviour, sleep, motor function and more.

In fact, dementia is an umbrella term. There are estimated to be more than 100 types of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common subtype of dementia, affecting approximately 60% of all cases. Memory loss in one of the most common symptoms of this type of dementia.

But approximately 40% of all dementia cases are considered to be different, rarer types. Unfortunately, having a rarer subtype of dementia often makes diagnosis more difficult and requires more complex care.

Although most people might be aware of some types of dementia – including Lewy Body, Parkinson’s disease dementia and frontotemporal dementia – awareness of other rarer types is low.

Knowing how to spot the signs of these rarer types of dementia early could be crucial in ensuring loved ones get the support they need.

Posterior cortical atrophy

Posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) affects mostly visual and spatial functioning. Memory is not as badly affected early on as it is in Alzheimer’s disease.

People with PCA can struggle with visual hallucinations and spatial navigation. This can become apparent when reading or judging depth and space on a staircase – making it difficult to judge where the next step is, for example. Symptoms commonly start appearing between the ages of 55 and 65.

There’s still much we don’t know about PCA because of how rare it is. Researchers are still trying to figure out whether PCA is a distinct subtype of dementia or whether it’s an atypical form of Alzheimer’s disease. This is because the brain changes that occur in people with PCA closely resemble those that occur in people with Alzheimer’s disease, although the symptoms are different. It’s also estimated that between 5% to 15% of people with Alzheimer’s have PCA.

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is a particularly rare form of dementia, affecting about one in 1 million people worldwide.

Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is a prion disease. These diseases involve prion proteins which, for unknown reasons, suddenly change into a three-dimensional shape. The function of healthy prions remains unknown, but they appear to play some role in protecting nerves and brain cells and keeping the body’s circadian rhythm functioning (the natural, 24-hour cycle our body follows that controls everything from sleep, digestions and immunity).

The misfolding of prion proteins in Creutzfeld-Jakob disease causes a very rapid and severe form of dementia, progressing much more quickly than Alzheimer’s disease or Lewy Body dementia, for example. Besides the notably quick nature of progression, people with Creutzfeld-Jakob disease struggle with memory and movement, including sudden jerky movements.

A digital drawing of a misfolded prion, which look like three or four spirals that are clustered over and around each other.
Creutzfeld-Jakob disease is caused by misfolded prion proteins.
ibreakstock/ Shutterstock

Risk factors for this subtype of dementia include old age and genetics (occurring in 10-15% of cases). In very rare cases, it can also develop as a result of contamination – such as from eating beef from cattle infected with mad cow disease.

FTD-MND

FTD-MND is a form of frontotemporal dementia that occurs alongside motor neurone disease.

Frontotemporal dementia refers to subtypes of the disease that cause gradual brain tissue loss in the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain.




Read more:
Bruce Willis has frontotemporal dementia – here’s what we know about the disease


Motor neurone disease, on the other hand, is a rapidly progressing neurological condition which can lead to difficulties breathing, movement and paralysis. Although it affects the brain and nerves, it is not itself a form of dementia.

Approximately 10-15% of people with frontotemporal dementia also develop motor neurone disease. This co-occurence seems to be linked to a mutation in the C9orf72 gene. Because of this genetic link, FTD-MND can run in families.

People with FTD-MND experience several muscle-related issues, including muscle waste, stiffness and problems with swallowing. These are things you would not normally associate with dementia and memory problems.

It’s currently not clear whether frontotemporal dementia develops first and then motor neurone disease, or if it’s the other way around.

Progressive supranuclear palsy

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a rare neurological condition that causes both dementia and problems with movement.

It’s estimated to affect approximately 4,000 people in the UK. PSP is difficult to diagnosis as it overlaps with many other conditions – including Parkinson’s disease.

PSP primarily leads to damage in subcortical brain regions, specifically the brainstem and basal ganglia. These areas are linked to vision and movement.

As such, people with PSP struggle using their eyes and can thus often fall and experience difficulties moving around. People with PSP can also struggle concentrating and problem solving.

Dementia support

As with all dementia subtypes, there is no cure yet. While there are medications that can delay symptoms, these only work in cases of Alzheimer’s disease.

As such, we still need to find ways to support people with other subtypes of dementia as best as possible.

One way of doing this is by properly understanding their condition and their subtype. Knowing that someone might particularly struggle with walking and movement as opposed to memory is important to put the right care in place in advance.

It is just as important to be able to spot the signs early on. Dementia doesn’t just affect memory. Changes in behaviour, problems seeing or falling more frequently, walking or moving differently or difficulty speaking can all be early signs of dementia.

Better understanding dementia’s many forms will hopefully lead to better ways of managing and treating this complex disease.

The Conversation

Clarissa Giebel receives funding from the NIHR and ESRC. She is affiliated with The Lewy Body Society by sitting on the Scientific Advisory Board.

ref. The four types of dementia most people don’t know exist – https://theconversation.com/the-four-types-of-dementia-most-people-dont-know-exist-278124

Protests coupled with boycotts tend to be most effective at making governments change policies

Source: The Conversation – USA (2) – By Lisa Schirch, Professor of the Practice of Peace Studies, University of Notre Dame

The ‘No Kings’ protests have drawn millions of Americans and may grow even larger. Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images

The organizers of the estimated 3,000 “No Kings” protests, rallies and other events planned for March 28, 2026, say they expect that the protests will be the largest such mass mobilization in U.S. history.

As scholars of peace studies and social movements, we investigate how ordinary people press their governments to change their policies.

An estimated 7 million Americans took part in the 2,100 “No Kings” protests on Oct. 18, 2025, breaking all previous records. But research that we and other scholars have conducted indicates that massive turnouts at protests may not be enough to achieve the goals of a protest movement, such as bringing about changes in government policies.

We believe that protest movements can be more effective when they place more emphasis on boycotts of corporations that support a government’s agenda than on increasing the size and scope of these protests.

That’s because history suggests that boycotts are uniquely suited to expand public participation and reach the scale necessary for political change. Boycotts attract first-time activists with simple “buy this, not that” instructions. They offer easy ways for people to feel heard with little investment of time, money or risk.

Rise of the ‘No Kings’ movement

The “No Kings” movement has been holding nonviolent protests across the U.S. since June 2025 to express mass opposition to the Trump administration’s policies.

Its organizers include a range of nonprofits. They include those supporting civil rights, such as the American Civil Liberties Union; LGBTQ+ rights, like the Human Rights Campaign; progressive political groups, including Indivisible and MoveOn; and unions, such as the American Federation of Teachers.

The protests’ organizers are harnessing growing public opposition to President Donald Trump’s second administration. Gallup’s final presidential poll, for example, conducted in December 2025, found that only about 1 in 3 Americans approved of his performance.

In March 2026, Fox News found that 6 in 10 Americans disapprove of Trump’s immigration enforcement effort, and a CBS poll found that 6 in 10 oppose the U.S. war with Iran.

The “No Kings” movement from the start has objected to harsh federal immigration enforcement tactics, including the rapid growth in the number of immigrants being detained and deported. The March 28 protests will also make the widespread opposition to the costly Iran war more visible.

“No Kings” organizers cite other reasons for their protests, such as the White House’s threats to intervene in elections, health care spending cuts and the cessation of many environmental protections.

Four protesters, some in costumes, stand next to a huge American flag.
Many of the ‘No Kings’ events on Oct. 18, 2025, took place in small towns, like Shelburne, Vt., pictured here.
Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

Opposition to Trump is spreading

The “No Kings” protests have spread to more parts of the United States than ever before.

Protests have taken place in every state – in large cities like Dallas, Philadelphia and Phoenix, as well as thousands of smaller towns like Corydon, Indiana, and Hamilton, Montana. The protests even drew thousands of people in some GOP strongholds.

Researchers find that only a small part of the population needs to protest, boycott or strike to create strong pressure. If 3.5% of a population participates in nonviolent protests or boycotts, it can lead to policy changes.

In the United States, 3.5% of the population translates to nearly 12 million people. The “No Kings” movement would need to nearly double in size from its October 2025 levels to reach this threshold.

Boycotts could help reach this tipping point.

How boycotts work

Economic boycotts have a long history as a tool of collective protest as people withdraw their labor, purchases or cooperation to pressure powerful institutions.

Boycotts are a form of mass noncooperation that enables more people to resist without taking time off from work, engaging in confrontation or risking arrest. While demonstrations signal dissent, boycotts change incentives for business leaders. When boycotts cause companies to lose customers and profits slump, they can become unexpected allies in public opposition.

For example, after mass protests against federal immigration raids in Minneapolis, many of the biggest corporations operating in the state released an announcement that called on the government to de-escalate to reduce tensions in the area.

Public support for boycotts

Several consumer boycotts are underway in the U.S., with many taking aim at the Trump administration’s policies.

Boycott leaders focus on major companies, such as Target, Walmart, Amazon and Home Depot, that have donated to the White House ballroom construction project and other causes Trump is personally spearheading,

People’s Union USA, a movement seeking to leverage the power of U.S. consumers, organized what it called a nationwide “economic blackout” on Feb. 28. The organizers urged Americans to avoid spending any money for 24 hours to protest corporate influence over U.S. policies. It’s unclear how effective that boycott was.

Where corporate boycotts have worked

In the 1980s, consumer boycotts of white-owned businesses in South Africa reduced profits and drew global attention to the government’s support of apartheid, a discriminatory system that denied rights to the country’s Black majority. As business suffered, white business leaders pressed for reforms, contributing to the end of apartheid and South Africa’s multiracial elections in 1994.

In the U.S., different boycotts from both the right and the left have compelled Target to change its policies in recent years. Right-wing boycotts demanding the removal of LGBTQ+ Pride merchandise in 2023 caused Target to curtail its embrace of diversity practices.

After Trump’s 2025 executive order banning diversity, equity and inclusion programs, Target faced left-wing boycotts for ending its Racial Equity Action and Change program. The company’s sales fell and its stock declined by 33% in the first three quarters of 2025.

In March 2026, boycott leaders declared victory, saying that the boycotts led to Target’s weak financial performance.

Following the growing wave of consumer boycotts, several media companies have also faced pressure from the public.

In September 2025, Disney suspended late night talk show host Jimmy Kimmel, whose program airs on ABC, after Kimmel suggested that right-wing influencer Charlie Kirk was killed by a fellow conservative. The comedian accused Trump supporters of using his death to “score political points.” Disney owns ABC.

Kimmel’s suspension triggered a rapid public backlash. Three million viewers called for a Disney boycott to disrupt the company’s streaming revenue. Facing mounting risks to its reputation and bottom line, Disney reversed course and put Kimmel back on the air. In December 2025, it renewed his contract for the following year.

The episode illustrated how organized consumer pressure can counter attempts at political intimidation when boycott campaigns focus on a company’s core economic interests.

Uncoordinated boycotts can fail

To be sure, many boycotts fail to meet their goals even when they do succeed at raising awareness.

Their economic impact depends on how many people take part, sustained participation, and clear demands. Boycotts lacking adequate coordination and clear aims are likely to fail, especially when different groups target different companies.

The “No Kings: protests will no doubt continue to reflect mounting public frustration. But to be effective at their goal of reining in many of Trump’s policies and actions, we believe that this vast movement will likely require a larger, focused boycott that can hurt the revenue and reputation of companies that have financially backed the president or provided support for his policies.

The Conversation

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

ref. Protests coupled with boycotts tend to be most effective at making governments change policies – https://theconversation.com/protests-coupled-with-boycotts-tend-to-be-most-effective-at-making-governments-change-policies-276256