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December 1, 2025

5 storybooks to help children navigate anxiety, plus resources for parents

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Colin King, Director, Mary J. Wright Child and Youth Development Clinic, Western University

What if a storybook could help parents manage their child’s anxiety?

Anxiety can be described as persistent, recurring intrusive thoughts or feelings, and physiological or behavioural responses that are considered disproportionate to the perceived threat. It is among the most common mental health concerns in children globally.

Anxiety typically emerges in early childhood and can significantly impair functioning across developmental stages. Typically, anxiety in children presents as avoidance of triggers or situations that make them anxious (for example, going to school), increased emotionality (like crying, tantrums) and cognitive challenges, including difficulty concentrating or impaired problem-solving abilities.

Despite the need for accessible interventions, it is estimated that more than half of children and youth experiencing mental health concerns do not access professional treatment.

This is especially true for children with “internalizing” problems such as anxiety. In Ontario, for example, only 32 per cent of youth who reported having anxiety were able to be seen by a mental health professional. Accessibility barriers include long wait lists, transportation barriers and financial constraints.

Our team at the Mary J. Wright Child and Youth Development Clinic at Western University was interested in combining the use of storybooks that address anxiety or fears with the use of guiding questions informed by cognitive-behavioural therapy into a practical resource for families.

Parent-focused interventions

To address challenges to barriers in accessing mental health supports when there are concerns about anxiety, parent-focused interventions have been designed to provide guidance to caregivers who play a critical role in their children’s mental health and emotional development.

These interventions teach parents strategies to support their child’s mental health. This is about fostering positive parent-child interactions, promoting parental well-being and shaping more adaptive responses to their child’s emotional or behavioural challenges.

Although not a replacement for the direct guidance or involvement of a mental health professional, the increased interest in this approach recognizes that parents have an important role in supporting new learning for their child, such as promoting coping tools and strategies for anxiety.

Some researchers have proposed that reading stories — both fiction and non-fiction — in dialogue with an attentive and caring adult could be a first step for children dealing with grief or anxiety.

Storybooks exploring experiences of anxiety

Storybooks enable children to feel less isolated with their experiences. They offer new opportunities to identify and label emotions and learn coping tools and strategies. A storybook for children with dental anxiety, for example, showed encouraging results in decreasing anxiety about dental visits.

Below are selected storybooks that explore different experiences of anxiety with guiding questions for parents. Questions are meant to reinforce key ideas, promote emotional awareness and help children connect the story to their own experiences.

Book cover illustration for Wilma Jean the Worry Machine of a girl with gears swirling around her head. — ‘Wilma Jean the Worry Machine,’ by Julia Cook.
(Boys Town Press)

1. Wilma Jean the Worry Machine by Julia Cook is about a young girl who worries about everything, from missing the bus to making mistakes at school. With help from her teacher, Wilma learns to tell the difference between worries she can control and those she cannot, and begins to find ways to manage both.

Guiding questions:

Wilma Jean shares a lot of worry thoughts, such as “What if I get picked last?” Do you ever have thoughts like this when you are feeling nervous?
What do you think about sorting your worries into ones that you can and cannot control? How do you think this would impact how you feel?

Book cover illustration of a boy stacking blocks. — ‘Juan Has the Jitters,’ by Aneta Cruz.
(Penguin Random House)

2. Juan Has the Jitters by Aneta Cruz is about a boy who gets a jittery feeling in his body when things feel unfamiliar, loud or unpredictable. With the support of his teacher, Juan is able to participate in a way that helps him feel settled and included.

Guiding questions:

Have you ever felt the jitters? If so, what was going on while you were feeling this way?
What sort of things do you do to help yourself feel calm?

Illustration of a raccoon looking sideways at a bird in a tree. — ‘Chester the Brave,’ by Audrey Penn.
(Simon & Schuster)

3. Chester the Brave by Audrey Penn is about a young raccoon who learns that bravery means doing something even when you feel scared. With help from his mother, Chester practices the “think-tell-do” strategy: when he feels afraid, he tells himself he can do it and takes a step toward facing his fears.

Guiding questions:

Chester and the little robin feel worried when they have to present in front of their class. Do you ever feel that way when you have to speak in front of the class?
“Think-tell-do” is what Chester tells himself when he feels like he can’t do something. What could you tell yourself if you are having a hard time facing something?

a large sleeping blob of a creature with a child gently sitting with them in front of a cityscape. — ‘Me and my Fear’ by Frenci Sanna.
(Flying Eye Books)

4. Me and My Fear by Frenci Sanna is a story of a girl who has recently moved to a new country. In this unfamiliar place, fear begins to grow, making it harder for her to engage with others. As she befriends a classmate, she realizes others have fears. Slowly, her fear begins to shrink and she starts to feel more at home.

Guiding questions:

Have you ever felt nervous or unsure about a new situation? What helped you feel a little better?
When the girl notices that her new friend has a fear too, she begins to feel less alone. Have you ever realized that someone else felt the same way you did? How did that change how you felt?

Illustration of children in a classroom looking excited. — ‘Bundle of Nerves, A Story of Courage,’ by Mari Schuh.
(Lerner Books)

5. Bundle of Nerves: A Story of Courage by Mari Schuh is about a boy named Luis who feels anxious on his first day of school. His nervousness shows up as a “bundle of nerves” in his stomach, but with encouragement from his dad, Luis learns that courage means doing something even when you feel scared.

Guiding questions:

When Luis was feeling nervous, his dad told him to “have courage” Who do you talk to when you feel nervous? What do they say that makes you feel better?
Luis was scared to ride the bus, but he did it anyway. Can you think of a time when you did something even though it felt scary at first? What happened after you tried it?

By combining evidence-based strategies with tailored storybooks, our Parent and Caregiver Resource Guide provides a practical, accessible way to support children experiencing anxiety.

This approach helps caregivers promote understanding, start conversations and support their children in building early skills for identifying and managing early experiences of anxiety.

Colin King has received funding from the Miggsie Fund through the Lawson Foundation to support the creation of a parent storybook resource guide.

Amy Rzezniczek received funding from the Social Science and Humanities Research Committee for previous research unrelated to current article.

Rachel Krahn has received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Committee for research unrelated to the current article.

– ref. 5 storybooks to help children navigate anxiety, plus resources for parents – https://theconversation.com/5-storybooks-to-help-children-navigate-anxiety-plus-resources-for-parents-266714

December 1, 2025

‘Quiet divorcing’ puts a new name to an old problem — the slow erosion of intimacy

Source: The Conversation – Canada – By Emily Impett, Professor of Psychology, University of Toronto

Some relationships end loudly, most end quietly. There is no dramatic fight or sudden revelation. Instead, partners gradually stop showing up for each other in small, everyday ways.

The legal divorce, if it comes at all, is simply the final step in a separation that happened long before. “Quiet divorcing,” the term given to this slow, mostly invisible retreat from a long-term relationship, has recently gone viral.

Borrowing from the term “quiet quitting,” it has caught fire because it names an experience many people recognize but rarely articulate.

When relationships unravel slowly, it can feel confusing or even invisible to the couple themselves. But while the label “quiet divorcing” is new, relationship science has been studying this slow-burn breakup process for decades.

The danger of emotionally disengaging

Relationships can unravel in different ways, as American psychologist John Gottman’s research shows. Some couples experience escalating conflict early on, but for many long-term partnerships, the earliest signs of trouble are subtle: moments of emotional withdrawal or small bids for connection that go unanswered.

Relationship bids can come in different forms: a funny message during the day or pointing out a bird on a walk. When partners turn toward them with interest or warmth, closeness is strengthened. When those bids are ignored or brushed aside, distance slowly grows.

Longitudinal studies — research that follows the same couples over time — reveal that declines in positive engagement are a powerful predictor of relationship distress and, for couples who eventually separate after many years together, they often precede visible conflict by a long time.

In these relationships, satisfaction frequently shows a two-phase pattern: a long period of quiet disengagement followed by a sharper drop as the relationship approaches its endpoint. By the time problems are confronted directly, the emotional infrastructure of the relationship may already be hollowed out.

Boredom makes reconnecting harder

Boredom — a sense of predictability, stagnation and diminished excitement — is another key driver of slow relational decline.

In a nine-year longitudinal study, research found that couples who reported more boredom were less satisfied, even after researchers accounted for how satisfied couples were at the beginning of the study, an effect explained by declines in emotional closeness over time.

Other research shows that on days when couples feel bored, they are also less likely to engage in exciting, shared activities, and when they do, those moments feel less enjoyable and connecting. Over time, reductions in shared growth opportunities predict meaningful drops in romantic passion.

This helps explain why many partners “feel done” long before they officially end their relationship.

Relationships rarely collapse in a single moment. They fade through the quiet loss of shared moments that once made the relationship feel alive.

Why the term resonates right now

If researchers have known about these patterns for decades, why does “quiet divorcing” strike such a chord now?

The phrase resonates with contemporary cultural pressures. As U.S. psychology professor Eli Finkel argues in his book The All-or-Nothing Marriage, today’s couples often expect a relationship to be not just secure and supportive, but personally fulfilling and exciting.

When passion fades — as it naturally does for many couples over time — the shift is interpreted not as normal, but as a sign that something is fundamentally broken. Add in social media comparisons and performative affection online, and even subtle disengagement can feel especially stark.

While anyone can experience quiet disengagement, gendered patterns do emerge. Across multiple studies, women are more likely to detect emotional disconnect early, to seek conversations about relationship issues and to ultimately initiate divorce. Men, on average, are more likely to withdraw or avoid emotional confrontation.

Cultural norms play a role too. In many societies, women are expected to manage the emotional maintenance of relationships — noticing when something feels “off” and initiating conversations, organizing social plans or being the one to plan date nights to keep the couple emotionally connected.

When that invisible emotional labour is met with silence or resistance, research suggests it can erode feelings of being loved, increase distress and fuel conflict — conditions that make emotional disengagement and, eventually, relationship dissolution more likely.

When the slow fade can be reversed

“Quiet divorcing” highlights that many breakups are not discrete events, they are processes.

Researchers have observed that couples often undergo months, even years, of slow decline before the final unraveling. The tragedy is that many partners only recognize the growing distance once it feels too wide to cross.

Yet the same quiet, incremental shifts that create distance can, when redirected, begin to rebuild connection.

Responding to everyday bids for attention, expressing appreciation and introducing even small sparks of novelty into familiar routines can rebuild closeness. Declines in emotional and sexual engagement don’t always mean a relationship is doomed, they can be signals that it’s time to tend to it.

But not every relationship should be saved. Sometimes the quiet fade reflects an honest reckoning with the fact that the relationship no longer meets both partners’ needs or has become chronically painful or imbalanced. Recognizing that is not a failure.

Choosing to leave can be an act of care, not just for oneself, but for the possibility of a healthier life beyond the relationship.

Paying attention to the subtle changes in a relationship — the missing laughter, the waning curiosity, the pauses that go unfilled — gives couples the chance to course-correct. But it also gives them the clarity to know when reconnection is possible and when it’s time to just let go.

Emily Impett receives funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

– ref. ‘Quiet divorcing’ puts a new name to an old problem — the slow erosion of intimacy – https://theconversation.com/quiet-divorcing-puts-a-new-name-to-an-old-problem-the-slow-erosion-of-intimacy-270871

December 1, 2025

Why meetings can harm employee well-being

Source: The Conversation – France – By Willem Standaert, Associate Professor, Université de Liège

Every meeting should start with a simple question: why are we meeting? Dotshock/Shutterstock

Anyone working in an organisation knows it: meetings follow one after another at a frantic pace. On average, managers spend 23 hours a week in meetings. Much of what happens in them is considered to be of low value, or even entirely counterproductive. The paradox is that bad meetings generate even more meetings… in an attempt to repair the damage caused by previous ones.

And yet, for a long time, meetings were not subject of management research. A 2015 handbook laid the groundwork for the nascent field of “Meeting Science”. Among other things, the research revealed that the real issue may not be the number of meetings, but rather how they are designed, the lack of clarity about their purpose, and the inequalities they (often unconsciously) reinforce.

Meetings either foster well-being or harm it

In our series of studies conducted during and after the Covid-19 pandemic, researchers found that meetings can both foster and harm participants’ well-being. Indeed, participating in too many meetings can lead to burn-out and an intention to quit the organisation; however, meetings can also increase employee engagement.

The widespread adoption of remote work and virtual meetings, accelerated by the pandemic, has introduced new sources of fatigue: cognitive overload, hyperconnection, and lack of separation between work and personal life. But, virtual meetings also enable continuous social interaction and an understanding of an employee’s role in the organization.

Women speak less in videoconferences

These new meeting formats are not experienced equally by everyone.

One of the most striking findings concerns speaking time in virtual meetings. In a survey of hundreds of employees, the results were clear: women reported having more difficulty speaking up in online meetings than in face-to-face ones. Several factors explain this phenomenon: more frequent interruptions, invisibility on shared screens, difficulty reading nonverbal cues, or the double mental load when meetings are held from home.

In other words, virtual meetings – while potentially democratising access – can actually reinforce gender inequalities if care is not taken.

A meeting should be designed, not endured

Faced with what we call meeting madness, the solution is not to eliminate meetings altogether, but to design them better. It begins with a simple but often forgotten question: why are we meeting?

Based on our series of studies covering thousands of meetings, there are four main types of meeting objectives:

1) sharing information

2) making decisions

3) expressing emotions or opinions

4) building work relationships

Each of these objectives requires meeting participants to do different things, such as seeing faces, hearing intonations, observing reactions, or sharing a screen. And no meeting modality (audio, video, hybrid, in-person) is universally best for all types of objectives. The modality of a meeting should be chosen according to its main objective, rather than habit or technological convenience.

Going further, research identifies simple but powerful levers to improve the collective meeting experience:

share a clear agenda and documents beforehand, so participants feel ready to contribute
use hand-raising tools, anonymous chats, or “round robin” systematic speaking turns
moderate actively – meeting organizers need to balance contributions, encourage participation, and avoid exclusion

Mirrors of organisational culture

Meetings are not neutral. They reflect – often unconsciously – an organization’s culture, power dynamics, and implicit priorities. The data is clear: there are ways to improve meetings. What remains is for companies and managers to acknowledge the transformational power of meetings.

A company where only the loudest voices are heard in meetings is rarely inclusive outside the meeting room. Conversely, well-run meetings can become spaces of co-construction, respect, and collective innovation.

The goal should not be to have fewer meetings, but better ones. Meetings that respect everyone’s time and energy. Meetings that give a voice to all. Meetings that build connection.

This article was co-authored with Dr. Arnaud Stiepen, expert in science communication.

Willem Standaert ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possède pas de parts, ne reçoit pas de fonds d’une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n’a déclaré aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.

– ref. Why meetings can harm employee well-being – https://theconversation.com/why-meetings-can-harm-employee-well-being-270899

December 1, 2025

Nigeria’s low-cost private schools are the only option for millions: is closing them a good idea?

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Thelma Obiakor, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Cambridge

Nigeria’s basic education landscape consists of public (government) schools and a diverse private sector. Private schools in Nigeria refer to educational institutions that are run by private individuals, religious organisations, foundations or business enterprises. These schools are diverse in terms of size, cost, ownership models and target populations, ranging from low-fee neighbourhood schools to faith-based schools and “premium” schools. The number of private schools isn’t captured in official statistics.

Over the past year, many private schools have been closed across the country. Ebonyi State sealed more than 280 unapproved schools. Cross River officials shut down 69, and Akwa Ibom, Kogi and Delta states launched their own crackdowns on “rogue” schools operating without government approval or with substandard infrastructure.

These closures are being justified on safety and quality grounds, given that many of these schools, commonly referred to as low-cost private schools, operate without full registration.

Before a private school can open, owners must pay multiple inspection, registration and annual renewal fees. They must also meet infrastructure requirements and show evidence of qualified teaching staff.

The recent enforcement drives expose a fault line in Nigeria’s education system: the country’s growing dependence on low-cost private schools to fill the gaps that an overstretched public system can no longer cover.

I researched the private schooling market in Nigeria for my doctorate, and my latest paper sets out some of the factors that shape enrolment in these schools in Nigeria.

I found two main factors: the proximity and accessibility of public schools, and affordability.

The implication for ongoing closure drives is significant. If low-cost private schools are concentrated in communities where public schools are unavailable or distant, or are the only affordable options, then wide-scale closures disproportionately threaten access for children from low-income households, particularly in hard-to-reach or underserved areas. Abrupt shutdowns without transition plans can interrupt learning and deepen existing inequalities.

More investment is needed to make sure every child can go to school.

Private school diversity

Across Nigeria, private provision has expanded rapidly. According to figures cited by the minister of education, the number of private schools grew by about 39% between 2017 and 2022, compared with only 3.5% growth in public schools over the same period.

In my research, I grouped private schools into three cost categories – low-cost, mid-cost and high-cost – based on mandatory educational costs. I used national survey data from 2015 (the latest data is from 2020, but is not publicly available yet), which showed that most pupils who were enrolled in private schools attended those in the low-cost category.

My analysis of the 2015 survey data found that 52% of private-school pupils in urban areas and 49% in rural areas attended low-cost private schools. A further finding was that public schools and low-cost private schools served similar populations: children from low-income households with limited schooling alternatives.

State-level evidence reinforces this. In Kwara State, a 2016 census found that 67% and 41% of urban and rural private schools respectively were low-cost private schools. More recent data from the Partnership for Learning for All in Nigeria (a UK-government-funded education programme operating in Nigeria) show that a high proportion of private schools are low-cost schools that operate without approval in some northern states: around 85% in Kano and 80% in Jigawa.

Taken together, these national and state findings show that low-cost private schools have become an important route to education for millions of pupils.

Access and affordability

Access

Although parental preference plays a role for some households, attendance in low-cost private schools is shaped by the availability and accessibility of public schools. My doctoral research shows that attendance is most prominent in areas where public-school provision is weak. In many parts of Nigeria, weak provision can take the form of overcrowded classrooms or limited school availability. Distance to the nearest public school also plays a key role. The further a low-income family lives from a public school, the more likely they are to enrol their child in a low-cost private school. This pattern is pronounced in areas where public provision is thin and mobility costs are high.

In practice, low-cost private schools operate as an access mechanism, stepping in where the state is absent or unable to meet local demand.

Affordability

Affordability further explains why these schools are widely used. My research found that their annual fees typically ranged from ₦8,000 (about US$18 in 2015, the year the data was collected) in urban areas to ₦5,000 (about US$11 in 2015) in rural areas. Paradoxically, the total cost of attending a public school was sometimes higher, with an average of US$43 in urban areas and US$24 in rural areas.

Recent data from the Partnership for Learning for All in Nigeria baseline study in Jigawa shows that about 40% of low-cost private schools charge no tuition, while 48% charge ₦10,000 or less per year (approximately US$22 in 2022). This confirms that they are either free or highly affordable for most families. Affordability matters because public education, although constitutionally free, is rarely without costs in practice.

Many states still permit partial fee regimes or informal levies, and parents often bear expenses for uniforms, learning materials and other charges. Policymakers have begun to flag this issue, with the Imo State House of Assembly recently urging the government to enforce free basic education and eliminate charges.

Regulating for inclusion

Closing down private schools without transition plans could prevent low-income families from educating their children.

Nigeria’s regulatory framework for private schools is among the most demanding in sub-Saharan Africa. An assessment of 22 countries found that Nigerian states ranked among the most restrictive for market entry.

If the goal is to raise standards without undermining access, regulation must shift from punishment to support.

Tiered licensing would allow low-cost private schools to operate legally while improving over time. Oversight should be paired with practical assistance such as training or conditional waivers, an approach reflected in the 2025 National Policy on Non-State Schools. Every closure should include a plan for placing pupils in schools with capacity.

Nigeria cannot regulate its way out of reliance on private school provision. Stronger public investment is needed so families are not forced to pay privately for basic education.

Thelma Obiakor does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Nigeria’s low-cost private schools are the only option for millions: is closing them a good idea? – https://theconversation.com/nigerias-low-cost-private-schools-are-the-only-option-for-millions-is-closing-them-a-good-idea-270097

December 1, 2025

Johannesburg’s produce market has supplied the informal sector for decades: a refresh is due

Source: The Conversation – Africa – By Marc Wegerif, Senior Lecturer, Development Studies, University of Pretoria

South Africa’s food system is a complex landscape where high levels of production coexist with severe food insecurity. In a 2024 survey, 63.5% of households were found to be food insecure and 28.8% of children stunted.

In this food system, fresh produce markets owned by municipalities are critical for food access and nutrition. The Agriculture Department reported that in 2023, the country’s 17 main municipal fresh produce markets sold over 3 million tons of fresh fruit and vegetables, worth R24.6 billion (US$1.37 billion). This is approximately 40%-50% of the fresh produce from farmers in South Africa.

The relationship between public markets and the informal sector, in particular, is fundamental to food security. Studies being carried out with support from the DSTI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security in South Africa confirm that fresh produce sold by street traders who source from municipal markets is consistently cheaper than in formal supermarkets.

By selling at low prices in convenient locations, informal traders reduce the cost of food and the need for transport when shopping. They are key to making fruit and vegetables physically and economically accessible to the urban poor.

But this food system is under threat. Our research found that supermarket chains are buying more produce directly from farmers. Corroborated by the Competition Commission, there has been a steady decline in the share of national produce distributed through municipal markets.

We are social scientists who have been doing research on urban food systems in South Africa for the last seven years. We carried out research at the Johannesburg fresh produce market to better understand its role in food security.

We studied the market over three years, making observations during many visits and interviewing over 120 people in different roles. The market traces its origins back to Market Square in Johannesburg in the late 1800s, and is now the biggest of South Africa’s municipal markets.

It serves South Africa’s economic hub of Gauteng as well as selling some produce to other parts of the country and to neighbouring countries. The produce comes from the largest commercial operations and from small-scale farmers – anyone can sell there if they wish to.

The study provided clear evidence that the market is essential infrastructure for a more resilient, equitable and food-secure future.

To safeguard the role of markets like this, a concerted effort to protect and invest in them is required.

Johannesburg fresh produce market

The Johannesburg fresh produce market accounts for around 45% of the total value of sales from the National Fresh Produce Markets. Its annual sales exceed 1.3 million tons, valued at over R11 billion (more than US$610 million).

The City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality owns the property, and a state-owned company manages the operations and staff. Buyers and sellers have to register with the market to buy or sell through agents in the main trading hubs. All that’s required is a form of identity document.

All transactions in the main hubs go through agents and the market system, crediting or debiting the accounts of the sellers or buyers. The agents are registered and insured with the Agricultural Products Agents Council.

The majority of the agents are white men. Some come from families that have been agents in the market for generations. The continuity of these agents provides stability in the market. However, it also leaves the demographics little changed from the apartheid era.

Farmers send their produce to particular agents who then sell it for them, making their money from a commission on sales that is normally 7.5%. The market gets a 5% commission on all sales, which is how it covers operating costs. Anyone can also buy for cash, without registering, at the Unity or Tshiamo (formerly Mandela) markets that are on the same site.

Traders in these cash markets source produce from the main hubs, benefiting from the bulk prices and then breaking bulk to sell on in smaller quantities.

The most visible and profound impact of the Johannesburg fresh produce market is in its role as the primary source of stock for the vast informal retail sector. Thousands of the over 10,000 registered buyers stream through its halls every day, the vast majority being informal traders – street vendors, hawkers and small-scale retailers who form the backbone of fresh produce access in low-income neighbourhoods.

These traders rely on the market’s competitive wholesale prices. They buy in bulk from the main market hubs or in smaller quantities from the traders who break bulk at the Unity and Tshiamo markets.

In turn, they sell to the people of Johannesburg and wider Gauteng Province.

Benefits and challenges

The regulated agent system, while imperfect, ensures that farmers receive payment within five days and provides a competitive marketplace.

The National Fresh Produce Markets uphold a level of competition and choice. Without them, all farmers, large and small, would be in a weaker negotiating position when selling into supermarket supply chains.

As the Competition Commission South Africa concluded in a 2025 report, selling to independent retailers through the National Fresh Produce Markets helps to counter the downward pressure on farm gate prices exerted by powerful buyers.

But there are challenges. Despite their proven value, the future of markets like the Johannesburg fresh produce market is under threat from a confluence of challenges:

loss of market share: large supermarket chains are increasingly buying directly from farmers through their own supply chains
decaying infrastructure: market agents and traders report issues with overcrowded, poorly insulated halls and unreliable cold storage made worse by electricity cuts. These problems increase operational costs and risk spoilage, threatening the market’s competitiveness.

Other challenges include the dominance of white, male market agents and the entrenched, ethnically based networks that facilitate trade. These present a barrier to more equitable participation. Lastly, unstable municipal politics is also affecting the market.

Protecting the municipal markets

We suggest three ways to protect markets such as the Johannesburg fresh produce market.

First, modernise infrastructure, particularly cold storage, to reduce food waste and maintain the quality of perishable goods. The city may have to increase capital expenditure. Revenues generated by the market should be ring-fenced for reinvestment in its infrastructure and services.

Second, insulate market management from municipal politics. Operational efficiency and long-term planning are essential for stability.

Finally, foster inclusivity and transformation without disrupting the social networks that underpin the market’s functioning. This could include facilitating more interaction between all farmers and agents, and supporting groups like the women’s trader collectives, which share information and buy in bulk.

Makhanana Malungane, an economic researcher at the Gauteng Department of Economic Development, contributed to this article.

Marc Wegerif receives funding from the DSTI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security. They funded the research that informs this article.

Marc Wegerif is a Principal Investigator on the DSTI-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security

– ref. Johannesburg’s produce market has supplied the informal sector for decades: a refresh is due – https://theconversation.com/johannesburgs-produce-market-has-supplied-the-informal-sector-for-decades-a-refresh-is-due-268151

December 1, 2025

Africa’s longest-running grassland research project offers up a wealth of knowledge

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Craig Morris, Senior Researcher, Agricultural Research Council – Animal Production, University of KwaZulu-Natal

For 75 years, grasslands research conducted just outside Pietermaritzburg, South Africa has informed policy makers and farmers about sustainable management, while training generations of students.

Grasslands and savannas cover more than 60% of South Africa. They are vital not only for livestock and wildlife forage but also for providing key ecosystem services such as water regulation, carbon storage, biodiversity, cultural resources and recreation.

The Ukulinga Research Farm of the University of KwaZulu-Natal is a species-rich grassland with scattered trees. It hosts two long-term experiments that have provided crucial insights into how fire, grazing and soil nutrients shape ecosystems.

In 1950, Professor J.D. Scott, founder of the discipline of grassland science at the university, established two complex grassland experiments at Ukulinga: the Veld Burning and Mowing Trial and the Veld Fertilisation Trial. They are now internationally known as the Ukulinga Grassland Fire Experiment and the Ukulinga Grassland Nutrient Experiment. Initially designed to improve hay yield and forage quality, these experiments have run uninterrupted for 75 years. They have evolved into invaluable ecological laboratories.

They are respectively the longest-running fire experiment in the world and the longest-running nutrient addition experiment in Africa.

Scientific studies on these grassland experiments have spanned molecular, microbial, plant community, and ecosystem scales. They have covered fire effects, nutrient cycling, soil processes, biodiversity responses and remote sensing. Comparative and collaborative studies, often involving US and European teams, highlight the global relevance of these datasets. They connect local observations to international ones, revealing universal patterns while highlighting the unique characteristics of southern African grasslands.

I’m a grassland scientist who has been involved in this research. My colleagues and I looked back to assess the value of research done on the farm. We concluded that it has contributed to ecological theory, shaped local management practices, and supported a wide range of comparative studies, networking and education.

The core scientific value of these experiments lies in their duration and the consistent application of the same treatments over time. Decades of continuous treatments (like burning, or fertiliser) have generated data that reveals slow ecological processes, long-term interactions, and effects that short-term studies cannot detect.

The outdoor laboratories allow researchers to pursue new multidisciplinary investigations and examine interactions with emerging environmental pressures, including climate change.

Early grazing experiments

Valuable livestock grazing experiments were conducted in the 1950s and 1960s. One trial (1958-1974) examined three sheep grazing systems – continuous, rotational, and seasonal rest – at different stocking rates. Another 24-year study (1967-1991) tested nine combinations of rotational grazing periods to evaluate multi-paddock systems.

These early trials and several focused short-term studies provided insights into how grass species respond to grazing or mowing. The findings, many of them published in the African Journal of Range and Forage Science, revealed complex relationships between grazing intensity, plant resilience and grassland productivity. They continue to inform rangeland management today.

Some key results of the long-term experiments

Over decades, excluding fire and mowing transformed some plots into dense, woody thickets, dramatically altering both plant composition and ecosystem function. Regularly burned or mown plots maintained productive, species-rich grasslands.

The nutrient experiment has shown that while nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers can boost grassland productivity, they also alter the original grassland by promoting fast-growing grasses. Over time, added nutrients reduce plant diversity.

Together, the experiments demonstrate how natural disturbances versus artificial nutrient addition drive distinct ecological outcomes. They offer insights into the mechanisms that maintain grassland biodiversity and resilience.

Over the past 75 years, research output from the experiments has steadily grown, and has achieved a broad international reach. Fifty peer-reviewed papers have been produced and the top 10 cited papers from each experiment have collectively been cited in 458 journals by 1,172 principal authors from 78 countries outside South Africa.

The impact

The Ukulinga long-term grassland experiments have shaped sustainable management practices by providing empirical evidence for optimal burning frequencies and seasons in mesic (moderately wet) grasslands. They have highlighted the ecological risks of nutrient enrichment from industrial pollutants, showing how added nutrients can alter grassland composition and reduce diversity.

Beyond research, the experiments have had a profound educational and outreach impact, training generations of students and engaging visitors who carry these insights into policy, conservation and grassland management across South Africa.

Ukulinga now also hosts global-network experiments such as the Nutrient Network (NutNet), Drought Network (DroughtNet), and Disturbance and Recovery Across Global Grasslands Network (DragNet), linking local observations to international studies. Through these collaborations, researchers can compare Ukulinga’s results with similar experiments worldwide.

What next

Preserving these long-term studies is critical for understanding slow ecological responses, succession, and tipping points that only emerge over decades.

Ukulinga (isiZulu for “to test”) provides a platform for addressing pressing questions in grassland science. To safeguard its unique scientific value, the long-term burning, mowing and nutrient addition experiments should be maintained without alteration. Continued support and broader collaboration are essential to fully realise their potential for monitoring long-term ecological responses, testing new hypotheses, and guiding sustainable grassland management.

Craig Morris does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Africa’s longest-running grassland research project offers up a wealth of knowledge – https://theconversation.com/africas-longest-running-grassland-research-project-offers-up-a-wealth-of-knowledge-270121

December 1, 2025

Machines whisper before they scream: we built an AI model that predicts expensive problems

Source: The Conversation – Africa (2) – By Edward Khomotso Nkadimeng, Post Doc Fellow: AI and Data Systems in Nuclear/Particle Physics, Stellenbosch University

In most industries, maintenance is a waiting game. Things are fixed when they break. But in the 21st century, an age defined by data and automation, that approach no longer makes sense. The solution could be predictive maintenance. This is an approach that uses sensors and software to analyse equipment performance in real time and predict when it might fail.

Edward Khomotso Nkadimeng, a lecturer and researcher in artificial intelligence and data systems in nuclear/particle physics at Stellenbosch University, has researched how a predictive maintenance model can help keep critical systems running – from research equipment to national infrastructure. He explains why this approach could be a practical tool for resilience across Africa.

What is a predictive maintenance model and why did you build one?

For decades after the global industrial boom, many industries relied on a simple rule: wait for a machine to break, then repair it. That made sense when machines were simpler and downtime was just part of the routine.

Periodic maintenance is common too, but still inefficient and often based on time, not actual machine condition. That approach costs time, money, and sometimes even safety. Modern systems are more interconnected and expensive to halt.

A predictive maintenance model is a data-driven system that forecasts equipment failure before it happens. It predicts when systems are degrading, rather than just reacting. It monitors a variety of systems, from industrial pumps, compressors and turbines to scientific instruments, by collecting real‑time data like vibration (which measures how much a machine physically oscillates), temperature, pressure and voltage.

These measurements come from Internet of Things (IoT) or condition-monitoring sensors. Even machines that aren’t ultra-cutting-edge can be instrumented to provide this data. Once collected, the data feeds into machine learning models that learn to recognise patterns associated with slow drift towards failure.

The model monitors a broad range of systems: industrial pumps, compressors, turbines, and high-precision scientific instruments (cyclotrons, vacuum pumps, beamline diagnostics). It is designed for systems where sensor data can be collected – any instrument that generates measurable signals. It uses live data vibration, the physical oscillation of a machine component, where subtle changes in vibration amplitude or frequency often precede mechanical failures, such as bearing wear or rotor imbalance, as well as temperature, pressure and voltages.

While advanced machines may produce richer data, even legacy machinery can benefit with added sensors. The method is therefore broadly applicable to recognise when they’re slowly drifting towards failure.

At NRF-iThemba LABS, a South African national nuclear and accelerator research facility, and Stellenbosch University, I built a system like this out of necessity. Our teams include physicists, engineers and computer scientists who collaborate on high-precision experiments in nuclear and particle physics.

The research instruments are complex, expensive and often one of a kind. When they fail unexpectedly, experiments stop, data is lost, and public funds go to waste. For example, we work with 70 MeV cyclotrons for isotope production, superconducting magnets, radiofrequency acceleration cavities and vacuum systems. These are one-of-a-kind instruments, sensitive to downtime.

So, the goal was to make an affordable, self-learning system that can scale from our research equipment to the industrial infrastructure that keeps African economies running pumps, turbines and power grids. Similar predictive maintenance systems are applied in industrial power plants, water utilities and aviation, reducing unplanned downtime by 20%-40%. Our adaptation for African labs and industrial systems uses low-cost Internet of Things sensors with cloud-based AI.

What did you learn from the model? Why is this useful?

The first thing I learned is that machines whisper before they scream. Long before a breakdown, they show tiny signs like slight vibrations, small voltage drops, or subtle changes in speed.

With enough data on vibration, temperature, pressure, voltage and motor load, for example, these data streams form the input for AI models. These patterns form a kind of language, and artificial intelligence becomes the translator.

By training the model on real operational data like pump vibration over time and other readings, we discovered that failures aren’t random: they follow recognisable signatures. Once the system learns these patterns, it can predict what’s coming and even suggest what to do next. The real benefit is timing, scheduling maintenance exactly when it is needed and not too early, which wastes parts and labour, and not too late (which risks catastrophic failure).

Instead of over-servicing equipment or waiting for something to fail, maintenance can happen exactly when it’s needed. That saves resources, reduces downtime and keeps operations running smoothly. And because the principle is universal, it applies just as well in factories, hospitals and water systems as it does in research labs. For example, detecting a failing motor before a line shutdown in a manufacturing plant, or ventilator sensors predicting pump failure in a hospital, or monitoring municipal pumps to prevent water shortages.

What are the practical implications of applying the model?

The practical impact is huge. Predictive systems help avoid blackouts, water shortages and unplanned shutdowns – issues that affect daily life and essential services. An example can be seen in South Africa’s blackouts: the power utility Eskom’s transformers are monitored for predictive faults. In Cape Town, predictive maintenance of water systems reduces pump downtime. They also make workplaces safer and budgets more efficient.

For African countries especially, where technical resources are often stretched, predictive maintenance is a form of resilience. It replaces firefighting with foresight. By using affordable IoT sensors (small devices collecting data like temperature), cloud-based AI (online software that analyses this data in real-time), and self-learning algorithms, maintenance becomes continuous, automated and smart.

It’s the quiet side of AI, keeping the lights on, the pumps running and the economy stable. Physics, data and engineering can quietly work together to keep important systems alive and reliable.

Edward Khomotso Nkadimeng receives funding from the National Research Foundation.

– ref. Machines whisper before they scream: we built an AI model that predicts expensive problems – https://theconversation.com/machines-whisper-before-they-scream-we-built-an-ai-model-that-predicts-expensive-problems-267070

December 1, 2025

Two AI copyright cases, two very different outcomes – here’s why

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Hayleigh Bosher, Reader in Intellectual Property Law, Brunel University of London

Artificial intelligence companies and the creative industries are locked in an ongoing battle, being played out in the courts. The thread that pulls all these lawsuits together is copyright.

There are now over 60 ongoing lawsuits in the US where creators and rightsholders are suing AI companies. Meanwhile, we have recently seen decisions in the first court cases from the UK and Germany – here’s what happened in those.

Getty Images, a global visual content creator and marketplace, sued Stability AI, an open-source generative AI company, in the UK courts. Getty claimed Stability had illegally used its content to train an AI model called Stable Diffusion. Getty is also suing Stability AI in the US and that case is on-going.

It was accepted that Getty’s images were used in the training of Stable Diffusion
without permission, and that this training involved copying. Copyright is the right to stop someone copying your work, so training an AI model on copyright-protected content without permission would be an infringement of copyright under UK law.

But the plot twist here is that the training of Stable Diffusion took place outside the UK, meaning that Getty ended up narrowing their copyright case to focus on what is called “secondary infringement” – which is essentially the same as importing goods that infringe copyright. It is illegal to bring counterfeit DVDs into the UK for the same reason.

At trial, the judge had to decide something for the first time ever. This was: if a user downloads an AI model in the UK that was illegally trained on copyrighted content in another country, does that count as secondary copyright infringement? To do so, she had to consider two things. The first was: can the definition of an “article” include intangible goods?

When someone imports a box of counterfeit DVDs, these are called “articles” under the law, and are obviously physical, tangible objects. Stability AI argued that its AI model (system) was not an “article” because it is not a physical object. The judge, sensibly, understood that the law was written long before the new era of AI, but the intention behind the rule was to include both tangible and intangible goods.

The second thing the judge had to consider was: is the Stable Diffusion AI model what copyright law calls an “infringing copy”?

The judge took this to mean the model would need to physically contain a reproduction of Getty’s content. But the way the model “learned” from the training data, according to the expert evidence, meant that it did not actually contain any copies. So, Getty lost the claim for secondary copyright infringement.

Differing interpretations

Meanwhile, one of the world’s largest collecting societies for musical works, GEMA,
filed a copyright lawsuit against the company OpenAI in Germany. This was for the use of song lyrics in its large language model ChatGPT.

On November 11 2025, the Munich court decided, like the UK court, that training AI on copyrighted content requires a licence. However, it took a different approach to interpreting the law of copying, and essentially said that since the AI model was trained on the lyrics and could reproduce them as an output, then the model had embodied the content.

Unlike the UK decision, the German court found the technical way in which the AI model does this to be irrelevant, so GEMA won the case.

One thing both courts did agree on is that the AI developers are liable for any
infringement, not – as the AI developers argued – the users who select a prompt which the model then responds to by generating content.

Although the circumstances of the cases are slightly different, the heart of the issue was the same. Do AI models reproduce copyright-protected content in their training process and in generating outputs? The German court decided they do, whereas the UK court took a different view.

Both cases could be appealed and others are underway, so things may change. But the ending we want to see is one where AI and the creative industries come together in agreement. This would preferably happen with the use of copyright licences that benefit them both.

Importantly, it would also come with the consent of – and fair payment to – creators of the content that makes both their industries go round.

Hayleigh Bosher does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Two AI copyright cases, two very different outcomes – here’s why – https://theconversation.com/two-ai-copyright-cases-two-very-different-outcomes-heres-why-270229

December 1, 2025

Britain’s ponds are disappearing – here’s why restoring them is vital for wildlife and climate resilience

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Lucy Clarke, Senior Lecturer, Department of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University

Across Britain, ponds are quietly vanishing. Pouring over historic maps from the 1900s to trace old pond sites, I was struck by how many once dotted the landscape. Today, more than half have disappeared, a loss that threatens wildlife and our ability to cope with a changing climate.

That may be surprising as ponds seem small and insignificant. We talk about rivers, reservoirs and wetlands but ponds get very little mention, yet they punch far above their weight in ecological value. They store water, support biodiversity and help buffer floods and droughts. Losing them undermines both nature and our ability to adapt to climate extremes.

Restoring ponds – old and new, rural and urban – is one of the simplest, most effective steps we can take. Every pond counts, from a farm hollow to a garden bowl. Together, they form networks that wildlife needs to survive and make our landscapes more resilient to climate change.

The takeaway? Ponds do far more than look good. They link habitats, boost biodiversity and strengthen climate resilience. Restoring them is a practical, low-cost solution that begins with something as basic as adding water.

For wildlife, ponds are vital ecosystems and support far more than aquatic species. They provide water, food and habitat for pollinating insects, birds, bats and other mammals. Crucially, amphibians such as frogs and newts rely on networks of ponds close enough for them to move between. Lose that network or “pondscape”, and species vanish.

The consequences extend beyond biodiversity. Ponds act as natural buffers against climate extremes. Ponds act like natural sponges. During heavy rain, they slow water running across the ground and store this to reduce flood peaks. In periods of drought, they store water for plants and animals when streams run dry. They can also lock away carbon and filter pollutants, improving water quality.

Urban ponds in parks, school grounds and people’s gardens can provide vital biodiversity hotspots and local cooling during heatwaves. They help manage stormwater when we have heavy rains, reducing pressure on drains. And they can help connect people with nature, something proven to boost wellbeing.

Historic maps reveal a dense network of ponds that once dotted the landscape, but more than half of Britain’s ponds have disappeared since 1900. Research that I was involved in found that 58% of ponds present in 1900 were lost by 2019 in the Severn Vale region of the UK, and this went hand in hand with a decline in pond density with a 25m increase in the average distance between contemporary ponds.

The decline in ponds can be seen worldwide, driven by changes in agriculture and the growth in urban areas. As agriculture has intensified, these small waterbodies were seen as obstacles to efficiency. Farmers filled them in to create larger, machine-friendly fields, while improved drainage systems and water abstraction dried out many more. Expanding urban areas also replaced ponds with roads, housing and hard surfaces.

Bringing ponds back to life

Restoring ponds is one of the simplest, most effective ways to boost biodiversity and climate resilience. Whether it’s reviving forgotten waterbodies or creating new ones, these small habitats deliver big benefits for wildlife and communities.

The first step is knowing where ponds are and where they’re missing. Mapping today’s ponds shows the gaps, helping us plan new ones to link habitats and build a healthy pond network. Historic maps reveal lost ponds that can potentially be restored. Many ponds survive as “ghosts”.

Digging them out and restoring these is surprisingly effective. Seeds buried for decades can germinate once water returns, reviving plants thought extinct locally. In Norfolk, farmers and conservationists have restored dozens of ghost ponds, and within months they teem with life .

However, you don’t need a big conservation project to make a difference. Start small. A garden pond, even the size of a washing-up bowl, can attract frogs, insects and birds. Community groups can work with councils to revive neglected ponds in parks, public gardens or village greens. If you’ve got a garden, or even a wheelbarrow or large pot, you can help rebuild the pond network.

The Royal Horticultural Society, the UK gardening charity, has great guidance on how to create a successful wildlife pond. Every pond counts and together they create the networks wildlife needs to survive and provide vital water storage.

Britain’s ponds are disappearing fast, but every new or restored pond helps reverse that trend. Restoring old ponds and creating new ones, even in gardens and parks, is one of the simplest, most effective steps we can take to protect wildlife and adapt to climate extremes.

Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?

Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 47,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.

Lucy Clarke receives funding from Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) Green Recovery Challenge Fund

– ref. Britain’s ponds are disappearing – here’s why restoring them is vital for wildlife and climate resilience – https://theconversation.com/britains-ponds-are-disappearing-heres-why-restoring-them-is-vital-for-wildlife-and-climate-resilience-267649

December 1, 2025

Why being single might feel empowering as a woman in your 20s, but not your 30s

Source: The Conversation – UK – By Alicia Denby, Lecturer in Sociology and Criminology, Manchester Metropolitan University

Who are you calling cat lady? Josep Suria/Shutterstock

If you’re a woman in your 20s, being single may feel like an empowering lifestyle choice. Taking smug delight in the recent Vogue article, Is Having A Boyfriend Embarrassing Now?, you can rest assured that you’re independent, self-sufficient and living your best life.

From influencer Florence Given’s mantra to “dump him”, to Sabrina Carpenter denouncing the “manchild” and TikTok trends like “boy sober” and “elective celibacy” gaining traction, singlehood has been rebranded as a time for self-love, self-prioritisation and personal growth.

But, what happens when you hit your 30s? Does the glow of single positivity begin to fade?

In my late 20s, I have certainly felt this shift. Once celebrated as an independent woman, the go-to girl for horrific dating stories (including a man who unironically referred to himself as the “Renegade Master”) I now experience pity. Friends, acquaintances, even strangers share their worries about my fertility, question my sexuality, and tell me I am “too picky” or “too pretty” to be single. My singlehood is no longer seen an empowering lifestyle choice but a cause for concern.

I know I’m not alone in this. In my forthcoming research with 19 heterosexual women aged 21 to 52, I found that while singlehood was often celebrated in young adulthood, single positivity had a clear expiration date.

Dating today can feel like a mix of endless swipes, red flags and shifting expectations. From decoding mixed signals to balancing independence with intimacy, relationships in your 20s and 30s come with unique challenges. Love IRL is the latest series from Quarter Life that explores it all.

These research-backed articles break down the complexities of modern love to help you build meaningful connections, no matter your relationship status.

Women in their 20s described being single as empowering, a time to discover themselves, invest in friendships, and pursue careers. For research participant Emma, 24, being single is liberating.

She reflected on a cultural shift wherein the single woman is no longer the lonely spinster, or Bridget Jones’s protégé, but is confident, autonomous, and self-loving: “After always following someone else’s lead, I realised I’m the main character of my own story, I’ve learnt to find myself and be loving towards myself.”

However, even in their 20s, many began to feel pressure to “settle down” and the freedom they once embraced started to feel like a ticking clock. Georgia, 21, told me: “I’m still young so I don’t get the ‘when are you going to find someone?’ question, but as I get older, I think it’s going to be more of a problem.”

An exasperated young woman covers her eyes, while an older woman in the foreground talks to her — ‘When are you going to settle down?’
Nicoleta Ionescu/Shutterstock

Despite being only 21, Georgia anticipates that her singlehood will become a “problem” and is determined to embrace her freedom, while she can. Corrine, 23, also shared this feeling, enjoying her singlehood in her early 20s but anticipating that she would not feel empowered, nor satisfied, if her singlehood was to become permanent.

In fact, in my study, most women in their 20s were defiantly single and refused to “settle” just to “settle down”. But equally, they did not see singlehood as a permanent choice. Bryony, 26, explained:

Unless someone can add to my life, I’m not wasting my time. But if I don’t find someone in the next two years, I might start panicking because then I’d be looking at being 29, 30.

Deadlines

This panic, for many, begins in or around their 30s. Robyn, 25, described this as an “internal deadline”, a sense that by your 30s, you should be “in a relationship, thinking about kids, and ticking off life’s milestones”.

Comparably, while single men experience a similar pressure to couple up in mid-life, with coupledom regarded a marker of maturity and stability, single women experience greater stigma, and the pressure comes much sooner.

Albeit anticipated by women in their 20s, women in their 30s and 40s reflected on the pressure around the 30s, having moved past those societal expectations. Lydia, 52, joked:

Because I haven’t remarried, I think people assume I shrivelled up in a corner and died 20 years ago. A lot of people pity me, they think being in a relationship is the sign of ultimate happiness, but for me, that’s never been the case.

Amid a cultural shift and greater acceptance toward singlehood, it may be possible for women to challenge heterosexist and ageist “deadlines”, and pursue a life where being single is not deemed the result of personal failure, but rather a voluntary choice.

Reflecting on their 30s, Lydia and Tania, 52, recalled having “been there, done that, bought the t-shirt and the divorce!” and, having pursued an unattached lifestyle, felt it was their duty to “pass on permission” for new generations of women to do so the same.

However, while women in their 50s were happily single, their experience shows that once women outgrow the “single girl” identity, the cultural script shifts and they become resigned to the “cat lady” trope. To this end, while single positivity promotes freedom from coupledom and an acceptance that women can be happily and voluntarily single, it often only applies to young, conventionally attractive and able-bodied women.

Essentially, while the single positivity movement has helped reframe singlehood as empowering, it hasn’t entirely dismantled the couple norm. Instead, it offers a temporary reprieve, a phase of self-discovery before the pressure to settle down intensifies.

It’s time we asked: why is singlehood only celebrated when it’s temporary? Who gets to be happily single, and for how long?

Alicia Denby does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

– ref. Why being single might feel empowering as a woman in your 20s, but not your 30s – https://theconversation.com/why-being-single-might-feel-empowering-as-a-woman-in-your-20s-but-not-your-30s-269220